Adrawl is a perceived feature of some varieties of spokenEnglish and generally indicates slower, longervowel sounds anddiphthongs. The drawl is often perceived as a method of speaking more slowly and may be erroneously attributed to laziness or fatigue. That particular speech pattern exists primarily in varieties of English, the most noticeable of which areSouthern American English, Broad Australian English, Broad New Zealand English, andEast Midlands English. The worddrawl is believed to have its origin in the 1590-1600s Dutch or Low German worddralen/ˈdraːlə(n)/, meaning'to linger'.[1]
The most commonly-recognizedSouthern Drawl features thediphthongization ortriphthongization of the traditional short front vowels, as in the wordspat,pet, andpit, especially at the end of sentences. They develop a glide up from their original starting position to[j] and, in some cases, back down toschwa.
The Southern drawl is a common name for, broadly, the accent ofSouthern American English or, narrowly, a particular feature of the accent: the articulation of thefrontpure vowels withlengthening andbreaking (diphthongization or eventriphthongization), perhaps also co-occurring with amarked change in pitch.[2][3] Across a sentence, this phenomenon results in the "prolongation of the most heavily stressed syllables, with the corresponding weakening of the less stressed ones, so that there is an illusion of slowness even though the tempo may be fast."[4]
The major characteristic of the Southern drawl isvowel breaking: the shifting of amonophthong into adiphthong or even atriphthong. In the Southern accent, the short front vowels/æ/,/ɛ/, and/ɪ/ may be somewhat raised (or become an up-gliding diphthong, or both) before finally centralizing towards aschwa-like off-glide[ə]. See the examples below:[5]
Drawling was established inolder Southern American English, surviving into 20th-century Southern American English, though declining in speakers born since 1960.[6]
The drawl is often associated with social stereotypes, positive and negative. Studies have shown that American adults tend to attribute Southern accents with friendliness and humility. However, the drawl is also perceived as slow and (mistakenly) attributed to the hot Southern climate or the laziness of its speakers.[7]
Broad Australian likely emerged fromNew South Wales, in southeasternAustralia, in the early 1800s, when the population was significantly increasing by the importation of convicts. Many of the convicts came from Britain and Ireland, the origin of Broad Australian. However, the area was relatively isolated from outside influences which fostered the growth of a new dialect. In the late 1800s, people from New South Wales began to move to other parts of the continent because of increased overseas immigration, gold rushes, and other factors.[8]
The "cavalry drawl" was a phenomenon of English-speaking officers in England, which was noted around 1840. Officers in certain cavalry regiments considered to be fashionable would affect a drawling delivery in their speech.[clarification needed][10]
Broad New Zealand, much like Broad Australian, began taking hold in the late 1800s when people from theBritish Isles brought their varieties of English toNew Zealand. Its drawl in is caused by vowel shifts and diphthongization.[11]