Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province.[2] Its history dates back to 1237, when theTeutonic Order constructed their fortified stronghold on the banks of a nearby river. The castle subsequently served as the official seat of the Teutonic Order Masters.
Elbląg became part of theHanseatic League, which contributed much to the city's wealth. Through the Hanseatic League, the city was linked to other major ports likeGdańsk,Lübeck andAmsterdam. Elbląg joined Poland in 1454 and after the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in theThirteen Years’ War was recognized as part of Poland in 1466. It then flourished and turned into a significant trading point, but its growth was eventually hindered by theSecond Northern War and theSwedish Deluge.
AfterWorld War II the city again became part of Poland. The war casualties were catastrophic – especially the severe destruction of the Old Town district, one of the grandest inPrussia. The town's population hitherto was German-speaking. The people who had not fled or had returnedwere entirely expelled and new Polish settlers took their place.
Today, Elbląg has over 120,000 inhabitants and is a "vibrant city with anattractive tourist base".[2] It serves as an academic and financial center and among its numerous historic monuments is the Market Gate from 1309 andSt. Nicholas Cathedral. Elbląg is also known for its archaeological sites, museums and the country'slargestbrewery, founded in 1872.[5]
Elbląg derives from the earlierGerman-languageElbing, which is the name by which theTeutonic Knights knew both the river here and the citadel they established on its banks in 1237.[6] The purpose of the citadel was to prevent theOld Prussian settlement ofTruso from being reoccupied, the German crusaders being at war with the pagan Prussians. The citadel was named after the river, itself of uncertain etymology. One traditional etymology connects it to the name of theHelveconae, aGermanic tribe mentioned inAncient Greek andLatin sources, but the etymology or language of thetribal name remains unknown. The oldest known mention of the river or town Elbląg is in the formYlfing in the report of a sailor Wulfstan from the end of the 9th century, inThe Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan which was written in Anglo-Saxon inKing Alfred's reign.
The city was almost completely destroyed at the end ofWorld War II. Parts of the inner city were gradually rebuilt, and around 2000 rebuilding was begun in a style emulating the previous architecture, in many cases over the same foundations and utilizing old bricks and portions of the same walls. The western suburbs of the old city have not been reconstructed.
The modern city adjoins about half the length of the river betweenLake Drużno and Elbląg Bay (Zatoka Elbląska, an arm of theVistula Lagoon), and spreads out on both banks, though mainly on the eastern side. To the east is the Elbląg Upland (Wysoczyzna Elbląska), a dome pushed up by glacial compression, 390 km2 in diameter and 200 m (656.17 ft) high at its greatest elevation.[7]
Views to the west show flat fields extending to the horizon; this part of the Vistula Delta (Żuławy Wiślane) is used mainly for agricultural purposes. To the south are the marshes and swamps of Drużno. TheElbląg River has been left in a more natural state through the city, but elsewhere it is a controlled channel with branches. One of them, the Jagiellonski Channel (Kanał Jagielloński), leads to theNogat River, along which navigation to Gdańsk is common. TheElbląg Canal (Kanał Elbląski) connecting Lake Drużno withDrwęca River and LakeJeziorak is a tourist site.[8]
Elbląg is not a deep-water port. The draft of vessels using its waterways must be no greater than 1.5 m (4 ft 11.06 in) by law. The turning area at Elbląg is 120 m (393.70 ft) diameter and a pilot is required for large vessels.[9] Deep water vessels cannot manoeuvre; in that sense, Elbląg has become a subsidiaryport of Gdańsk. Traffic of smaller vessels at Elbląg is within the river and very marginal, while larger vessels were unable to reach the openBaltic Sea after 1945 without crossing intoRussian territory. Construction of theVistula Spit canal was completed in September 2022, allowing vessels access to the Baltic Sea while remaining within Polish territory.[10][11] The city features three quay complexes, movable cranes, and railways.
Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east ofGdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west ofKaliningrad,Russia.The city is aport on the riverElbląg, which flows into theVistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to theBaltic Sea via the Russian-controlledStrait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish:Stare Miasto) is located on the riverElbląg connecting LakeDrużno to theVistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.
