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Demographics of Hungary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Demographics ofHungary
Population Pyramid 2020
PopulationDecrease 9,597,085 (1st January 2023)
Growth rate−4.9 births/1,000 population (2020)
Birth rate9.5 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy76.16 years (2019)
 • male72.86 years (2019)
 • female79.33 years (2019)
Fertility rate1.52 children born/woman (2022)[1]
Infant mortality rate3.4 / 1000 live births (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years14.8%
15–64 years67.7%
65 and over17.5%
Sex ratio
At birth1.06 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.96 male(s)/female
65 and over0.59 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Hungarian(s)adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnicHungarians
Language
SpokenHungarian

Demographic features of the population ofHungary includepopulation density,ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Population

[edit]
Population density in Hungary bydistrict.
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1784[3]2,681,595—    
18705,011,310+0.73%
18805,329,191+0.62%
18906,009,351+1.21%
19006,854,415+1.32%
19107,612,114+1.05%
19207,986,875+0.48%
19308,685,109+0.84%
19419,316,074+0.64%
19499,204,799−0.15%
19609,961,044+0.72%
197010,300,996+0.34%
198010,709,463+0.39%
199010,374,823−0.32%
200110,200,298−0.15%
20119,937,628−0.26%
20229,603,634−0.31%
Note: Only present territory of Hungary[2]

Hungary's population has been slowly declining since 1980. The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (andremains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,[4] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,[5] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.[4][6][7] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,[8][9] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population.

According to demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before theBattle of Mohács. However, the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country in the 18th century due to centuries longOttoman and Habsburg wars, the resettlement policies and continuous immigration from neighboring countries. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnicallyHungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.[10]

1400-2023 Historical population development on the territory of present-day Hungary
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found onPhabricator and onMediaWiki.org.

Population over time

[edit]
Population of Hungary over time with estimated percentages of ethnic Hungarians within Hungary
DateEstimated PopulationEstimated Percentages ofHungarian people, with and without Inclusion of theKingdom of CroatiaNotes
c. 900AD66%[4][7]Size of the country was about 330 thousand square km,[12] with a density of 3-4.5[12] or 0.56-1.06[11] persons per square km
10001,000,000-1,500,000[13]
1060500,000-550,000[11]A density of 1.51-1.67 persons per square km.[11]
11002,000,000[12]
11812,600,000[12]
12001,000,000-1,100,000[11]A density of 3.03-3.33 persons per square km (330 thousand square km).[11]
12222,000,000[14]70–80%[15]The time of theGolden Bull. The last estimate before theTatar invasion.
1242Population decreased after theMongol invasion of Hungary (estimates of population loss range from 20% to 50%).[16]
1300
1348Before the plague (at the time of theAngevin kings).
1370c. 2,000,00060–70%[15] (including Croatia)
1400
1490The last nationwide registry in Kingdom of Hungary before the Ottoman period was carried out in 1494–1495 on the commission of the royal treasury.[38]

Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).

1600Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary combined.
1699At the time ofTreaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711At the end of theKuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720
1785-878,000,0005% urban subjects.[50]
1790End of the organized resettlement (around 800 new German villages had been established between 1711 and 1780).[55]
182811,495,536
1830
  • 37% (44 percent in central Hungary)[56]
1837
184612,033,399
  • 40–45%
  • 41.6%[58]
  • 36.5-40% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[58]
Two years before theHungarian Revolution of 1848.
185011,600,000
185713,830,87044.5%[11]
186913,508,00045.2%[60]
188013,749,60346%
190016,838,25551.4%[61]
191018,264,533
  • 54.4%[61]
  • 48.1% (with Kingdom of Croatia)[62]
5%Jews (estimated according to their religion).

Note: The data refer to the territory of theKingdom of Hungary, and not that of the present-day republic.

Demographics of Kingdom of Hungary, (1910 Census)

[edit]

Demographic changes in pre-Trianon Hungary (1867–1914)

[edit]

Population and ethnic composition (1869–1910)

[edit]
Census data for the Kingdom of Hungary (including Croatia-Slavonia)
YearTotal Population
(Hungary + Croatia-Slavonia)		Hungary Proper
(excl. Croatia-Slavonia)		Croatia-SlavoniaHungarians
(absolute/%)		Romanians
(absolute/%)		Slovaks
(absolute/%)		Germans
(absolute/%)		Croats/Serbs
(absolute/%)		Other ethnicities
1869~15.4 million[63]~13.6 million[64]~1.8 million[65]~6.9 million (45%)~2.6 million (17%)~2.0 million (13%)~1.5 million (10%)~1.4 million (9%)~1.0 million (6%)
1880~16.8 million[66]~14.8 million~2.0 million~7.6 million (45%)~2.7 million (16%)~2.0 million (12%)~1.8 million (11%)~1.7 million (10%)~1.0 million (6%)
1890~17.3 million[67]~15.1 million~2.2 million~7.8 million (44.8%)~2.9 million (16.6%)~2.2 million (12.5%)~1.8 million (10.4%)~1.8 million (10.2%)~0.8 million (5.5%)
1900~19.0 million[68]~16.8 million~2.2 million~8.7 million (45.8%)~3.0 million (15.8%)~2.3 million (12.1%)~2.0 million (10.5%)~2.0 million (10.5%)~1.0 million (5.3%)
1910~20.9 million[69]~18.3 million~2.6 million~10.0 million (54.5%)~3.3 million (16.1%)~2.0 million (10.7%)~1.9 million (10.4%)~1.5 million (8.3%)~1.2 million (6.0%)


Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)
LandMother tongues (1910 census)
Kingdom of HungaryHungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-SlavoniaCroatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Spoken languages in Transleithania (Hungary) (1910 census)[70]
LandHungarianRomanianGermanSlovakCroatianSerbianRuthenianOtherTotal
Danube Right Bank72% (2,221,295)0% (833)18% (555,694)0.6% (17,188)5.5% (168,436)0.5% (15,170)0% (232)3.4% (105,556)14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank32.7% (711,654)0% (704)6.6% (144,395)58.8% (1,279,574)0.1% (2,294)0% (200)0% (393)1.7% (36,710)10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza81.2% (3,061,066)0.1% (4,813)9.5% (357,822)2.1% (79,354)0.1% (4,866)4.1% (154,298)0.3% (11,121)4.1% (96,318)18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank53.5% (945,990)0.1% (1,910)5.6% (98,564)25% (441,776)0% (486)0% (247)14.3% (253,062)1.6% (27,646)8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank61.8% (1,603,924)24% (621,918)3.2% (83,229)3.1% (81,154)0% (327)0% (321)7.5% (194,504)0.3% (8,547)12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros22.2% (474,988)39.5% (845,850)19.9% (427,253)2.1% (44,715)0.2% (4,950)13.6% (290,434)0.1% (3,188)2.4% (50,391)10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania34.3% (918,217)55% (1,472,021)8.7% (234,085)0.1% (2,404)0% (523)0% (421)0.1% (1,759)1.8% (48,937)12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume13% (6,493)0.3% (137)4.6% (2,315)0.4% (192)26% (12,926)0.9% (425)0% (11)54.8 (27,307, mostlyItalian)0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia4% (105,948)0% (846)5.1% (134,078)0.8% (21,613)62.5% (1,638,354)24.6% (644,955)0.3% (8,317)2.6% (67,843)12.6% (2,621,954)
Total48.1% (10,050,575)14.1% (2,949,032)9.8% (2,037,435)9.4% (1,967,970)8.8% (1,833,162)5.3% (1,106,471)2.3% (472,587)2.2% (469,255)100% (20,886,487)
Thefactual accuracy of the map included in this article isdisputed. Relevant discussion may be found onTalk:History of Transylvania. Please help replace the disputed map with another suitable one or improve it if possible.(June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  • Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[71]
    Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based ontoponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map wasEmil Petrovici.[71]
  • Estimated ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495, created by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences based on their research. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The date 1495 is based on a nationwide registry conducted in the Kingdom of Hungary by commission of the royal treasury. The map shows the estimated absolute or relative linguistic majority of the local population based on the family names of taxpayers recorded in national or domanial registers, the linguistic analysis of the names of geographic objects and on various scholarly sources.[72][73][74][75]
    Estimated ethnic map of theKingdom of Hungary in 1495, created by theHungarian Academy of Sciences based on their research. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The date 1495 is based on a nationwide registry conducted in the Kingdom of Hungary by commission of the royal treasury. The map shows the estimated absolute or relative linguistic majority of the local population based on the family names of taxpayers recorded in national or domanial registers, the linguistic analysis of the names of geographic objects and on various scholarly sources.[72][73][74][75]
  • Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1784 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their researches. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The ethnic pattern of Hungary changed due to the centuries long wars and migration movements.[72][73][74]
    Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1784 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, based on their researches. Hungarians are depicted in orange. The ethnic pattern of Hungary changed due to the centuries long wars and migration movements.[72][73][74]
  • The Red Map.[76][77] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[78] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[79]
    The Red Map.[76][77] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[78] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[79]
  • In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.[80][81][82][83] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.[80] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population according to a separate census on religion[84] and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).[85]
    In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.[80][81][82][83] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.[80] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population according to a separate census on religion[84] and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).[85]
  • Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
    Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties

[86][87][88]

Fertility

[edit]
Hungary fertility rate by county (2021)
  1.7 - 1.9
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

Thetotal fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period in the present-day Hungary. Sources:Our World In Data andGapminder Foundation.[89]

Years18501851185218531854185518561857185818591860[89]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.185.155.125.095.065.0354.974.944.914.88
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870[89]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary4.855.115.415.035.115.024.645.095.125.14
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880[89]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.234.965.185.235.555.615.295.235.585.23
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890[89]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.285.45.55.595.485.575.415.365.354.93
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[89]
Total Fertility Rate in Hungary5.24.965.255.085.485.114.974.954.624.79
YearTotal Fertility Rate
19015.32
19104.86
19213.80
19302.84
19412.48
19492.54
19552.81
19602.02
19651.82
19701.98
19752.34
19801.91
YearTotal Fertility Rate
19851.85
19901.86
19951.57
20001.32
20051.30
20101.25
20151.44
20191.49
20201.56
20211.59
20221.52
20231.51

[90]

Total Fertility Rate by county

County1980199020012011
Baranya1.701.651.521.47
Bács-Kiskun1.811.731.591.56
Békés1.821.751.621.57
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén1.881.831.721.66
Csongrád1.591.551.441.41
Fejér1.851.791.621.56
Győr-Moson-Sopron1.811.731.561.49
Hajdú-Bihar1.921.821.651.56
Heves1.791.691.571.53
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok1.901.801.671.62
Komárom-Esztergom1.801.731.581.53
Nógrád1.841.761.641.60
Pest1.761.691.541.48
Somogy1.741.681.581.53
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg2.212.051.851.75
Tolna1.831.761.651.60
Vas1.821.721.581.51
Veszprém1.881.791.641.58
Zala1.781.731.561.52
Budapest1.251.271.171.13
All1.711.651.531.47

