Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov (Russian:Дмитрий Иванович Виноградов;c. 1720 – 5 September [O.S. 25 August] 1758) was a Russian chemist who developedRussian hard-pasteporcelain; he was the founder of theImperial Porcelain Factory.
Vinogradov was born into a low-income household inSuzdal and was trained at theSlavic Greek Latin Academy where he came to knowMikhail Lomonosov. In 1736, Lomonosov, Vinogradov and a third student from theSt. Petersburg Academy of Sciences,Gustav Ulrich Raiser, went abroad to studychemistry,metallurgy, andmining underChristian Wolff inMarburg,Hesse, andJohann Friedrich Henckel (Chemist) inFreiberg,Saxony. Upon his return to Russia in 1744, Vinogradov was sent to a ceramicsmanufactory that was established that year under the direction of Christoph Conrad Hunger, who had been induced byEmpress Elizabeth to come toSt Petersburg fromStockholm.
At that timehard-paste porcelain was produced only inChina andJapan and inMeissen, Saxony, where a deposit of suitablekaolin had been discovered and first successfully employed in 1709 (seeMeissen porcelain). Other European factories were beginning to emulate Meissen wares, but insoft-paste porcelain. The recipe for porcelain was a closely guarded secret at Meissen and the price of Meissen porcelain might exceed the price of silver of equal weight.
Hunger proved to be unable to produce porcelain from the materials at hand and was dismissed in 1748, leaving the venture in the hands of Vinogradov. Eight years Vinogradov andMikhail Lomonosov spent developing an original Russian recipe for porcelain. In 1752, Vinogradov published a treatise advertising his success in producing the first satisfactory samples of porcelain, made of Russianraw materials, employing clay fromGzhel) mixed with finely-groundOlonets quartz andalabaster. Vinogradov trained the first Russian master craftsmen of porcelain at the factory. The first products were small wares, cups, snuffboxes and their lids, cane heads, doorknobs, knife handles and the like.
The production of large items, like plates, was going to be essential if the manufactory was to produce more than small luxuries. In December 1756 Vinogradov completed the construction of a large furnace and made a successful first firing. As a mark of its impending success the venture was renamed the Imperial Porcelain Factory. The Imperial factory's greatest period of success was to come under the direction of PrinceAlexander Vyazemsky, after Vinogradov's death (in St. Petersburg in 1758). The factory exists today, once again known as the Imperial Porcelain Factory.
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