The climate of Elbląg is anoceanic climate (KöppenCfb) closely bordering on ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfb), owing to its position of theBaltic Sea, which moderates the temperatures, compared to the interior ofPoland. The climate is cool throughout the year and there is a somewhat uniform precipitation throughout the year. Typical of Northern Europe, there is little sunshine during the year.
Climate data for Elbląg (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
During theMiddle Ages, the Viking settlement ofTruso was located onLake Drużno, near the current site of Elbląg in historicalPogesania; the settlement burned down in the 10th century.[14] Early in the 13th century theTeutonic Knights conquered the region, built a castle, and founded Elbing on the lake, with a population mostly fromLübeck (today the lake, now much smaller, no longer reaches the city). After the uprising against the Teutonic Knights and the destruction of the castle by the inhabitants, the city successively came under the sovereignty of theKingdom of Poland (1454), theKingdom of Prussia (1772), andGermany (1871). Elbing was heavily damaged inWorld War II, and its remaining German citizenswere expelled upon the war's end in accordance with thePotsdam Agreement. The city became again part of Poland in 1945 and was repopulated with Polish citizens.[8]
Elbląg seen from Granary Island in 1930
The seaport ofTruso was first mentionedc. 890 byWulfstan of Hedeby, anAnglo-Saxon sailor, travelling on the south coast of theBaltic Sea at the behest of KingAlfred the Great ofEngland. The exact location of Truso was not known for a long time, as the seashore has significantly changed, but most historians trace the settlement inside or near to modern Elbląg on LakeDrużno. Truso was located at territory already known to theRoman Empire and earlier.[15]
It was an important seaport serving theVistula River bay on theearly medieval Baltic Seatrade routes which led fromBirka in the north to the island ofGotland and toVisby in the Baltic Sea. From there, traders continued further south toCarnuntum along theAmber Road. The ancient Amber Road led further southwest and southeast to theBlack Sea and eventually toAsia. The east–west trade route went from Truso, along the Baltic Sea toJutland, and from there inland by river toHedeby, a large trading center in Jutland. The main goods of Truso wereamber, furs, and slaves.
Archaeological finds in 1897 and diggings in the 1920s placed Truso at Gut Hansdorf. A large burial field was also found at Elbląg. Recent Polish diggings have found burned beams and ashes and thousand-year-old artifacts in an area of about 20hectares. Many of these artifacts are now displayed at theMuzeum w Elblągu.
Brick manors, built in theNeogothic style, can be seen in the outer suburbs of ElblągHoly Ghost Street,ulica Świętego Ducha, possesses several pre-war examples of social housing
Attempts to conquer Prussian land began in 997, whenBolesław I the Brave, at the urging of the Pope, sent a contingent of soldiers and a missionary (Adalbert of Prague) to the pagan Prussians, a non-Slavic people, on a crusade of conquest and conversion. The crusade encompassed much of the Baltic Sea coast east of the Polish city ofGdańsk, up toSambia. Starting in 1209 additional crusades were called for byKonrad of Masovia, who mainly sought to conquer Prussian territory, rather than actually convert theindigenous Prussians. Despite heroic efforts, Old Prussian sovereignty would eventually collapse after a succession of wars instigated byPope Honorius III and his frequent calls for crusade.
Before the Prussians were finally brought to heel, Polish rulers and theDuchy of Masovia, both by thenChristianised peoples, would be continually frustrated in their attempts at northern expansion. Aside from minor border raids, major campaigns against the Prussians would be launched in 1219, 1220, and 1222. After a particularly sound defeat by Prussian forces in 1223, Polish forces inChełmno, the seat ofChristian of Oliva and theDuchy of Masovia, were forced onto the defensive.
In 1226 DukeKonrad I of Masovia summoned theTeutonic Knights for assistance; by 1230 they had securedChełmno (Culm) and begun claiming conquered territories for themselves under the authority of theHoly Roman Empire, although these claims were rejected by the Poles, whose ambition had been to conquer Prussia all along. The Teutonic Order's strategy was to move down the Vistula and secure the delta, establishing a barrier between the Prussians and Gdańsk. The victorious Teutonic Knights built a castle at Elbing.
Omnia propugnacula, que habebant in illo loco, qui dicitur (list) ... circa stagnum Drusine ... occisis et captiis infidelibus, potenter expugnavit, et in cinerem redigendo terre alteri coequavit.
