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Diet (nutrition)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sum of food consumed by an organism

For weight loss diets, seeDieting. For animal diets, seeList of feeding behaviours. For other uses, seeDiet (disambiguation).

A selection ofmagnesium-containingfood consumed by humans. The human diet can vary widely.

In nutrition,diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or otherorganism.^[1]The word diet often implies the use of specific intake ofnutrition forhealth orweight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans areomnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos. This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy.

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption ofvitamins,minerals,essential amino acids from protein and essential fatty acids from fat-containing food, alsofood energy in the form of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in thequality of life,health andlongevity.

Health

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Main article:Healthy diet

A healthy diet can improve and maintain health, which can include aspects of mental and physical health.^[2] Specific diets, such as theDASH diet, can be used in treatment and management of chronic conditions.^[2]

Dietary recommendations exist for many different countries, and they usually emphasise a balanced diet which is culturally appropriate.^[3] These recommendation are different fromdietary reference values which provide information about the prevention ofnutrient deficiencies.

Dietary choices

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Raw food tacos prepared with guacamole, non-fried beans and sour cream. Raw foodism promotes the consumption of food which has not been cooked.

Exclusionary diets are diets with certain groups or specific types of food avoided, either due to health considerations or by choice.^[2] Many do not eat food from animal sources to varying degrees (e.g.flexitarianism,pescetarianism,vegetarianism, andveganism) for health reasons, issues surrounding morality, or to reduce their personal impact on the environment^[4] (e.g.environmental vegetarianism). People on a balanced vegetarian or vegan diet can obtain adequate nutrition, but may need to specifically focus on consuming specific nutrients, such asprotein,iron,calcium,zinc, andvitamin B₁₂.^[5]^[2]^[6]Raw foodism andintuitive eating are other approaches to dietary choices. Education, income, local availability, and mental health are all major factors for dietary choices.^[2]

Weight management

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A particular diet may be chosen to promote weight loss or weight gain. Changing a person's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance, and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body.^[2]

The terms "healthy diet" and "diet for weight management" (dieting) are often related, as the two promote healthy weight management.^[7] If a person is overweight or obese, changing to a diet and lifestyle that allows them to burn more calories than they consume may improve their overall health,^[2] possibly preventing diseases that are attributed in part to weight, includingheart disease anddiabetes.^[8] Within the past 10 years, obesity rates have increased by almost 10%.^[9] Conversely, if a person is underweight due to illness ormalnutrition, they may change their diet to promote weight gain. Intentional changes in weight, though often beneficial, can be potentially harmful to the body if they occur too rapidly. Unintentional rapid weight change can be caused by the body's reaction to some medications, or may be a sign of major medical problems includingthyroid issues andcancer among otherdiseases.^[10]

Meat consumption

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Dietary meat consumption, particularly consumption of red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk ofcolorectal cancer.^[11]^[12] There appears to be a metabolic link between a fat- and meat rich diet and cancer associated gut microbes.^[13] In the colonic contents of humans on a high fat diet, the secondary bile aciddeoxycholic acid produced from the primary bile acid cholic acid by the gut microbiota is increased, and this increase is associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer.^[14]^[15] In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid produced by the action of gut microbiota, are higher.^[14]^[15]

Environmental dietary choices

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Agriculture is a driver ofenvironmental degradation, such asbiodiversity loss,climate change,desertification,soil degradation andpollution. Thefood system as a whole – including refrigeration, food processing, packaging, and transport – accounts for around one-quarter ofgreenhouse gas emissions.^[16] More sustainable dietary choices can be made to reduce the impact of the food system on the environment. These choices may involve reducing consumption of meat and dairy products and instead eating more plant-based foods, and eating foods grown throughsustainable farming practices.^[17]

Religious and cultural dietary choices

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Some cultures and religions have restrictions concerning what foods are acceptable in their diet. For example, onlyKosher foods are permitted inJudaism, andHalal foods inIslam. AlthoughBuddhists are generallyvegetarians, the practice varies and meat-eating may be permitted depending on the sects.^[18] InHinduism,vegetarianism is the ideal.Jains are strictly vegetarian and in addition to that the consumption of any roots (ex: potatoes, carrots) is not permitted.

