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Emperor of the Serbs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Royal title of the rulers of the Serbian Empire (1345–1371)

Emperor ofthe Serbs
Imperial
Divellion (Emperor's personal banner)
Coronation of Emperor Dušan, inThe Slavonic Epic (1926)
Details
First monarchStefan Dušan
Last monarchStefan Uroš V
Formation16 April 1346
Abolition2/4 December 1371
AppointerHereditary

Between 1345 and 1371, the Serbianmonarchs held the title ofemperor (tsar). The full title was initiallyEmperor of theSerbs andGreeks,[a] laterEmperor of the Serbs, Greeks andBulgarians[b] inSerbian andbasileus andautokrator of Serbia andRomania ["the land of theRomans"][c] inGreek. This title was soon enlarged into "Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians andAlbanians".[1][2][3]TheSerbian Empire was ruled by two monarchs:Stefan Dušan (r. 1346–1355) andStefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371). Two other claimants of the title ruled inThessaly,Central Greece.

Establishment and titles

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Main article:Serbian Empire

Taking advantage of theByzantine civil war of 1341–1347 by alternately supporting both sides of the conflict, theSerbian kingStefan Dušan expanded his state southwards,conquering Albania and most ofMacedonia by 1345, with the exception of the great fortress cities ofSerres andThessalonica.[4] This growth in power made Serbia thede facto dominant state in theBalkans, and fuelled Dušan's imperial ambitions: already in early 1343, the Serbian ruler elevated his titles to "tsar andautokrator of all the Serbian andMaritime Lands andčestnik of the Greek [Byzantine] Lands".[5]

Following his conquest of Serres, which crowned his conquest of Macedonia, in November or December 1345 Stefan Dušan proclaimed himself emperor (basileus), laying claim on the Byzantine imperial inheritance.[6] On 16 April 1346 he was crowned emperor atSkopje in an assembly attended by the elevatedSerbian Patriarch, and also theBulgarian Patriarch and theArchbishop of Ohrid.[7] His imperial title was recognised byBulgaria and various other neighbors and trading partners, but not by theByzantine Empire. According to imperial tradition, only one emperor could exist, the emperor of Roman Empire. Others may be only Caesars (the second in rank).Mount Athos addressed him as Emperor, though rather asEmperor of Serbs thanEmperor of Serbs and Greeks.[8] In Serbian charters, ethnic terms are used – "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks" (Serbian:цар Срба и Грка /car Srba i Grka).[9]

In Greek, the title was "basileus andautokrator of Serbia and ofRomania" (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας). The use of "Romania" (i.e. the 'land of theRomans', the Byzantine Empire) and not the usual Byzantine formula "of the Romans" was probably deliberately chosen; although in his Law Code Dušan claimed the direct succession to allByzantine emperors from the time ofConstantine the Great, he lacked possession ofConstantinople and of theEcumenical Patriarchate, which alone conferred full legitimacy to a Byzantine ruler. Notably, when the Byzantines came around to recognizing Dušan's imperial title, it was only for Serbia proper, much as they had done with the Bulgarian TsarSimeon four centuries earlier. The contemporary Byzantine writers also clearly distinguished between the ancestral Serbian lands, where Dušan's son Stefan Uroš ruled as king, and the conquered lands "inRomania where Dušan (andStefan Milutin before him) continued to use the pre-existing Byzantine administration. How clear this duality was in practice is open to question. Nevertheless, modern historians note that—in contrast to the lionization of Dušan by modern Serbian historiography—Dušan's proclamation of empire was not well received in Serbia proper, as indicated by the fact that he was never sanctified by theSerbian Church, or why his official biography, alone among the medieval Serbian rulers, was never completed.[10]

On his early Western-style coinage, issued between his proclamation as emperor and his coronation, Dušan continued to use the abbreviatedLatin titleRex Rasciae ("King ofRascia"), and simply added the titleI[m]p[erator] Roma[niae] ("Emperor of the Roman lands"), but alsoI[m]p[erator] Ro[ma]io[ru]m ("Emperor of the Romans"). After his coronation, the title of king was dropped.[11]

List of monarchs

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When Stefan Dušan died in 1355, his son Stefan Uroš V succeeded him. Uroš V's uncleSimeon Uroš in Thessaly claimed the title in rivalry, continued by his sonJohn Uroš. With the extinction of the main line of theNemanjić dynasty with the death of heirless Stefan Uroš V in 1371, the imperial title became obsolete. Thefall of the Serbian Empire saw thestate fragmenting into provinces ruled by magnates, holding various titles, except the imperial. In 1527, a renegade Serbian commander in Hungary,Jovan Nenad, styled himself Emperor.

MonarchReignComments

Stefan Dušan		16 April 1346 – 20 December 1355

Stefan Uroš V		20 December 1355–2/4 December 1371

Simeon Uroš		1359–1370Rival Emperor inEpirus, and laterThessaly.

John Uroš		1370–1373Rival Emperor inThessaly.