"All the little redoubts that they had in that place, which are said to be (list) ... and around the Drusine marsh ... he (frater Hermannus magister) assaulted and levelled by rendering them into ash, after the infidels had been killed or captured."
Truso did not disappear suddenly to be replaced with the citadel and town of Elbing during the Prussian Crusade. It had already burned down in the tenth century, with the population dispersed in the area.
TheChronicon terrae Prussiae[17] describes the founding of Elbing under the leadership ofHermann Balk.[18] After building two ships, the Pilgerim (Pilgrim) and the Vridelant (Friedland), with the assistance of MargraveHenry III ofMargraviate of Meissen, the Teutonic Knights used them to clear the Vistula Lagoon (Frisches Haff) and theVistula Spit of Prussians:
...et recens mare purgatum fuit ab insultu infidelium ...
... "and the Vistula Spit was purged of the insult of the infidels..."
Apparently the river was inPomesania, which the knights had just finished clearing, but the bay was inPogesania. The first Elbing was placed in Pogesania:
Magister ... venit ad terram Pogesanie, ad insulam illam ... que est in media fluminis Elbingi, in illo loco, ubi Elbingus intrat recens mare et erexit ibi castrum, quod a nomine fluminis Elbingum appellavit, anno dominice incarnacionis MCCXXXVII. Aliqui referunt, quod idem castrum postea ab infidelibus fuerit expugnatum, et tunc ad eum locum, ubi nunc situm est, translatum, et circa ipsum civitas collocata.[19]
"The master ... came to the region of Pogesania, to that island which is in the middle of the Elbing river, in that place where the Elbing enters the Vistula Lagoon, and built there a fort, which he called by the name of the Elbing River, in the year of the incarnation of the Lord, 1237. Others report that the same fort was attacked by the infidels and then was moved to the place where it is now situated, and the city gathered around it."
Medieval Church Path between tenements connecting the churches of the Old Town
Both landings were amphibious operations conducted from the ships. TheChronicon relates that they were in use for many years and then were sunk in Lake Drużno. In 1238 theDominican Order was invited to build a monastery on a grant of land. Pomesania was not secured, however, and from 1240 to 1242 the order began building a brick castle on the south side of the settlement. It may be significant that Elbing's first industry was the same as Truso's had been: manufacture of amber and bone artifacts for export. In 1243William of Modena created the Diocese of Pomesania and three others. They were at first only ideological constructs, but the tides of time turned them into reality in that same century.
The foundation of Elbing was perhaps not the end of the Old Prussian story in the region. In 1825 a manuscript listing a vocabulary of theBalticOld Prussian language, commonly known in English asElbing Vocabulary, was found among some manuscripts from a merchant's house. It contained 802 words in a dialect now termed Pomesanian with their equivalents in an early form of High German.
The origin of the vocabulary remains unknown. Its format is like that of modern travel dictionaries; i.e., it may have been used by German speakers to communicate with Old Prussians, but the specific circumstances are only speculative. The manuscript became the Codex Neumannianus. It disappeared after a Britishbombing raid destroyed the library at Elbing but before then facsimiles had been made. The date of the MSS was estimated at ca. 1400, but it was a copy. There is no evidence concerning the provenance of the original, except that it must have been in Pomesanian.
Seal of the city from 1350
In 1246 the town was granted a constitution underLübeck law, used in maritime circumstances, instead ofMagdeburg rights common in other cities inCentral Europe. This decision of the Order was in keeping with its general strategy of espousing thetrade association that in 1358 would become theHanseatic League. The Order seized on this association early and used it to establish bases throughout the Baltic. The Order's involvement in the League was somewhat contradictory. In whatever cities they founded the ultimate authority was the commander of the town, who kept office in the citadel, typically used as a prison. Lübeck law, on the other hand, provided for self-government of the town.
Membership in the Hanseatic League meant having important trading contacts withEngland,Flanders,France, and theNetherlands. The city received numerous merchantprivileges from therulers of England, Poland, Pomerania, and the Teutonic Order. For instance, the privilege of the Old Town was upgraded in 1343, while in 1393 it was granted an emporium privilege for grains, metals, and forest products.