InChristianity there is no restriction on the kinds of animals that can be eaten,^[19]^[20] though various groups within Christianity have practiced specific dietary restrictions for various reasons.^[21] The most common diets used byChristians areMediterranean andvegetarianism.^{[citation needed]}

Diet classification table

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Food type	Omnivorous	Carnivorous	Pescetarian	Pollotarian	Semi-vegetarian	Vegetarian	Vegan	Fruitarian	Paleo	Ketogenic	Jewish	Islamic	Hindu	Jain
Alcoholic drinks	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Maybe	Maybe	No	Maybe	No
Fruit	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Berries	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Vegetables	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No^[a]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Greens	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Legumes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nuts	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Tubers	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Maybe^[b]	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe
Grains	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Honey	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Dairy	Yes	Maybe^[c]	Maybe	Maybe	Maybe	Maybe^[d]	No	No	No	Maybe	Yes^[e]	Yes	Yes	Yes
Eggs	Yes	Yes	Maybe	Yes	Maybe	Maybe^[f]	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Insects	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No^[g]	No^[g]	Maybe	No
Shellfish	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Maybe^[h]	Maybe	No
Fish	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Poultry	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Mutton	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Venison	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No
Pork	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	Maybe	No
Beef	Yes	Yes	No	No	Sometimes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Maybe	No

Notes

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^Some plants traditionally considered to be vegetables—such astomatoes,eggplants,capsicums, andzucchinis—are permitted.
^Typically,potatoes are not permitted butcassava,yams, andsweet potatoes are.
^Some variants of the diet are paleolithic-oriented and exclude dairy while other variants may include dairy products provided that they are ketogenic. Less strict approaches allow allanimal sourced foods.
^Lacto vegetarians,ovo-lacto vegetarians, andJain vegetarians permit dairy.
^Dairy is permitted but is not to be cooked or consumed with any meats. Dairy may be prepared and eaten alongsidepareve foods.
^Bothovo vegetarians andovo-lacto vegetarians permit eggs.
^^a ^bLocusts are sometimes permitted, depending on thereligious denomination.
^Mollusks andcrustaceans likecrab are prohibited according to the Shi'a branch of Islam. The acceptability ofshrimp/prawn is debated

