The Duke of Richmond and Somerset | |
|---|---|
_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg) Portrait miniature byLucas Horenbout, between 1533 and 1534 | |
| Lord High Admiral of England | |
| In office 1525–1536 | |
| Monarch | Henry VIII |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Norfolk |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Southampton |
| Lord Lieutenant of Ireland | |
| In office 1529–1534 | |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Ossory |
| Succeeded by | William Skeffington |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 15 June 1519 Blackmore,Essex, England |
| Died | 23 July 1536(1536-07-23) (aged 17) St. James's Palace,London, England |
| Resting place | First atThetford Priory, then at the Church ofSt Michael the Archangel, Framlingham |
| Spouse | Lady Mary Howard |
| Parent(s) | Henry VIII of England Elizabeth Blount |
Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset (c. 15 June 1519 – 23 July 1536) was the son ofHenry VIII of England andhis mistressElizabeth Blount, and the onlychild born out of wedlock whom Henry acknowledged. He was the younger half-brother ofMary I, as well as the older half-brother ofElizabeth I andEdward VI. Through his mother, he was the elder half-brother ofElizabeth,George, andRobert Tailboys. His surname means "son of the king" in Norman French.[1]
Henry FitzRoy was born in June 1519. His mother was Elizabeth Blount,Catherine of Aragon's lady-in-waiting, and his father was Henry VIII. FitzRoy was conceived when Queen Catherine was approaching her last confinement with another of Henry's children,a stillborn daughter born in November 1518. To avoid scandal, Blount was taken from Henry's court to theAugustinian priory of St Laurence atBlackmore nearIngatestone, inEssex.[2]
FitzRoy's birthdate is often given as 15 June 1519, but the exact date is not known.[3][4]His birth may have been earlier than predicted. CardinalThomas Wolsey was out of London from 9 to 18 June when he reappeared back at court inWindsor. The following day he was expected atHampton Court, but he did not reappear at a council meeting atWestminster until 29 June. The policy of discretion worked, as the baby boy's arrival caused no great stir, and diplomatic dispatches record nothing of Henry VIII's illegitimate son.[5]
The christening of the newborn Henry FitzRoy was not recorded even though Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was his godfather and known to have been present at the event. This puts the date of the christening possibly before 29 June when he reappeared at court.[6] The identity of the other godfather is unknown. AlthoughThomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk took a great interest in Henry FitzRoy when he was older, in 1519 he was still the heir to theDukedom of Norfolk, and styled the Earl of Surrey. If Henry had chosen theHouse of Howard, he would probably have chosen the elderThomas Howard, who at the time was the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Another suggestion for the second godfather could be Henry VIII himself, although it was not normal practice for a parent to stand as godparent to his own child:[citation needed] Henry had taken the role of godfather at the christening of his own nephew, LordHenry Brandon (who was also the son of Henry's closest friend) in March 1516, and his daughter Princess Mary stood godmother to her half-brother Prince Edward in 1537.[7]
The infant boy was given the surnameFitzRoy to make sure that all knew he was son of the King.[8] Henry VIII openly acknowledged the boy, perhaps because he felt that his lack of a male heir was a slur upon his manhood.[9] At one point he proudly exhibited his newborn son to the court.[10]
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The boy's upbringing until the moment when he enteredBridewell Palace in June 1525 (six years following his birth) remains shrouded in confusion. Although the boy wasillegitimate, this did not mean that young Henry lived remotely from and had no contact with his father. On the contrary, it has been suggested by his biographer, Beverly Murphy, that a letter from a royal nurse implies that FitzRoy had also been part of the royal nursery, and he was often at court after 1530.[11]
In the 16th century, royal and noble households were in a state of constant movement and transition, so it is unlikely that FitzRoy grew up in any one house. He was probably transferred from household to household around London like his royal siblings:Mary,Elizabeth, andEdward. In 1519, the only surviving legitimate child of the King was the three-year-old Princess Mary. In that year her household was reorganised, suggesting that Henry made some provisions for his only son.Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury replaced LadyMargaret Bryan as Mistress of Mary's household. At the same time at least two of Mary's carers appear to have left her service.[original research?]