Except for the citadel and churches, Elbing at the time was more of a small village by modern standards. Its area was 300 m × 500 m (984.25 ft × 1,640.42 ft). It featured a wharf, a marketplace and five streets, as well as a number of churches. The castle was completed in 1251. In 1288 fire destroyed the entire settlement except for the churches, which were of brick. A new circuit wall was started immediately. From 1315 to 1340 Elbląg was rebuilt. A separate settlement called New Town was founded ca. 1337 and receivedLübeck rights in 1347. In 1349 theBlack Death struck the town, toward the end of the European plague. After the population recovered it continued building up the city and in 1364 acrane was built for the port.
The German-languageElbinger Rechtsbuch, written in Elbing documented among other laws for the first time Polish common law. The German-language Polish laws are based on theSachsenspiegel[20] and were written down to aid the judges. It is thus the oldest source for documented Polishcommon law and is in Polish referred to as theKsięga Elbląska (Book of Elbląg[21]). It was written down in the second half of the 13th century.
In 1410, during thePolish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, the inhabitants of the city rebelled against the Teutonic Knights and expelled them, while welcoming Polish troops and paying homage to Polish KingWładysław II Jagiełło, who afterwards vested Elbląg with new privileges.[22] As the castle was lightly defended by a Polish garrison, the Teutonic Knights managed to retake it, promising the Polish defenders that they will be given free passage back to Poland. After the castle was taken, the Knights broke their promise and subsequently murdered a number of the captured defenders while imprisoning the rest.[23]
In February 1440, the city hosted a convention at which delegates from various cities (including Elbing itself) and nobility from the region decided to establish the anti-TeutonicPrussian Confederation.[24] In April and May 1440, further meetings were held in Elbing, at which more towns and noblemen joined the organisation.[25] In 1454, the organisation led the revolt against the rule of the Teutonic Knights, and then its delegation submitted a petition to KingCasimir IV of Poland asking him to include the region within theKingdom of Poland. The King agreed and signed the act of incorporation of the region (including Elbing) to the Kingdom of Poland in March 1454 inKraków,[26] which sparked theThirteen Years' War, the longest of all Polish–Teutonic wars. The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation in March 1454,[27] and the burghers of Elbląg recognized Casimir IV as rightful ruler. After paying homage to the King, the city was granted great privileges, similar to those ofToruń andGdańsk. Since 1454, the city was authorized by King Casimir IV to mint Polish coins.[28] The war ended in a Polish victory in 1466, with theSecond Peace of Thorn, in which the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the city and recognised it as part of Poland.[29]
Within the Kingdom of Poland, the city was administratively part of theMalbork Voivodeship in the newly establishedautonomous province ofRoyal Prussia, later also within the largerGreater Poland Province. The city was known to the Polish crown by its Polish nameElbląg. With the creation of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, the city was brought under direct control of the Polish crown. As one of the largest and most influential cities of Poland, it enjoyed voting rights during theroyal election period in Poland.[30]
From 1579 Elbląg had close trade relations withEngland, to which the city accordedfree trade. English,Scottish, andIrish merchants settled in the city. They formed the Scottish Reformed Church of Elbląg and became Elbląg citizens, aiding LutheranSweden in theThirty Years' War. The rivalry of nearby Gdańsk interrupted trading links several times. By 1618 Elbląg had left the Hanseatic League owing to its close business dealings with England.
Famous inhabitants of the city at that time included native sonsHans von Bodeck andSamuel Hartlib. During theThirty Years' War, Swedish ChancellorAxel Oxenstierna brought theMoravian Brethren refugeeJohn Amos Comenius to Elbląg for six years (1642–1648). In 1642Johann Stobäus, who composed withJohann Eccard, published the Preussische Fest-Lieder, a number of evangelical Prussian songs. In 1646 the city recorder Daniel Barholz noted that thecity council employedBernsteindreher, orPaternostermacher, licensed and guilded amber craftsmen who worked onprayer beads,rosaries, and many other items made of amber. Members of the Barholz family became mayors and councillors.
The poetChristian Wernicke was born in 1661 in Elbląg, whileGottfried Achenwall became famous for his teachings innatural law andhuman rights law. In 1700–1710 it was occupied by Swedish troops. In 1709 it was besieged, taken by storm on February 2, 1710, by Russian troops with support of Prussian artillery. The city was handed over toPolish King Augustus II in 1712.
