| Midyat Rebellion | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theSayfo and theArmenian genocide | |||||||
 Location of modern Azakh (İdil) district | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Assyrian volunteers Armenian defenders | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Işo Hanna Gabre |  Ömer Naci Bey | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
Azakh National Assembly
|
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 1,000 (mostly Assyrians but also including few Armenians)[2][1] | 4,000+ | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 1,200 Christians were killed during the siege.[1] | Heavy | ||||||
TheDefense of Azakh was one of the few remaining pockets of resistance during theSayfo that took place inAzakh (Syriac:ܐܙܟ,romanized: Azakh). Ottoman authorities labeled these pockets of resistance theMidyat Rebellion afterMidyat, the largest Assyrian town inTur Abdin. The Azakh defense was coupled with theDefense of Iwardo, which also took place during the Sayfo.
The story of the defense remains significant to the memory of the survivors of the massacre and their descendants, as it showed the willingness of the Assyrians to defend themselves and their homeland at a dangerous time. Despite the attempts of Ottoman authorities and Kurdish tribes to inflict more death on the Christians of Azakh, they were unsuccessful and were eventually forced to withdraw their forces.[3]
The village of Azakh (modern dayİdil) is perched on a hill at 1,000m altitude and is nearCizre as part of the region ofTur Abdin in southeasternTurkey.[4] At the start of the 20th century, the village had a population of only 1,000 people, who were primarilySyriac Orthodox andSyriac Catholic Christians.[5] The mayor of the village and chief of the village tribe was Hanna Makdisi Amno.
Azakh was victim to violence and killings from Ottoman and Kurdish soldiers during the Assyrian genocide. In April 1915, national assemblyman of theCommittee of Union and ProgressAziz Feyzi Pirinççizâde was sent to Cizre to agitate local Kurdish tribes into attacking the non-Muslim population, but this turned out to be slow.[6] Starting in May 1915, many Assyrian families from surrounding villages as well as someArmenians sought protection from massacres, as it became increasingly apparent that an attack was incoming. The conflict began as Kurdish tribes and other local Muslim militias began to raid and destroy small Assyrian villages throughoutTur Abdin throughout the summer of 1915. Most villages were unprepared and fell quickly to theKurdish raiders into June and July.
TheOttoman Empire was well aware that it was acting against populations who were not Armenian. Through theOttoman millet system, the members of theChurch of the East were called "Nasturi" (i.e. Nestorian), the members of theSyriac Orthodox Church were called "Süryani" and the members of theChaldean Catholic Church were called "Keldani". Since the campaign wasn't part of the backdrop of theanti-Armenian sentiment of the Ottoman government, it was more likely due to local circumstances that the Assyrians of the area were attacked. As they armed themselves and put up a resistance, Talaat Pasha sent the order to permanently drive them from theHakkari mountains. Minister of War Enver Pasha ordered the suppression of Azakh using "utmost severity".[7]
By July, more than a thousand determined defenders had gathered in the village ofAzakh. A group of 50 volunteers was formed, the "Jesus Fedai", and defense works were built.[5][8] The leader of the Azakh National Assembly who organized the resistance is named Işo Hanna Gabre, other members include: Tuma Abde Kette, Behnan Isko, Murad Hannoush, Andrawos Hanna Eliya, Yaqub Hanna Gabre and Behnam Aqrawi.[9] The village of Azakh was first surrounded in mid-August.[10]
Azakh was first attacked on August 18 by an assembly of Kurdish tribes, leading into a counterattack by the village Fedayi led by Andrawos Eliya (son of the village leader).[11] On the night of August 26, they managed to capture and destroy strategic positions of the Kurds who withdrew from Azakh on September 9 after suffering heavy casualties. However, this prompted Ottoman authorities to deploy regular troops against the Azakh defense. The case of the conflict of Azakh was then passed from the civil officials and given to the military for them to handle.