Source: 2011 census[91]

Life expectancy

[edit]
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1900
Life expectancy in Hungary since 1960 by gender
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years[92]
1950–195564.01
1955–1960Increase 66.91
1960–1965Increase 68.79
1965–1970Increase 69.45
1970–1975Decrease 69.41
1975–1980Increase 69.59
1980–1985Decrease 69.08
1985–1990Increase 69.42
1990–1995Decrease 69.41
1995–2000Increase 70.88
2000–2005Increase 72.54
2005–2010Increase 73.74
2010–2015Increase 75.26
2015–2020Increase 76.65

Infant mortality rate

[edit]

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all-time low in 2023 at 3.1 per 1000 live born children.[93]

Vital statistics

[edit]

[94][95][96][97][98]

Source: Hungarian Central Statistical Office[99]

Average population (January 1)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000)Total fertility rates[fn 1][89][100]
19006,854,000268,019177,36390,65639.427.012.45.28
1901260,439166,66293,77737.625.012.65.22
1902270,385179,26091,12538.626.911.75.16
1903258,209179,51878,69136.526.110.45.10
1904260,446172,70487,74237.024.812.25.04
1905252,501203,51648,98535.527.87.74.98
1906258,296176,93881,35836.124.911.24.91
1907261,231180,21681,01536.225.610.64.85
1908268,637177,87290,76536.725.011.74.79
1909271,177184,44586,73237.125.411.74.73
19107,612,000265,457168,87596,58235.423.412.04.67
1911261,375184,00977,36634.824.810.04.59
1912270,804172,14898,65636.023.013.04.50
1913264,418174,24190,17734.323.211.14.42
1914270,690176,57494,11634.523.411.14.34
1915187,734189,418-1,68423.725.3-1.64.26
1916135,443159,810-24,36716.820.9-4.14.17
1917130,817163,507-32,69016.020.7-4.74.09
1918127,894207,395-79,50115.325.7-10.44.01
19197,860,000217,431157,39260,03927.620.07.68.63.93
19207,987,000249,458169,71779,74131.421.410.0-5.93.84
19218,020,000255,453170,05985,39431.821.210.6-3.13.81
19228,080,000249,279173,35175,92830.821.49.41.73.60
19238,170,000238,971159,28779,68429.219.59.8-3.73.39
19248,220,000221,462167,66853,79426.920.46.53.23.18
19258,300,000235,480142,15093,33028.317.111.2-2.83.36
19268,370,000229,484139,90589,57927.416.710.73.63.24
19278,490,000218,548150,67567,87325.817.88.0-5.63.05
19288,510,000224,693146,49678,19726.417.29.2-1.03.08
19298,580,000215,463152,84762,97625.117.87.34.92.92
19308,685,000219,784134,34185,44325.415.59.9-4.72.84
19318,730,000206,925144,96861,95723.716.67.1-1.02.84
19328,783,000205,529157,10648,42323.417.95.51.62.78
19338,845,000193,911129,91363,99821.914.77.20.72.72
19348,915,000194,279129,04965,23021.814.57.302.57
19358,980,000189,479136,92352,55621.115.25.90.82.55
19369,040,000183,369128,33355,03620.314.26.10.52.48
19379,100,000182,449128,04954,40020.014.16.00.52.42
19389,159,000182,206130,62851,57819.914.35.60.82.46
19399,217,000178,633124,59154,04219.413.55.90.92.50
19409,280,000185,562132,73552,82720.014.35.7-1.82.48
19419,316,000177,047123,34953,69819.013.25.72.52.52
19429,392,000187,187136,84450,34319.914.65.4-0.32.55
19439,440,000173,295127,15846,13718.413.54.9-25.02.55
19449,250,000190,000144,04845,95220.515.65.0-26.12.61
19459,055,000169,091211,323-42,23218.723.3-4.73.32.64
19469,042,000169,120135,48633,63418.715.03.71.92.67
19479,093,000187,316117,53769,77920.612.97.7-0.62.70
19489,158,000191,907105,78086,12721.011.69.4-4.32.73
19499,205,000[101]190,398105,71884,68020.611.49.20.42.76
19509,293,000195,567106,90288,66520.911.49.50.22.77
19519,383,000190,645109,99880,64720.211.78.6-0.12.76
19529,463,000185,820107,44378,37719.611.38.20.52.72
19539,545,000206,926112,03994,88721.611.79.90.62.67
19549,645,000223,347106,670116,67723.011.012.00.62.61
19559,767,000210,43097,848112,58221.410.011.50.42.53
19569,883,000192,810104,23688,57419.510.58.9-14.42.44
19579,829,000167,202103,64563,55717.010.56.5-4.42.34
19589,850,000158,42897,86660,56216.09.96.10.32.23
19599,913,000151,194103,88047,31415.210.54.802.12
19609,961,000146,461101,52544,93614.710.24.50.12.02
196110,007,000140,36596,41043,95514.09.64.40.11.94
196210,052,000130,053108,27321,78012.910.82.201.79
196310,074,000132,33599,87132,46413.19.93.20.21.82
196410,108,000132,141100,83031,31113.110.03.10.11.81
196510,140,000133,009108,11924,89013.110.72.50.11.82
196610,166,000138,489101,94336,54613.610.03.601.89
196710,203,000148,886109,53039,35614.610.73.90.12.01
196810,244,000154,419115,35439,06515.111.23.80.12.06
196910,284,000154,318116,65937,65915.011.33.702.03
197010,322,000151,819120,19731,62214.711.63.1-0.21.98
197110,352,000150,640123,00927,63114.511.92.7-0.21.93
197210,378,000153,265118,99134,27414.711.43.3-0.21.92
197310,410,000156,224123,36632,85815.011.83.101.93
197410,442,000186,288125,81660,47217.812.05.8-0.12.27
197510,501,000194,240131,10263,13818.412.46.0-0.12.34
197610,563,000185,405132,24053,16517.512.55.0-0.12.23
197710,615,000177,574132,03145,54316.712.44.3-0.12.15
197810,660,000168,160140,12128,03915.713.12.6-0.12.06
197910,687,000160,364136,82923,53515.012.82.2-0.12.00
198010,709,000148,673145,3553,31813.913.60.3-0.71.91
198110,705,000142,890144,757-1,86713.313.5-0.2-0.71.87
198210,695,000133,559144,318-10,75912.513.5-1.0-1.21.79
198310,671,000127,258148,643-21,38511.913.9-2.0-0.91.74
198410,640,000125,359146,709-21,35011.813.8-2.0-1.91.75
198510,599,000130,200147,614-17,41412.213.9-1.6-2.11.85
198610,560,000128,204147,089-18,88512.113.8-1.8-3.01.84
198710,509,000125,840142,601-16,76111.913.4-1.6-2.71.82
198810,464,000124,296140,042-15,74611.713.2-1.5-2.61.81
198910,421,000123,304144,695-21,39111.813.8-2.0-2.41.80
199010,375,000125,679145,660-19,98112.114.0-1.91.71.87
199110,373,400127,207144,813-17,60612.314.0-1.71.81.88
199210,374,000121,724148,781-27,05711.714.3-2.61.71.78
199310,365,000117,033150,244-33,21111.314.5-3.21.81.69
199410,350,000115,598146,889-31,29111.214.2-3.01.71.64
199510,337,000112,054145,431-33,37710.814.1-3.21.71.57
199610,321,000105,272143,130-37,85810.213.9-3.71.81.46
199710,301,000100,350139,434-39,0849.813.5-3.81.81.38
199810,280,00097,301140,870-43,5699.513.7-4.21.61.32
199910,253,00094,645143,210-48,5659.214.0-4.71.71.28
200010,222,00097,597135,601-38,0049.613.3-3.71.51.32
200110,200,00097,047132,183-35,1369.513.0-3.40.91.31
200210,175,00096,804132,833-36,0299.513.1-3.50.31.30
200310,142,00094,647135,823-41,1769.313.4-4.11.61.27
200410,117,00095,137132,492-37,3559.413.1-3.71.81.27
200510,098,00097,496135,732-38,2369.713.5-3.81.71.30
200610,077,00099,871131,603-31,7329.913.1-3.22.11.34
200710,066,00097,613132,938-35,3259.713.2-3.51.41.31
200810,045,00099,149130,027-30,8789.913.0-3.11.71.35
200910,031,00096,442130,414-33,9729.613.0-3.41.71.32
201010,014,00090,335130,456-40,1219.013.0-4.01.21.25
20119,986,00088,049128,795-40,7468.812.9-4.1-1.31.23
20129,932,00090,269129,440-39,1719.113.0-3.91.61.34
20139,909,00088,689126,778-38,0899.012.8-3.90.71.34
20149,877,00091,510126,308-34,7989.312.8-3.51.41.41
20159,856,00091,690131,697-40,0079.313.4-4.11.51.44
20169,830,00093,063127,053-33,9909.512.9-3.50.21.49
20179,798,00091,577131,674-40,0979.413.5-4.12.11.49
20189,778,00089,807131,045-41,2389.213.4-4.23.71.49
20199,773,00089,193129,603-40,4109.113.3-4.13.81.49
20209,770,00092,338141,002-48,6649.514.5-5.01.01.56
20219,731,00093,039155,621-62,5829.616.0-6.42.11.59
20229,689,00088,491136,446-47,9559.114.1-5.0-4.51.52
20239,599,00085,225128,176-42,9518.913.3-4.4-1.81.51
20249,585,00077,500127,500-50,0008.113.3-5.21.38