The Royal-Polish mathematician and cartographerJohann Friedrich Endersch completed a map ofWarmia in 1755 and also made acopperetching of the galley named "The City of Elbing".
In October and November 1831, various Polish infantry, cavalry and artillery units, engineer corps and sappers of theNovember Uprising stopped in the city and its environs on the way to their internment locations, whereas the general staff with Commander-in-Chief GeneralMaciej Rybiński and generalsJózef Bem,Marcin Klemensowski,Kazimierz Małachowski,Ludwik Michał Pac andAntoni Wroniecki was interned in the city.[33] On December 22, 1831, the Prussian army attempted to pacify the Polish insurgents and launched a charge on the disarmed Poles, who resisted relocation, fearing deportation to the Russian Partition of Poland.[34] Some insurgents eventually left partitioned Poland for theGreat Emigration, includingJózef Bem, who was expelled by the Prussians in December 1831, andMaciej Rybiński, who left the city in February 1832.[35]
Elbingindustrialized. In 1828 the first steamship was built by Ignatz Grunau. In 1837Ferdinand Schichau started theSchichau-Werke company in Elbing as well as another shipyard in Danzig (Gdańsk) later on. Schichau constructed theBorussia, the firstscrew-vessel in Germany. Schichau-Werke builthydraulic machinery, ships,steam engines, andtorpedoes. After the inauguration of the railway toKönigsberg in 1853, Elbing's industry began to grow. Schichau worked together with his son-in-law Carl H. Zise, who continued the industrial complex after Schichau's death. Schichau erected large complexes for his many thousands of workers.
Georg Steenke, an engineer from Königsberg, connected Elbing near the Baltic Sea with the southern part of Prussia by building the Oberländischer Kanal (Elbląg Canal).
The prison and forced labour camps were closed and many of the German inhabitantsforced to flee as theSovietRed Army approached the city toward the end of the war. Laid under siege since January 23, 1945, about 65% of the city infrastructure was destroyed, including most of the historical city center. The town was captured by the Soviet Red Army during the night of February 9/10, 1945.[43] During the first days of the siege most of the population of approximately 100,000 persons fled. After the end of war, in spring 1945, the region together with the city became again part of Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, as a result of thePotsdam Conference. As of 1 November 1945 16.838 Germans remained in the town.[44] Polish rule over the town was implemented April 1, 1945, hence, much before the Allies' decisions at the laterPotsdam Conference. Many of Elbings' residents were interned, and finallyexpelled.[45] The Polish authorities made a determined effort to establish a demographicfait accomplit before the Allies would take decisions on Germany's future.[46]
The area was settled by Poles after remaining Germans were eithertransferred or fled to Germany. Elbląg was part of the so-calledRecovered Territories and out of the new inhabitants, 98% werePoles expelled from formereastern Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Parts of the damaged historical city center were completely demolished, with the bricks being used to rebuildWarsaw andGdańsk. TheCommunist authorities had originally planned that the Old Town, utterly destroyed during the fighting since January 23, 1945, would be built over withblocks of flats; however, economic difficulties thwarted this effort. Twochurches were reconstructed and the remaining ruins of the old town were torn down in the 1960s.
Along withTricity andSzczecin, Elbląg was the scene of thePolish 1970 protests. Since 1990 the German minority population has had a modest resurgence, with the Elbinger Deutsche Minderheit Organization counting around 450 members in 2000[citation needed].
Restoration of the Old Town began after 1989. Since the beginning of the restoration, an extensive archaeological programme has been carried out. Most of the city's heritage was destroyed during the construction of basements in the 19th century or during World War II, but the backyards andlatrines of the houses remained largely unchanged, and have provided information on the city's history. In some instances, private investors have incorporated parts of preserved stonework into new architecture. By 2006, approximately 75% of the Old Town had been reconstructed.
Elbląg is also home to theElbrewery, Poland's largest brewery, which belongs to theŻywiec Group (Heineken). The history of the Elblag Brewing Tradition dates back to 1309, when Teutonic Master Siegfried von Leuchtwangen granted brewing privileges to the city. The present brewery was founded in 1872 as the Elbinger Aktien-Brauerei. In the early 1900s, the brewery was the exclusive supplier ofPilsner beer to the court of German EmperorWilhelm II.