References

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^noun, def 1 Archived 2010-01-07 at theWayback Machine – askoxford.com
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gJohnson VR, Washington TB, Chhabria S, et al. (1 May 2022)."Food as Medicine for Obesity Treatment and Management".Clinical Therapeutics.44 (5):671–681.doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.05.001.ISSN 0149-2918.PMC 9908371.PMID 35618570.S2CID 249022627.
^Nemec K (November 2020)."Cultural Awareness of Eating Patterns in the Health Care Setting".Clinical Liver Disease.16 (5):204–207.doi:10.1002/cld.1019.ISSN 2046-2484.PMC 7727853.PMID 33318789.
^United Nations."Food and Climate Change: Healthy diets for a healthier planet".United Nations. Retrieved13 July 2023.
^Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (December 2016). "Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets".Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.116 (12):1970–1980.doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025.ISSN 2212-2672.PMID 27886704.S2CID 4984228.
^"Vegetarian diet: How to get the best nutrition".Mayo Clinic. 20 August 2020.Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved12 December 2022.
^Aphramor L (20 July 2010)."Validity of claims made in weight management research: a narrative review of dietetic articles".Nutrition Journal.9 (1): 30.doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-30.ISSN 1475-2891.PMC 2916886.PMID 20646282.
^"Diets".medlineplus.gov.Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved28 May 2021.
^Long Z, Huang L, Lyu J, et al. (12 January 2022)."Trends of central obesity and associations with nutrients intake and daily behaviors among women of childbearing age in China".BMC Women's Health.22 (1): 12.doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01600-9.ISSN 1472-6874.PMC 8753840.PMID 35016648.
^"Body Weight".MedlinePlus.Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved26 June 2020.
^Kossenas K, Constantinou C (December 2021). "Epidemiology, Molecular Mechanisms, and Clinical Trials: an Update on Research on the Association Between Red Meat Consumption and Colorectal Cancer".Curr Nutr Rep.10 (4):435–467.doi:10.1007/s13668-021-00377-x.PMID 34665439.
^Di Y, Ding L, Gao L, et al. (August 2023)."Association of meat consumption with the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis".BMC Cancer.23 (1): 782.doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11218-1.PMC 10463360.PMID 37612616.
^Wirbel J, Pyl PT, Kartal E, et al. (April 2019)."Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer".Nature Medicine.25 (4):679–689.doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0406-6.PMC 7984229.PMID 30936547.
^^a ^bFogelson KA, Dorrestein PC, Zarrinpar A, et al. (June 2023)."The Gut Microbial Bile Acid Modulation and Its Relevance to Digestive Health and Diseases".Gastroenterology.164 (7):1069–1085.doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.022.PMC 10205675.PMID 36841488.
^^a ^bBernstein H, Bernstein C (January 2023)."Bile acids as carcinogens in the colon and at other sites in the gastrointestinal system".Experimental Biology and Medicine.248 (1):79–89.doi:10.1177/15353702221131858.PMC 9989147.PMID 36408538.
^Ritchie H,Roser M, Rosado P (11 May 2020)."CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions".Our World in Data.
^Nations U."Food and Climate Change: Healthy diets for a healthier planet".United Nations. Retrieved13 July 2023.
^Keown D (26 August 2004).A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. p. 77.ISBN 9780191579172.Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved26 January 2017.
^Marcos 7:14 Archived 2021-11-04 at theWayback Machine-23 Archived 2021-11-04 at theWayback Machine
^Mateo 15:10 Archived 2021-11-05 at theWayback Machine-20 Archived 2021-11-04 at theWayback Machine
^"Code of Canon Law". vatican.va.Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved28 July 2013.

External links

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Wikiquote has quotations related toDiet.

The dictionary definition ofdiet at Wiktionary

Human nutrition andhealthy diets

Main articles: Diet; Dieting; Cuisine; Dietitian; Hunger; Leptin; Meal; Nutrition; Obesity; Staple food

Dieting

Basic types	Omnivore Plant-based
Regional diets	Western Mediterranean Atlantic
Sustainable diets	Low carbon Planetary health
Religious diets	Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jain Jewish Rastafari Sikh
Vegetarianism andveganism	Fruitarianism Meat analogue Milk substitute Raw vegan Tofu
Semi-vegetarianism	Ovo-lacto vegetarianism Pescetarian Pollotarian
Supplement diets	Bodybuilding supplements Meal replacement Therapeutic food
Non-solid diets	Liquid diets Very-low-calorie diet
Specific restrictions	Calorie restriction Cardiac diet Diabetic diet Elimination diet Fluid restriction diet Gluten-free Gluten-free and casein-free Intermittent fasting Low-sodium Low-FODMAP Low-carbohydrate Low-fat Low-fiber/low-residue diet Low-protein Monotrophic diet NPO Renal diet Soft diet Specific carbohydrate
Other diets	Entomophagy Cotton ball Pica DASH Inuit MIND Time Restricted Eating Liquid diet Ninja diet Raw foodism U.S. military
Fad diets	Cambridge Macrobiotic Master Cleanse Junk food Superfood Slow-Carb
List of diets	Diet food

Nutrition

Amino acids	Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Selenocysteine Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine
Vitamins	Vitamin A Vitamin B₁ Vitamin B₂ Vitamin B₃ Vitamin B₅ Vitamin B₆ Vitamin B₇ Vitamin B₉ Vitamin B₁₂ Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Minerals	Calcium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Vanadium Zinc