Current vital statistics

[edit]

[102][103]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January–February 202412,88523,086−10,201
January–February 202512,04323,886−11,843
DifferenceDecrease −842 (−6.5%)Negative increase +800 (+3.5%)Negative increase +1,642

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.01.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.):[104]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total4 663 7945 066 9789 730 772100
0–4241 553228 350469 9034.83
5–9235 461222 548458 0094.71
10–14250 542238 779489 3215.03
15–19250 935236 815487 7505.01
20–24269 584252 965522 5495.37
25–29321 164300 576621 7406.39
30–34321 542300 563622 1056.39
35–39322 953310 447633 4006.51
40–44404 753394 017798 7708.21
45–49396 980389 352786 3328.08
50–54340 428344 513684 9417.04
55–59271 871294 030565 9015.82
60–64279 106334 279613 3856.30
65–69283 306374 078657 3846.76
70–74203 869299 041502 9105.17
75–79137 540234 575372 1153.82
80–8477 655166 734244 3892.51
85–8937 55994 389131 9481.36
90–9412 93838 09351 0310.52
95–993 09610 43013 5260.14
100–1047251 9582 6830.03
105–1092014146150.01
110+333265<0.01
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14727 556689 6771 417 23314.56
15–643 179 3163 157 5576 336 87365.12
65+756 9221 219 7441 976 66620.31

Vital statistics by county

[edit]

There are large variations in the birth rates as of 2016:Zala County has the lowest birth rate with 7.5 births per thousand inhabitants, whileSzabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County has the highest birth rate with 11.2 births per thousand inhabitants.