Brama Targowa (Market Gate)Postmodern Old Town City Hall
Until World War II there were manyGothic,Renaissance andBaroque houses in Elbląg's Old Town; some of them are reconstructed. Other preserved buildings are:
St. Nicholas Cathedral - a monumental 13th-century Gothic church (cathedral only from 1992, before it was aparochial church), destroyed by fire in the late 18th century, then damaged in World War II and repaired
Brama Targowa (Market Gate) - erected in 1319
St. Mary's Church - former Dominican church, erected in the 13th century, rebuilt in the 14th and 16th centuries; damaged in World War II and reconstructed in 1961 as anart gallery; remnants of cloister are partially preserved
Holy Ghost church with hospital, from the 14th century
Corpus Christi church from the 14th century
Ścieżka kościelna (Church Path) - medieval path between tenements connecting the churches of the Old Town
Gothic houses at 13 Świętego Ducha Street and 34 Studzienna Street (reconstruction)
Mannierist houses of the Old Town, e.g. Jost van Kampen House at 12 Garbary Street
Postmodern reconstruction of the Old Town with new Old Town City Hall
The primary cultural institutions in Elbląg are the Archaeological and Historical Museum, the Cyprian Norwid Elbląg Library, the EL Gallery Art Center and the Aleksander Sewruk Theater. The museum presents many pieces of art and items of everyday use, including the only 15th centurybinoculars preserved in Europe.
On 28 February 2022, Elbląg ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Kaliningrad and Baltiysk and the Belarusian city of Novogrudok as a response to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and its active support by the Republic of Belarus.[60]
^Notes on the passage.Medieval Latin often used e for ae:Pogesanie forPogesaniae,que forquae, etc.Recens mare is "thefresh-water sea".Castrum is citadel, not yet of brick.
^Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie: The Journal of Juristic Papyrology, 1946
^Potkowski, Edward (1994).Grunwald 1410 (in Polish). Kraków: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 61–62.
^Gierszewski, Stanisław (1978).Elbląg: przeszłość i teraźniejszość (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Morskie na zlec. Wydziału Kultury i Sztuki Urzędu Wojewódzkiego w Elblągu. p. 49.
^Górski, Karol (1949).Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish).Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. XXXI.
^Polska Encyklopedia Szlachecka, t. I, Warsaw 1935, p. 42.
^"Elbląg".Szlak Kopernikowski (in Polish). RetrievedSeptember 24, 2023.
^(in German) Book: Merian-Chronik, Cöln 1737/8: Elbingische Geschichte Zu gleicher Zeit Danzigs Belagerung 1734... Ordentliches Tage-Register von den Unternehmungen der Russen und Sachsen by der Belagerung der Stadt Dantzig. Nachricht, Wie viele Personen das 1734te Jahr durch in der Stadt Dantzig getauffet/verehelichet und begraben worden...
^Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.).Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. pp. 138–140.
^Necio, Jerzy (2011). "Stalag I A Stablack. Próby upamiętnienia".Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish).34.Opole: 61.
^Daniluk, Jan (May 9, 2024). "Stalag XX B Marienburg: geneza i znaczenie obozu jenieckiego w Malborku-Wielbarku w latach II wojny światowej". In Grudziecka, Beata (ed.).Stalag XX B: historia nieopowiedziana (in Polish).Malbork: Muzeum Miasta Malborka. p. 11.ISBN978-83-950992-2-9.
^Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)".Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum (in Polish).3: 167, 177, 180.ISSN0137-5377.
^Wardzyńska, Maria (2017).Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945 (in Polish). Warszawa:IPN. p. 104.ISBN978-83-8098-174-4.
^Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022).Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Gdańsk: IPN. p. 48.ISBN978-83-8229-411-8.
^abSylwia Bykowska (2020).The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II. Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe. p. 116.ISBN978-3-631-67940-1.
^Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa (in German). Vol. I/2. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. 1984. pp. 453–456.
^"Tarptautinis Bendradarbiavimas" [Druskininkai international cooperation].Druskininkų savivaldybės administracija (in Lithuanian). March 22, 2012. Archived fromthe original on August 3, 2013. RetrievedAugust 3, 2013.
The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by acity mayor (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) ·Cities with powiat rights are initalics · Voivodeship cities are inbold
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