Caribbean people of mixed African and Indian descent
Ethnic group
Dougla people Regions with significant populations Caribbean Trinidad and Tobago ,Guyana ,Suriname ,Jamaica ,Saint Lucia ,Guadeloupe , andMartinique )United States , theUnited Kingdom ,Canada , and theNetherlands Languages English ,French ,Dutch ,Sranan Tongo ,Papiamento ,Caribbean Hindustani ,Creole languages Religion Related ethnic groups Afro-Caribbeans ,Indo-Caribbeans
Dougla people (pluralDouglas ) are Caribbean people who are ofmixed African andSouth Asian descent. The wordDougla (alsoDugla orDogla ) is used throughout theDutch andEnglish-speaking Caribbean .Afro-Indo people may also be another term used to describe them.
The wordDougla originated fromdogala (दोगला Caribbean Hindustani word that literally means "two-necks" and may mean "many", "much" or "a mix".[ 1] mixed race people: Afro-Indians.[ 2]
The 2012 Guyana census identified 29.25% of the population asAfro-Guyanese , 39.83% asIndo-Guyanese , and 19.88% as "mixed," recognized as mostly representing the offspring of the former two groups.[ 3]
In theFrench West Indies (Guadeloupe ,Martinique ), the few Afro-Indian people used to be referred to asBatazendyen orChapé-Kouli , while inHaiti they were calledMarabou .
There are sporadic records of Indo-Euro interracial relationships, both consensual and nonconsensual, before any ethnic mixing of the African and Indian variety.[ 4]
Other Indo-based types of mixed heritage (Indo-Chinese (Chindians ),Indo-Latino/Hispanic (Tegli), Indo-English (Anglo-Indians ), Indo-Portuguese (Luso-Indians ), Indo-Irish (Irish Indians ), Indo-Scottish (Scottish-Indians ), Indo-Dutch , Indo-Arabs and Indo-Amerindian ) tended to identify as one of the older, unmixed ethnic strains on the island: Afro, Indo, Amerindian or Euro orpassing as one of them .[ 5]
In Trinidad culture [ edit ] In 1961, thecalypsonian musicianMighty Dougla (born Cletus Ali) described the predicament of Douglas:[ 6]
If they sending Indians to India,
— Split Me in Two
Cletus Ali , Trinidadian musician, better known as Mighty DouglaTatyana Ali ,Indo-Trinidadian /Afro-Panamanian American actressEsther Anderson , actress (United Kingdom; born in Jamaica)[ 7] Nicole Beharie , actressJohnson Beharry ,Grenadian British soldier in theBritish Army [ 8] Melissa Bell ,Jamaican-British singer and mother ofAlexandra Burke Katharine Birbalsingh , teacher and education reformerFoxy Brown , rapper (United States; Trinidadian and Tobagonian background)[ 9] Alexandra Burke , British-Jamaican singer and daughter ofMelissa Bell Super Cat , Jamaican deejay[ 10] Joseph Charles (born Serjad Makmadeen), founder of theSolo Beverage Company [ 11] Tanya Chutkan , jurist and lawyerSabrina Colie , actress (United States; born in Jamaica)[citation needed Mervyn Dymally , Trinidadian-American politician[ 12] Special Ed , rapper (United States; Jamaican background)Indira Etwaroo , stage producer and directorMelanie Fiona , Canadian singerMarlene Malahoo Forte , politician (Jamaica)[ 13] Amy Ashwood Garvey , activist (Jamaica)[ 14] [ 15] Masaba Gupta , actress and fashion designer (Antiguan and Indian)Lisa Hanna ,Miss World 1993 , MP forSaint Ann South Eastern [ 16] Kamala Harris ,Vice-President of the United States (Jamaican and Indian)Maya Harris , lawyer and writer (Jamaican and Indian)Lester Holt , U.S. news anchor and journalist[ 17] [ 18] Kenny J , calypsonian[ 19] Diana King , singer (United States; born in Jamaica)[ 20] Jeffery Kissoon , actorVashtie Kola , music-video directorSonnet L'Abbé ,Guyanese Canadian poetDarryl Lachman , footballer (Netherlands; Curaçaoan and Surinamese background)Rajendra Ramoon Maharaj , playwrightSir Trevor McDonald ,Trinidadian British news anchor and journalistNicki Minaj , singer, rapper (United States; born in Trinidad and Tobago)Nicole Narain , model and actressRajee Narinesingh , LGBT activist (United States; Trinidadian and Tobagonian background)[ 21] Furdjel Narsingh , footballer (Netherlands; Surinamese background)Luciano Narsingh , footballer (Netherlands; Surinamese background)Roxanne Persaud , politician (United States; born in Guyana)[ 22] [ 23] [ 24] Thara Prashad , American singer and model[ 25] [ 26] Prince Rajcomar , footballer (Netherlands; Curaçaoan and Surinamese background)Mary Rambaran-Olm , literary scholar specializing in early medieval England from the fifth to eleventh centuries[ 27] Gema Ramkeesoon , social worker and women's-rights activist (Trinidad and Tobago)[ 28] Andre Rampersad , Trinidadian footballerNick Sagar ,British actor and modelSean Sagar , British actor and modelKenneth Salick,chutney soca singer[ 29] Krishmar Santokie , cricketerEdward Seaga , banker, businessman, politician and formerAbrahim Simmonds , youth advocate (Jamaica)Toni-Ann Singh , Miss World 2019 (Jamaica)Justine Skye , entertainer (Jamaica)XXXTentacion , rapper[ 30] Joyce Vincent , British woman whose death went unnoticed for over two years (Grenadian of black and Indian ancestry)^ Wilk, Richard; Barbosa, Livia (2013-05-09).Rice and Beans: A Unique Dish in a Hundred Places ISBN 9781847889058 ^ Winer, Lise (2009).Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago . Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 311.ISBN 978-0-7735-3406-3 ^ Bureau of Statistics, Guyana (July 2016).2012 Census Compendium 2: Computation Composition (PDF) (Report). Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 2021-01-05. Retrieved2022-12-04 . ^ Regis, Ferne Louanne (17 August 2016).The Trinidad Dougla: Identity, Ethnicity and Lexical Choice ISBN 9781443898997 ^ "Dougla dilemma" .www.trinidadandtobagonews.com .^ Khan, Aisha (2007)."Mixing Matters: "Callaloo Nation" Revisited" .Callaloo .30 (1):51– 67.doi :10.1353/cal.2007.0145 .ISSN 0161-2492 .JSTOR 30135865 .S2CID 154502534 . ^ Batson-Savage, Tanya (2013-07-01)."Esther Anderson: "They said I'd snubbed Hollywood" .Caribbean Beat Magazine . Retrieved2021-06-21 . ^ "I wouldn't say I am lucky... Interview with Johnson Beharry, VC – The Best You Magazine" . 17 May 2013. Retrieved11 November 2020 .^ Calloway, Sway (2001-05-29)."Foxy Brown – Outspoken (Part 4)" .MTV News . Archived fromthe original on 2006-05-02. Retrieved2006-05-09 .^ Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004)The Rough Guide to Reggae , Rough Guides,ISBN 1-84353-329-4 , p. 286 ^ "Mr. Solo: Serjad Makmadeen aka Joseph Charles" . 14 June 2008.^ "The Honorable Mervyn M. Dymally's Biography" .The HistoryMakers . Retrieved2020-02-26 .^ "Information director's criticisms of Indian descent conference don't represent gov't position" .Stabroek News . 2018-01-13. Retrieved2021-06-21 .^ https://ufmrg.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/diversity_-difference-and-caribbean-feminism-feb_2007.pdf [bare URL PDF ^ Comparative studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East Duke University Press , 1997, p. 124.^ " .^ Today Show: "Lester and Jenna trace their Jamaican roots" Aired on September 9, 2012Archived September 13, 2012, at theWayback Machine ^ Holt, Lester (2007-05-11)."To Jamaica with Mom" .allDAY . NBC News. Archived fromthe original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved2009-03-25 . ^ Regis, Ferne-Louanne (2016).The Trinidad Dougla: identity, ethnicity and lexical choice . Newcastle upon Tyne, UK:Cambridge Scholars Publishing . p. 34.ISBN 978-1-4438-9899-7 OCLC 956991420 . ^ "Reggae Singer Diana King official Biography" . Dance Hall Reggae World. Retrieved24 April 2017 .^ Rajee Narinesingh ^ "Gala 2016" .Indo-Caribbean Alliance, Inc . Archived fromthe original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved2019-12-01 .^ "Guyanese-born New York Assemblywoman, Roxanne Persaud, was elected to the New York State Senate" . November 4, 2015.^ "New York's immigrant lawmakers make their mark" .Times Union . 2016-01-13. Retrieved2018-09-30 .^ Jennifer Bisram (Sep–Oct 2009)."Thara Aims High: What can't she do?" . MoraFire. Retrieved2009-11-02 . [permanent dead link ] ^ [1] [dead link ] ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (2022-05-07)."Medieval Scholars Spar on a Modern Battlefield: Twitter" .The New York Times .ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived fromthe original on 2022-05-08. Retrieved2022-05-09 . ^ https://ufmrg.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/diversity_-difference-and-caribbean-feminism-feb_2007.pdf [bare URL PDF ^ Baksh, Darrell Gerohn (2012)."Jep Sting Radica with Rum and Roti: Trinidadian Social Dynamics in Chutney Music" .Popular Music and Society .37 (2):152– 168.doi :10.1080/03007766.2012.737593 .S2CID 143840668 . ^ Sobat, Peter."XXXTENTACION CALLS OUT DRAKE IN HIS FIRST INTERVIEW AFTER JAIL" . blurredculture.Archived from the original on March 9, 2019. RetrievedMarch 26, 2019 . Barratt, Sue A, and Aleah N. Ranjitsingh.Dougla in the Twenty-First Century: Adding to the Mix . Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2021.ISBN 9781496833709 . See also CUNY Asian and Asian American Research Instituteauthor interview on 19 November 2021.
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