The death rates also differ greatly from as low as 11.3 deaths per thousand inhabitants inPest County to as high as 15.7 deaths per thousand inhabitants inBékés County.

Vital statistics as of 2016[105]
CountyBirth rate (‰)Death rate (‰)Natural increase
Baranya8.013.6-5.6
Bács-Kiskun9.313.6-4.3
Békés8.215.7-7.5
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén11.014.2-3.2
Budapest9.212.0-2.9
Csongrád8.412.9-4.5
Fejér9.412.5-3.1
Győr-Moson-Sopron8.911.4-2.4
Hajdú-Bihar10.311.6-1.3
Heves9.414.5-5.1
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok9.914.8-4.8
Komárom-Esztergom9.713.4-3.7
Nógrád9.115.1-6.0
Pest9.811.3-1.5
Somogy8.814.3-5.5
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg11.212.2-0.9
Tolna9.013.7-4.7
Vas8.313.5-5.2
Veszprém8.713.5-4.8
Zala7.914.0-6.1

Ethnic groups and language

[edit]
CountyHungarianBulgarianRomaniGreekCroatPolishGermanArmenianRomanianRusynSerbianSlovakSlovenianUkrainian
All93.5%0.1%3.2%0.0%0.3%0.1%1.9%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.1%0.4%0.0%0.1%
Budapest95.5%0.1%1.2%0.1%0.1%0.2%1.7%0.1%0.5%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.0%0.1%
Bács-Kiskun93.7%0.0%2.2%0.0%0.7%0.0%2.4%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.2%0.4%0.0%0.0%
Baranya86.3%0.1%4.6%0.0%1.9%0.1%6.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Békés91.9%0.0%2.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.9%0.0%1.7%0.0%0.1%2.5%0.0%0.0%
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén90.0%0.0%8.5%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.6%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.1%
Csongrád96.8%0.0%1.2%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.6%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.5%0.2%0.0%0.0%
Fejér96.0%0.0%1.5%0.1%0.1%0.1%1.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.0%0.1%
Győr-Moson-Sopron95.0%0.1%0.8%0.0%0.7%0.0%2.7%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.0%
Hajdú-Bihar95.4%0.1%3.4%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%

0.1%

Heves92.6%0.0%6.3%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok94.2%0.0%4.9%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Komárom-Esztergom93.2%0.1%1.4%0.0%0.0%0.1%3.6%0.0%0.3%0.0%0.0%1.2%0.0%0.1%
Nógrád90.0%0.0%7.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.7%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%0.0%
Pest94.2%0.1%1.7%0.0%0.1%0.1%2.5%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.1%0.6%0.0%0.1%
Somogy92.1%0.0%5.3%0.0%0.5%0.0%1.7%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg90.8%0.0%8.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.5%0.0%0.2%0.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.3%
Tolna90.3%0.0%3.9%0.0%0.1%0.0%5.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.1%0.1%0.0%0.0%
Vas94.5%0.0%1.0%0.0%1.2%0.0%2.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.7%0.0%
Veszprém94.8%0.0%1.5%0.0%0.0%0.1%3.2%0.0%0.2%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.1%
Zala94.1%0.0%2.6%0.0%1.3%0.0%1.6%0.0%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%

[106]

History and census numbers

[edit]

Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

The Red Map.[107][108] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2[78] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. The vibrant, dominant red color was deliberately chosen to mark Hungarians while the light purple color of the Romanians, who were already the majority in the whole of Transylvania back then, is shadow-like.[79]
  Rusyns
  Serbs
  Croats
  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of theTreaty of Trianon, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,[109] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnicHungarians,[61] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.[110]

Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.[111][112][113] Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54.5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excludingCroatia-Slavonia.Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parentheses.

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Romanians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

  • InUpper Hungary (mostlySlovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma). However, according to the Czechoslovak census in 1921, there were 2,025,003 (67,5%) Slovaks, 650,597 (21,7%) Hungarians, 145,844 (4,9%) Germans, 88,970 (3,0%) Ruthenians and 90,456 (3,0%) others including Jews.[114]
  • InCarpathian Ruthenia (Ukraine): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
  • InTransylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)[115]
  • InVojvodina andCroatia-Slavonia (Serbia,Croatia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
  • InPrekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
  • InBurgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)

Post-Trianon Hungary

Population in the territory of present-day Hungary according to ethnic group 1495–1930[116]
Ethnic
group		estimation 149517151785census 1880census 1900census 1910census 1920census 1930
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians990,00095.6%1,176,00079.1%2,103,00079.0%4,402,36482.4%5,890,99985.9%6,730,29988.4%7,155,97389.6%8,000,33592.1%
Germans17,0001.6%136,6009.2%291,90011.0%606,36311.3%604,7518.8%553,1797.3%550,0626.9%477,1535.5%
Slovaksn.dn.d.37,7002.5%130,4004.9%199,7883.7%192,2272.8%165,3172.2%141,8771.8%104,7861.2%
Croats1,2000.1%58,9004.0%71,7002.7%59,2511.1%68,1611.0%62,0180.8%58,9310.7%47,3370.5%
Others23,8002.4%70,8004.8%66,2142.4%75,5981.5%98,2771.5%101,3011.3%80,0261.0%55,5030.6%
Total1,032,0001,480,0002,663,2145,343,3646,854,4157,612,1147,986,8758,685,109

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

  • 551,212 German (6.9%)
  • 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
  • 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
  • 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
  • 23,228Bunjevac andŠokci (0.3%)
  • 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
  • 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased.