It is not impossible that Princess Mary's household could have been reorganised some time before her former servants found posts with Henry FitzRoy.[12]
In addition, the correspondence of the child's first known tutor makes it clear that FitzRoy also received some rudimentary education prior to his elevation to the peerage in 1525.John Palsgrave grumbled loudly that Henry had been taught to recite his prayers in a "barbarous"Latin accent and dismissed the man who had instructed him as "no clerk". Although he was more well known from 1525 and onwards, there is some evidence that he was already in receipt of royal favour even before his ennoblement; this comes from a surviving list of "Wardrobe stuff appointed for my lord Henry". The "Lord Henry" in question is not identified but given that the subject was not considered to require a title and that the list has survived with further documents relating to the household established for Henry FitzRoy after his ennoblement, it would seem reasonable to assume that it is Henry FitzRoy. The familiar way in which he is described as "My Lord Henry" is also interesting and suggests that, amongst the officers close to the King, at least, his existence was hardly a secret.[13] Alternatively, he may have been raised in the north with his mother and her husbandGilbert Tailboys, 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, and their children.[citation needed]
By 1525, theHouse of Tudor had been on the throne for 40 years. However, cracks were beginning to appear. By the sixteenth year of his reign, 34-year-old Henry still lacked a male heir with his 40-year-old wife Catherine of Aragon. Their only surviving child and heiress was Princess Mary, who at the time was a girl of nine. Henry, though, had another child, an illegitimate one, a sturdy six-year-old son. Although Henry may havehad other illegitimate children, Henry FitzRoy was the only one the King acknowledged. Henry VIII was also the only surviving son ofHenry VII. Henry had no surviving younger brother nor any close male relations from his father's family who could be called up to share the burden of government in the King's name.[14] As Henry and Catherine's marriage remained without a son, the king's only living son became more attractive for onlookers to observe.[15] The King's chief minister at the time was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, and since Henry FitzRoy's birth, he had taken an interest in his monarch's only son. In a letter dated June 1525, the Cardinal refers to the King's son: "Your entirely beloved sonne, the Lord Henry FitzRoy".
In 1525, FitzRoy was given his own residence in London, which he was granted by his father:Durham House onthe Strand.[16] Since his birth FitzRoy had remained in the background, although the boy had been brought up in remarkable style and comfort, almost as if he were a prince of the blood and not an acknowledgedroyal bastard. Such discretion over his son may not have been to the King's taste, and he may have felt his manhood and virility should be publicly demonstrated. He fully made up for his son's quiet birth and equally quiet christening when on 18 June 1525 the six-year-old boy was brought toBridewell Palace on the western edge of the city of London where honours were showered upon him. That morning of the 18th, the six-year-old Lord Henry FitzRoy travelled by barge from Wolsey's mansion ofDurham Place, nearCharing Cross, down theRiver Thames. He came in the company of a host of knights, squires, and other gentlemen. At 9am his barge pulled up at the Watergate and his party made their way through the palace to the king's lodgings on the south side of the second floor. The rooms were richly decorated, with various members of the court and the nobility coming to see FitzRoy's elevation. Among them were numerous bishops, as well as Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and the King's brother-in-law,Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. During the first ceremony, when he was createdEarl of Nottingham, FitzRoy was attended byHenry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, who carried the sword of state, along withJohn de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, andWilliam FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel. Six-year-old Henry knelt before his father asSir Thomas More read out the patents of nobility. It was the first time since the 12th century that an illegitimate son had been raised to thepeerage, whenHenry II, King of England had created his son WilliamEarl of Salisbury. However, the ceremony was not yet complete. The onlookers watched as the young Lord Nottingham re-emerged into the chamber. TheEarl of Northumberland carried the robes; behind him cameThomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, carrying the sword; theEarl of Arundel, carrying the cap of estate with a circlet; and theEarl of Oxford with a rod of gold. Once again young Henry FitzRoy knelt before his father, and as the patent was read he was invested with the trappings of a duke. This time when he rose to his feet he wasDuke of Richmond andSomerset.
