Processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment
A diagram of various depositional environments
Ingeology,depositional environment orsedimentary environment describes the combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes associated with thedeposition of a particular type ofsediment and, therefore, therock types that will be formed afterlithification, if the sediment is preserved in the rock record. In most cases, the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues. However, the further back in geological time sediments were deposited, the more likely that direct modern analogues are not available (e.g.banded iron formations).
Diagram to show the different depositional environments in which tsunami deposits are formed – partly after Shanmugam 2006[1]Depositional environmental model of the Araripe Basin formations, NE Brazil
Alluvial – Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine settingPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – type of Fluvial deposit. Caused by moving water in a fan shape (Alluvial Fan) and containing mostly impermeable and nonporous sediments well sorted.
Aeolian – Processes due to wind activity. Often in deserts and coastal regions and well sorted, large scale cross-beds
Fluvial – Natural flowing freshwater streamPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – processes due to moving water, mainly streams. Common sediments are gravel, sand, and silt.
Lacustrine – Sediment deposited by a lake – processes due to moving water, mainly lakes. Common sediments are sand, silt, and clay.
Deltaic – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river (possible cross beds, ripple marks)[4] Common sediments are sand, silt, and clay.
Tide – Rise and fall of the sea level under astronomical gravitational influences – processes due to tidal currents, creates tidal flats (fine-grained, ripple marks, cross-beds).[5] Common sediments are silt and clay
Lagoonal – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform. Little transportation, creates lagoon bottom environment. Common sediments arecarbonates (in tropical climates).
Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water. Caused by waves and longshore currents. Creates beaches, spits, and sandbars with the common sediments of gravel and sand.
Lake – Large inland body of relatively still water
Shallow water marine environment – processes due to waves and tidal currents, creates shelves and slopes, lagoons. Common sediments are carbonates (in tropical climates) or sand, silt, and clay (elsewhere)
Upper shoreface – Portion of the seafloor that is shallow enough to be agitated by everyday wave action
Deep water marine environment – Flat area on the deep ocean floor (abyssal plains) caused by ocean currents. Common sediments are clay, carbonate mud, silica mud.
Reef – Shoal of rock, coral, or other material lying beneath the surface of water caused by waves and tidal currents. Also creates adjacent basins. Common sediments are carbonates.
Others
Evaporite – Water-soluble mineral deposit formed by evaporation from an aqueous solution
Glacial – Persistent body of ice that moves downhill under its own weightPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Till – angular to rounded grains, poorly sorted, unstratified (massive)
Outwash – ripple marks, cross-beds, similar to stream channel[6]
Volcanic – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