Note: 300.000 Hungarian refugees fled to Hungary from the territory of successor states (Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia) after the WW I.[117]

From 1938 to 1945

Ethnic groups in 1938 in the former territory of theKingdom of Hungary, the state borders before theTreaty of Trianon of 1920 is marked on the map.
  Serbs
  Unpopulated regions (high mountains, large forests, marshes)
Ethnic map of Hungary in 1910, with 1941 borders superimposed.
Ethnic map of Northern Transylvania

Hungary expanded its borders with territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia following theFirst Vienna Award (1938) andSecond Vienna Award (1940). The remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of Yugoslavia were occupied and annexed in 1939 and 1941, respectively.RegardingNorthern Transylvania, the Romanian census from 1930 counted 38%Hungarians and 49%Romanians,[118] while the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5%Hungarians and 39.1%Romanians.[119]The territory ofBácska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.[119]The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 25% in theSub-Carpathian Rus.[116]

Population of Hungary in 1941[120]
Ethnic
group		census 1941
Number%
Hungarians11,881,45580.9%
Romanians1,051,0267.2%
Ruthenians547,7703.7%
Germans533,0453.6%
Serbs213,5851.5%
Slovaks175,5501.2%
Jewish[Note 1]139,0410.9%
Roma76,2090.5%
Croats12,3460.1%
Slovenes9,4000.1%
Others29,2100.2%
Total14,679,573

After WW II: 1949–1990

After World War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of thePotsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number ofRomani people in the second half of the 20th century.

Population of Hungary 1949–1990
Ethnic
group		census 1949census 1960census 1970census 1980census 1990
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians9,076,04198.6%9,786,03898.2%10,166,23798.5%10,638,97499.3%10,142,07297.8%
Roma21,3870.2%25,6330.3%34,9570.3%6,4040.1%142,6831.4%
Germans22,4550.2%50,7650.5%35,5940.4%11,3100.1%30,8240.3%
Slovaks25,9880.3%30,6300.3%21,1760.2%9,1010.1%10,4590.1%
Croats20,4230.2%33,0140.3%17,6090.2%13,8950.1%13,5700.1%
Romanians14,7130.2%15,7870.2%12,6240.1%8,8740.1%10,7400.1%
Serbs5,1580.1%4,5830.1%12,2350.1%2,8050.0%2,9050.0%
Slovenes4,4730.1%-4,2050.0%1,7310.0%1,9300.0%
Others14,1610.1%14,5340.1%17,4620.2%16,3690.2%19,6400.2%
Total9,204,7999,961,04410,322,09910,709,46310,374,823

For historical reasons, significantHungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably inUkraine (inTranscarpathia),Slovakia,Romania (inTransylvania), andSerbia (inVojvodina).Austria (inBurgenland),Croatia, andSlovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

2001–2022

[121][122]

Population of Hungary 2001–2022
Ethnic
group		census 2001census 2011census 2022
Number%Number%Number%
Hungarians9,416,04592.3%8,504,49285.6%8,438,12987.9%
Roma189,9842.0%315,5833.2%209,9092.2%
Germans62,1050.6%185,6961.9%142,5511.5%
Romanians7,9950.1%35,6410.4%27,5540.3%
Slovaks17,6930.2%35,2080.4%29,8810.3%
Croats15,5970.2%26,7740.3%21,8240.2%
Serbs3,8160.0%10,0380.1%11,6220.1%
Slovenes3,0250.0%2,8200.0%3,9650.0%
Others57,0590.6%73,3990.9%55,6100.6%
Not stated570,5375.6%1,398,73114.1%1,086,23911.3%
Total10,198,3159,937,6289,603,634
  • Note: In 2001 570,537, in 2011 1,398,731 people did not give answer for ethnicity. Moreover, people were able to give more than one answer on the question asking for the minorities (for example, people were allowed to write Hungarian as their first ethnic identity and German as an ethnic identity being influenced by), hence the sum of the above exceeds the number of population.
  • Methodology had changed in 2001 and 2011 also.[123]
  • Roma people is estimated to be around 8.8%Roma[124][125]

Historical ethnic groups of Hungary

[edit]
Hungarians in Hungary (2001)
Minorities of Hungary

When theHungarians invaded theCarpathian Basin, it was inhabited bySlavic andAvar peoples. Written sources from the 9th century also suggest that some groups ofOnogurs andBulgars occupied the valley of the riverMureș at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a dispute as to whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during that time.

The Roma minority

Main article:Romani people in Hungary

The first Romani groups arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.[126] Nowadays, the real number ofRoma in Hungary is a disputed question.

In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.[127][128][129][130][131] Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.[132] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.[132]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

  • Slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.[133]
  • Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.[134]
  • Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas

Kabars

ThreeKabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.[51] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The MuslimBöszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived fromVolga Bulgaria andKhwarezm.

Pechenegs

Communities ofPechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks (Ouzes)

Smaller groups ofOghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.[135] They were settled mostly inBarcaság. The city ofÓzd got its name after them.