To be aduke was a significant honour. It was the highest rank of the peerage, and the title, originally devised byEdward III, King of England for his sonEdward, Prince of Wales as the Duke of Cornwall, retained its royal aura. The former Henry FitzRoy was subsequently referred to in all formal correspondence as the "right high and noble Prince Henry, Duke of Richmond and Somerset".[citation needed] As if to compound this sense of royal dignity and endow the child with as much respectability as possible, Henry VIII had granted his son the unprecedented honour of a double dukedom. While he is mostly known as Richmond, some pains were taken to see that he bore both titles in equal weight. The bulk of Richmond's new lands came fromMargaret Beaufort's estate. These were lands which were the rightful inheritance of King Henry VII when he was Earl of Richmond and the lands which had belonged to John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, the father of Margaret Beaufort. The use of the Duchy of Somerset must have struck a chord among the courtiers, as it was well known that the Beauforts' eldest child was John Somerset, a royal bastard who had been legitimised following his parents' adultery and then marriage. A part of the Beaufort connection to the Somerset duchy, the title of Duke of Richmond was important as the earldom of Richmond had been held by his grandfather King Henry VII and by his great-grandfatherEdmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. The earldom of Nottingham had been held by Richmond's great uncle PrinceRichard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, the second son of Edward IV. Seeing Henry's obvious pride and affection for his son, many of those who witnessed Richmond's elevation must have wondered if this was what the King had in mind.[17] To support his new status, Henry granted his young son an annuity of £4,845.[18] Following the ceremony, there were "great feasts and disguising". Henry wished to celebrate his six-year-old son with customary extravagance. It is unknown if Elizabeth Blount was present, but it is certain that the new duke's stepfatherGilbert Tailboys, 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme was present and must have given her an eyewitness account.
It was a proud day for Henry, and for his former mistress Elizabeth; however, the ceremony did nothing to spare the Queen's feelings. She knew she had failed to give England a prince and was anxious about her own daughter's prospects. In a private letter, the Venetian ambassador wrote: "It seems that the Queen resents the earldom and dukedom conferred on the King’s natural son and remains dissatisfied. At the instigation it is said of her three Spanish ladies her chief counsellors, so that the King has dismissed them from court, a strong measure but the Queen was obliged to submit and have patience".[19]
Also at Richmond's elevation wasHenry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, his father's cousin throughCatherine of York, the younger sister ofElizabeth of York. He was raised from being merely the Earl of Devon to be the Marquess of Exeter. Sir Thomas Manners, a great nephew of Edward IV through his sisterAnne of York was made the earl of Rutland. Henry Clifford was made the new Earl of Cumberland and would cement his ties to the House of Tudor by marrying his son and heir, Lord Henry Clifford, to Richmond's cousin, ladyEleanor Brandon, the King's niece. Richmond's ceremony was by far the most spectacular but it was also a public relations display, since the last member of the Yorkist faction,Richard de la Pole, lost his life in February of that same year fighting for the French at theBattle of Pavia.[20] The young Henry Brandon became the new Earl of Lincoln, a title which had once belonged to the de la Pole family.
Arrangements for Henry's care were initially entrusted to Thomas Wolsey and plans for his elevation were already in progress by April 1525. On 7 June that year, he was elected knight of the Garter and was installed on the 25th. On 18 June, he was made Earl of Nottingham and on the same day he received the honour of a double dukedom; those being Richmond and Somerset. As such, he was endowed with lands whose revenues amounted to £4845 in the first year.[21] In that same year, Richmond, as he came to be known, was granted several other appointments, includingLord High Admiral of England, Lord President of theCouncil of the North, andWarden of the Marches towards Scotland andGovernor of Carlisle, the effect of which was to place the government of the north of England in his hands.[22] He held the offices in name only, the power was actually in the hands of a council dominated byThomas Magnus,Archdeacon of the East Riding.