Titles

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Stefan Dušan
  • "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks"
    • (царь Срьблѥмь и Гркωмь), in 1349.[12]
    • (царь Срьблемь и Грькωмь), in 1349 (Skopje),[13] and in September 1349.[14]
    • (царь Сербомь и Геркомь), in 1351.[15]
    • (царь Срьблѥмь и Грькωмь), on 20 December 1356, obituary.[16]
  • "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks and the Western Provinces" (царь Срблемь и Гркωмь и Западнимь Странамь), in 1349.[12]
  • "Emperor of Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians". („Царь Србљем, Грком и Блгаром".)[17]
  • "Emperor of Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians". („Царь Србљем, Грком, Блгаром и Арбанасом".)[18]
  • "Emperor of the Serbs", by the Athonite community.[8]
  • "Emperor and Autocrat of Serbia andRomania" (Greek:βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας), from a chrysobull toIveron Monastery.[19]
  • "Emperor of all Serb and Greek lands, the Maritime Region, Arbania and the Western Provinces (цар свију српских и грчких земаља, Поморја, Арбаније и Западних Страна).
  • "Emperor of Greece and King of All Serb Lands and the Maritime" (царь грьчкїи и краль все срьбскїе земли и поморскїе), between 1347 and 1356.[20]
  • "Emperor of Serbia and the Maritime Region" (царь србкχ и пморски), between 1347 and 1356.[21]
  • "Emperor ofRascia andRomania,Despot ofArta and Count ofVlachia" (Latin:imperator Raxie et Romanie, dispotus Lartae et Blachie comes) in 1348, after the Serb conquest ofEpirus ("Arta") andThessaly ("Vlachia").[22]
Stefan Uroš V
  • "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks"
    • (царь Срьблемь и Гркωмь), in 1357.[23]
    • (царь Срьблемь и Гркοмь), in 1358.[24]
    • (царь Срьблемь и Грькωмь), in 1357,[25] 1360.[26]
    • (царь Срблемь и Гркωмь), twice in 1357,[27] 1362,[28] 1365,[29] and between 1356 and 1367.[30]

Simeon Uroš

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  • "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans and Serbia"
    • (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ Σερβείας), in 1359.[31]
  • "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans and Serbians"
    • (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ Σερβών), in 1361.[32]
  • "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans and Serbia and Romania"
    • (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ Σερβείας καὶ Ῥωμανίας), in 1366.[33]
  • "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans and Serbia and All Albania"
    • (βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ Σερβών καὶ παντός Ἀλβανου), in 1366.[34]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Serbian:цар Срба и Грка,romanized: car Srba i Grka
  2. ^Serbian:цар Срба и Грка и Бугара,romanized: car Srba i Grka i Bugara
  3. ^Greek:βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας,romanized: vasilèfs kaì aftokrátor Servías kaì Romanías

References

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  1. ^Hupchick 1995, p. 141
  2. ^Darby & Clissold 1968, p. 98
  3. ^White 2000, p. 246
  4. ^Soulis 1984, pp. 10–26.
  5. ^Soulis 1984, p. 19.
  6. ^Soulis 1984, pp. 26, 29.
  7. ^Fine 1994, p. 309.
  8. ^abFine 1994, p. 324.
  9. ^Franjo Barišić (1986).Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije. Naučna knjiga.
  10. ^Maksimovic 2011, pp. 333–336.
  11. ^Soulis 1984, p. 30.
  12. ^abMiklosich 1858, p. 142.
  13. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 142–145.
  14. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 146–148.
  15. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 149–152.
  16. ^Miklosich 1858, p. 155.
  17. ^Car, Book 3 of Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige, Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige. Vladan ĐorđevićEditionreprint, Publisher K. Stilos, p. 122.
  18. ^Car, Book 3 of Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige, Car Dušan: istorijski roman iz XIV oga veka u tri knjige. Vladan Đorđević, Edition reprint, Publisher K. Stilos, p. 135.
  19. ^Maffei, Paola; Varanini, Gian Maria (2014).Honos alit artes. Studi per il settantesimo compleanno di Mario Ascheri. III. Il cammino delle idee dal medioevo all'antico regime: Diritto e cultura nell'esperienza europea. Firenze University Press. p. 133.ISBN 978-88-6655-632-9.In una crisobolla dello stesso mese Stefano concedeva privilegi al monastero di Iveron sul monte Athos in qualità di βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Ῥωμανίας («imperatore e autocratore di Serbia e Romanía»)
  20. ^Miklosich 1858, p. 154.
  21. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 154–155.
  22. ^Soulis 1963, pp. 272–273.
  23. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 158–159.
  24. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 165–167.
  25. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 155–156.
  26. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 168–169.
  27. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 160–163, 164–165.
  28. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 169–171.
  29. ^Miklosich 1858, pp. 172–173.
  30. ^Miklosich 1858, p. 174.
  31. ^Solovjev and Mosin, p. 228.
  32. ^Solovjev and Mosin, p. 238.
  33. ^Lascaris, p. 279.
  34. ^Solovjev and Mosin, p. 256.

Sources

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Further reading

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