Jassics

TheJassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of theIazyges.Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g.Jászberény,Jászárokszállás,Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.[136]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of theCarpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.[137] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions namedCumania (Kunság in Hungarian):Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) andLittle Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into themodern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70–80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.[14]

Romanians

See also:Origin of the Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference toVlachs too. Regardless of the subject ofRomanian presence/non-presence inTransylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first chronicles to write of Vlachs in the intra-Carpathian regions is theGesta Hungarorum,[138][139] while the first written Hungarian sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written aboutOlahteluk village inBihar County from 1283.[140][141] The 'land of Romanians',Terram Blacorum (1222, 1280)[141][142][143][144] showed up inFogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.[141] The first appearance of a probably Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).[141]

They were a significant population in Transylvania,Banat,Maramureș andPartium (Crișana). There are different estimations in connection with number of Romanians in Kingdom of Hungary. According to a research based on place-names made byIstván Kniezsa, 511 villages of Transylvania and Banat appear in documents at the end of the 13th century, however only 3 of them bore Romanian names,[145] and around 1400 AD, Transylvania and Banat consisted of 1757 villages, though only 76 (4.3%) of them had names of Romanian origin.[145] The number of Romanians started to increase significantly from theEarly modern period,[145] and by 1700 the Romanian ethnic group consisted of 40 percent of the Transylvanian population and their number raised even more in the 18th century.[145] Although, in 1574, Pierre Lescalopier, relating his voyage fromVenice toConstantinople, claimed that most of the inhabitants of Transylvania were Romanians[146] and according to other estimates, the Romanian inhabitants who were primarily peasants, consisted of more than 60 percent of the population in 1600.[147] Jean W. Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,[148] however according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi the Hungarian ethnic group in Transylvania was in decent majority beforeBattle of Mohács and only lost its relative majority by the 17th century.[149] Nevertheless,Grigore Ureche inLetopisețul Țării Moldovei (1642 - 1647) noticed that in Transylvania Romanians were more numerous than Hungarians.[150] Official censuses with information on Hungary's ethnic composition have been conducted since the 19th century.[151][152][153]

In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were:Bedő,Csengerújfalu,Kétegyháza,Körösszakál,Magyarcsanád,Méhkerék,Mezőpeterd,Pusztaottlaka andVekerd.[154]Important communities lived in the villages ofBattonya,Elek,Körösszegapáti,Létavértes,Nyíradony,Pocsaj,Sarkadkeresztúr,Zsáka and in the town ofGyula.[154]

Slovaks

TheSlovak people lived mainly inUpper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Due to post-Ottoman resettlements, the regions ofVojvodina,Banat andBékés county received bigger Slovak communities in the 18th century, which revitalized many deserted villages and towns, such asBékéscsaba, where Slovaks became the biggest ethnic group, orNyíregyháza, where they comprised more than a third of the population in 1881.[154] After WWII a majorpopulation exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: 71,787 or 73,200 Slovaks from Hungary[155][156][157] were transferred toSlovakia – the exact number depends on source consulted – were resettled in South Slovakia in exchange for, according to different estimations, 45,000[158][159] or 120,000[160][161] Hungarians.

Serbs

See also:Great Migrations of the Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from theOttoman threat, a large number ofSerbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After theBattle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary wereSouth Slavs (theJanissary). After theTurkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came underHabsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves settled inUpper Hungary and in SouthernTransylvania (Transylvanian Saxons), with the first being in the 11th century and the second in the 13th century.

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of theOttoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after theTreaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region ofBánát,Bács-Bodrog,Baranya andTolna counties (as well as into present-dayRomania andYugoslavia), which had been depopulated by theOttoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known asDanube Swabians).[162] In 2011, 131,951 people declared to be German in Hungary (1,6%).[163]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly inCarpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared inVojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102.Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

ThePoles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

TheSlovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between theMura and theRába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document aboutJews of Hungary isthe letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin". There are Jewish inscriptions on tombs and monuments in Pannonia (Roman Hungary) dated to the second or third century CE.[164]

Armenians

See also:Armenians in Hungary

The firstArmenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,[165] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760–1770;[166] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.[165] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.[166] A number of Greeks Communists escaped to Hungaryafter theGreek Civil War, notably in the 'Greek' village ofBeloiannisz.

Bulgarians

See also:Bulgarians in Hungary

The town ofSzentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since theMiddle Ages. However, present dayBulgarians are largely descended fromgardeners who migrated toHungary from the 18th century.

Religion

[edit]
Religious affiliation in Hungary (2022)[167]
DenominationsPopulation% of total
Catholicism2,886,61930
Roman Catholics2,643,85528.3
Greek Catholics165,1351.7
Protestantism1,120,48511.6
Calvinists943,9829.8
Lutherans176,5031.8
Orthodox Christianity15,5780.2
Judaism7,6350.1
Other religions171,1741.8
Total religions4,201,49143.7
No religion1,549,61016.2
Did not wish to answer3,852,53340.1
total9,603,634100.00
Main article:History of Christianity in Hungary
See also:Religion in Hungary

The majority of Hungarians becameChristian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantlyCatholic until the 16th century, when theReformation led to the firstLutherans, and laterCalvinists, which were embraced by nearly the entire Hungarian population at the time.

In the second half of the 16th century,Jesuits led a successful campaign ofcounterreformation among the Hungarians, although Protestantism survived as the faith of a significant minority, especially in the far east and northeast of the country.Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notablyRomanians,Rusyns,Ukrainians, andSerbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largestPentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significantJewish community.