General Halil was deceitfully informed that "one thousand armed Armenians had gathered lately and started an assault destroying Muslim villages nearby and massacred their inhabitants" while he was passing through the area with an army division on its way to Bagdad, similarly to a secret Turkish-German expeditionary force tasked with infiltrating Iran, led by Ömer Naci Bey, with the German contingent led byMax Erwin von Scheubner-Richter. This expeditionary force of 650 cavalry and two pieces of field artillery was also diverted to Azakh as they were traveling in the same direction tasked with suppressing the rebels who were falsely accused of "cruelly massacring the Muslim people in the area.” Naci Bey previously made claims that the villagers of Azakh were "Armenian rebels" that had committed terrible massacres against the Muslim population, though he did not name the villages where Muslims were said to have been massacred.[3] French historian Raymond Kévorkian believes these claims were made to implicate German involvement in the massacres and to legitimize military operations against the Assyrians of Azakh. On October 29, 1915, Naci Bey requested reinforcements to assist with the siege, while Talaat Pasha ordered 500mujahideen under his command to assist Naci.[12]
The German contingent reacted negatively to this decision as Scheubner-Richter did not permit any of his German forces to participate. According to Paul Leverkuehn (his biographer), Scheubner-Richter was not convinced by the Turkish accusations, and didn't believe that it was a real rebellion. This topic was discussed by General Field MarshalColmar Freiherr von der Goltz and the ambassador in ConstantinopleKonstantin von Neurath consulted with ChancellorTheobald von Bethmann Hollweg on how to react to the targeting of Ottoman Christian subjects in Anatolia. Neurath wrote:
The request of the Field Marshal was caused by the expedition against a number of Christians of Syriac confession that had been planned for a long time. They are allied with the Armenians and have fortified themselves in difficult terrain between Mardin and Midyat in order to get away from the massacres that the governor of Diyarbakir has organized.
General von der Goltz, as well as the other German military commanders involved, decided to forbid all German military involvement in the siege of Azakh. Later on, Scheubner-Richter reflected that the Turkish allegations had probably been a ruse to get the Germans military involved in the siege.[13] At this time, Naci Bey was also beginning to have his doubts.
On November 7, the Ottoman army began their frontal assault on the village of Azakh, the assault turned out to be a failure with heavy losses. Although negotiations had taken place regarding the non-Armenian Assyrian ethnicity of the villagers, being discussed alongside the events of the siege,[14] this was to no avail.[15] A surprise attack on the Turkish camp took place on November 13–14. A large number of soldiers and officers were killed. This led to chaos among the surviving Turkish soldiers in the camp which led to their flight. With this victory, the Azakh fedayi managed to capture large quantities of modern weapons that the Turkish soldiers left behind. As the Ottoman siege of the small village of Azakh had turned into a military fiasco as the hardened villagers put up a surprising resistance. On November 21 Ömer Naci Bey began to negotiate for a truce.[16]
The Assyrians ofDiyarbekir Vilayet made significant resistance. For months, Kurdish tribes and Turkish soldiers commanded by Ömer Naci Bey were unable to subdue the mostly Syriac Orthodox andSyriac Catholic villagers who were joined byArmenian and other Assyrian refugees from surrounding villages, and Naci Bey was eventually forced to declare a truce to restore some form of honor.[4] The leaders of Azakh reportedly swore out, "We all have to die sometime, do not die in shame and humiliation." In November 1915,Kâmil Pasha wrote toEnver Pasha stating that he was forced to abort the village following the defense, and argued for postponing any further engagement until a more opportune moment.[17]
After the end ofWorld War I and the establishment of theKemalist Turkish Republic, in 1927 the villagers ofAzakh decided to hand over their weapons to the Turkish government after receiving reassurance for their security by the state. After the villagers were disarmed,Kemalist agents assassinated and imprisoned members of the Azakh National Assembly while the rest were hunted by the courts of Diyarbakir.[9] Following a Kurdish andYezidi revolt against the Turkish government, Assyrians from Azakh faced deportations to Baghdad, with mass killing and rape following suit.[18] Some of the population of Azakh emigrated toBrazil fromIsrael/Palestine following the genocide.[19]
Retrospective accounts of the Defense of Azakh show how the Assyrians ofDiyarbekir Vilayet made significant resistance to Ottoman and Kurdish forces. Although other battles and fighting took place in Tur Abdin (Benabil (Bulbul), Beth-Debe,Hah, Hebob,Kerboran (Dergecit), andZaz), the strongest stand was in the villages ofAzakh,Iwardo, andBasibrin.[20][21] Today, the story of the defense survives thanks to an Arabic language vernacular written by a schoolteacher from the village, Gabriyel Tuma-Hëndo, which details the events of the siege before, during, and after.[22]
Many of the Assyrians who were originally from Azakh moved toAl-Malikiyah in northeasternSyria, bringing with them a unique dialect of Arabic. In the city is the Syriac Orthodox Church of Our Lady (Arabic:كنيسة السيدة العذراء للسريان الأرثوذكس), which is dedicated to the story of the Defense of Azakh.[23] In some accounts of the story, the victory of the "Jesus Fedayi" is attributed to the Virgin of Azakh/the Virgin Mary and her protection of the village during the siege.[24]