From then onwards, the Duke was raised like a prince, atSheriff Hutton Castle in Yorkshire. His father had a particular fondness for him and took great interest in his upbringing.Sir Thomas Tempest was comptroller of his household. In February 1527,Thomas Magnus told the young Duke that KingJames V of Scotland, FitzRoy's first cousin, had asked for hunting dogs. FitzRoy sent his cousin 20 hunting hounds and a huntsman.[23]
On 22 June 1529, Richmond was madeLord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and there was a plan to crown him king of that country, though the King's counsellors feared that making a separate Kingdom of Ireland whose ruler was not that of England would create another threat similar to the Kingdom of Scotland. After Richmond's death, theCrown of Ireland Act 1542 established apersonal union between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was King of England was to be King of Ireland as well.King Henry VIII of England was proclaimed its first holder.[24]
In October 1532, Henry VIII travelled to Calais for a meeting withFrancis I of France and took Richmond with him. As part of the negotiations, Richmond joined the French court and lived with the DauphinFrancis and his younger brother, the future KingHenry II of France, until August 1533, when he was recalled to England.[citation needed]
When Henry VIII began the process of having his marriage toCatherine of Aragon annulled, it was suggested that Richmond marry his own half-sisterMary in order to strengthen Richmond's claim to the throne. Anxious to prevent the annulment and Henry's possiblebreak with the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope was even prepared to grant a special dispensation for their marriage.[25][26][27][28]
At age 14, on 28 November 1533 the Duke instead marriedLady Mary Howard, the only daughter ofThomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk.[29] He was on excellent terms with his brother-in-law, the poetHenry Howard, Earl of Surrey. The marriage was never consummated.[30]
At the time of Richmond's death, anAct was going throughParliament which disinherited Henry's daughterElizabeth as his heir and permitted the King to designate his successor, whether legitimate or not. There is no evidence that Henry intended to proclaim Richmond his heir, but the Act would have permitted him to do so if he wished.[31] The Imperial ambassadorEustace Chapuys wrote toEmperor Charles V on 8 July 1536 that Henry VIII had made a statute allowing him to nominate a successor, but thought the Duke of Richmond would not succeed to the throne by it, as he was consumptive and now diagnosed incurable.[32]
FitzRoy's promising career came to an abrupt end in July 1536. According to the chroniclerCharles Wriothesley, he became sickly some time before he died, although his biographer Beverley A. Murphy cites his documented public appearances and activities in April and May of that year, without exciting comment on his health.[33] He was reported ill with "consumption" (usually identified astuberculosis, but possibly another serious lung complaint) in early July, and died atSt. James's Palace on 23 July 1536.
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FitzRoy's father-in-law gave orders that the body be wrapped in lead and then taken in a closed cart for secret interment. However, his servants put the body in a straw-filled wagon. The only mourners were two attendants who followed at a distance. FitzRoy was first instance buried atThetford Priory, the burial place and mausoleum of members of the Howard family.
In February 1540, when Thetford Priory was about to be closed, Howard petitioned the King not to close the Priory Church on the grounds that both his first wifeAnne of York, FitzRoy's great-aunt, as well as FitzRoy himself were buried there. The request had no effect; at the same time however, the King ordered that the currentdissolution of the monasteries be briefly suspended, so that everyone who wished had time to rebury the remains of their relations.[34] Howard moved his son-in-law's grave to theChurch of St Michael the Archangel, Framlingham.[35][36][37]
FitzRoy's tomb has a mix of royal and religious iconography, with his personal coat of arms surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Garter and the Order's motto "Honi soit qui mal y pense", and the coats of arms of the Howard family (by his marriage to Mary Howard), and friezes showing scenes from theBiblicalOld Testament (mainly from theBook of Genesis and part of theBook of Exodus). On the north side are the birth ofEve; God giving the Garden of Eden into the charge ofAdam and Eve; the Temptation, and the Expulsion from Paradise. On the west are the nursing ofCain andAbel, and Adam digging to return to Eden; Cain and Abel making their sacrifices (offerings) to God, and Cain killing Abel. On the south side areNoah's Ark in theFlood; the drunkenness ofNoah; the ProphetAbraham and the Angels, andLot escaping fromSodom and Gomorrah. On the east are Abraham and his sonIsaac as well asMoses and theLaw tables, and the Israelites sacrificing to theGolden Calf.[38]
One of the scenes carved on the tomb is the outline of a small door which was the private entrance of noblemen from the Castle.[39]
His father outlived him by just over a decade, and was succeeded by his legitimate son,Edward VI, born shortly after FitzRoy's death. It is said that Henry FitzRoy might have been made king had Henry VIII died without a legitimate son:
Well was it for them[a] that Henry Fitzroy his natural son [...] was dead, otherwise (some suspect) had he survived King Edward the Sixth, we might presently have heard of a King Henry the Ninth, so great was his father's affection and so unlimited his power to prefer him.
— Thomas Fuller[40]
On her death in December 1557, his wife, Mary Howard, was buried along with FitzRoy.
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| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Lord High Admiral 1525–1536 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded byas Lord Deputy | Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 1529–1534 | Succeeded byas Lord Deputy |
| Preceded by | Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1536 | Succeeded by |