Distribution of religions in Hungary

According to 2011 census data,Christianity is the largest religion in Hungary, with around 5.2 million adherents (52.9%),[168] while the largest denomination in Hungary is theCatholic Church (38.9% —Latin Church 37.1%;Hungarian Greek Catholic Church 1.8%).[169] There is a significantCalvinist minority (11.6% of the population) and smallerLutheran (2.2%), Orthodox (0.1%) andJewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than attendance; around 12% of Hungarians attend religious services more than least once a week and around 50% more than once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God at all.[170] The census showed a large drop of religious adherents who wish to answer, from 74.6% to 54.7% in ten years' time, replacing them by people either who do not wish to answer or people who are not following a religion.

Immigration

[edit]

Hungary migration data, 2001-present

[edit]
YearForeign ImmigrantsForeign EmigrantsNet Migration (Foreigners)Hungarian Returning CitizensHungarian EmigrantsNet Migration (Hungarians)Total Net Migration
200120,3081,94418,364---
200217,9722,38815,584---
200319,3652,55316,812---
200422,1643,46618,698---
200525,5823,32022,262---
200623,5693,95619,613---
200722,6074,13318,474---
200835,5474,24131,306---
200925,5825,60019,982---
201023,8846,04717,8371,5757,318-5,74312,094
201122,5142,68719,8272,44312,413-9,9709,857
201220,3409,91610,4244,19412,964-8,7701,654
201321,25013,1118,1399,35421,580-12,226-4,087
201426,00410,82815,17611,35631,385-20,029-4,853
201525,78710,37315,41414,81032,852-18,042-2,628
201623,80310,46413,33916,21529,425-13,210129
201736,45312,87223,58120,90626,957-6,05117,530
201849,31224,37024,94223,40123,808-40724,535
201955,29727,89527,40223,17221,9001,27228,674
202043,78548,042-4,25723,10419,3223,782-475
202149,06946,2692,80022,58321,7308533,653
202255,51429,58325,93124,14728,825-4,67821,253
202361,34735,63325,71423,86635,736-9,87015,844

Foreign citizenship population

[edit]
Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary on January 1:
(countries with at least 2,000 persons)[171]
Country20172018201920202021202220232024
UkraineUkraine5,77410,50324,19730,31627,38030,70736,017
European UnionGermanyGermany18,62717,87916,53718,34417,49019,74722,310
ChinaChina19,11119,90518,85119,65518,55817,68518,192
European UnionRomaniaRomania24,04022,74721,01722,16218,22016,60116,542
European UnionSlovakiaSlovakia9,5199,6529,56310,58214,67716,04016,744
VietnamVietnam3,2563,6984,6695,7196,7196,3767,150
RussiaRussia4,9024,7905,0885,2645,0354,9806,193
European UnionAustriaAustria4,0213,7433,1423,3184,1324,6374,922
European UnionItalyItaly3,3533,5763,6354,0383,6623,7173,881
SerbiaSerbia2,3123,3565,3424,9893,4713,5183,988
TurkeyTurkey2,0632,3272,7853,2333,2173,4613,917
United KingdomUnited Kingdom3,0813,1903,1053,5403,3733,3233,392
European UnionNetherlandsNetherlands2,8142,8772,8343,1583,0653,2993,652
United StatesUnited States3,1983,3733,3873,5012,9773,0513,069
European UnionFranceFrance2,5232,6332,5932,8332,6022,7542,933
MongoliaMongolia8389171,4701,8341,8451,8542,692
European UnionPolandPoland2,0611,9281,9602,1452,0172,0382,063
SyriaSyria1,5191,9872,1392,1952,2771,8891,941
Total151,132161,809180,773199,957194,491202,525226,267250,912
Foreign citizenship population by continent[171]
Continent2017
population		% of total2018
population		% of total2019
population		% of total2020
population		% of total2021
population		% of total2022
population		% of total2023
population		% of total
Europe99,19465.63104,25464.43117,55265.03131,29165.66124,42263.97131,43164.90144,10263.60
Asia39,93726.4244,69227.6249,05627.1453,09926.5654,73028.1455,00027.1664,94528.7
America5,3973.575,8913.646,8503.797,6313.826,9333.567,4543.687,5913.35
Africa5,9853.966,3343.916,6603.687,2783.647,7483.988,0283.967,7413.00
Other and unknown6190.416380.396550.366580.336580.346120.305880.26

Largest cities

[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, seeList of cities and towns of Hungary.
NamePopulation (1949)Population (1990)Population (2011)Population (2022)AgglomerationStatus
Budapest1,590,3162,016,6811,729,0401,682,426Decrease3,310,786 (2022)Capital city
Debrecen115,399212,235211,320199,520Decrease281,432 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged104,867169,930168,048158,022Decrease197,245 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc109,841196,442167,754145,735Decrease231,034 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs89,470170,039156,049139,647Decrease181,342 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr69,583129,331129,527128,050Decrease275,574 (2022)Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza56,334114,152119,746116,439Decrease175,211 (2022)County seat, urban county
Kecskemét61,730102,516111,411108,334Decrease180,023 (2022)County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár42,260108,958100,57094,906Decrease-Regional centre, county seat, urban county

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^In fertility rates, 2.1 and above represents a stable or increasing population and have been marked blue, while 2.0 and below leads to an aging and, ultimately, declining population.
  1. ^Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

Sources

[edit]
  • Taylor, A.J.P. (1948).The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton.

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