David George Ritchie | |
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| Born | (1853-10-26)26 October 1853 Jedburgh, Scotland |
| Died | 3 February 1903(1903-02-03) (aged 49) St Andrews, Scotland |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 2, includingArthur David Ritchie |
| Era | 19th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | British idealism |
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Main interests | |
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David George Ritchie (26 October 1853 — 3 February 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career atEdinburgh, andBalliol College, Oxford, and after beingfellow ofJesus College and a tutor atBalliol College was elected professor of logic and metaphysics atSt Andrews. He was also the third president of theAristotelian Society in 1898.
Ritchie was born atJedburgh on 26 October 1853. He was the only son of the three children ofVery Rev Dr George Ritchie, D.D., minister of the parish and a man of scholarship and culture, who was elected to the office ofModerator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1870. His mother was Elizabeth Bradfute Dudgeon. The family was connected with theCarlyles, and early in 1889 Ritchie edited a volume ofEarly Letters ofJane Welsh Carlyle.[1]
Ritchie received his early schooling at Jedburgh Academy. Not allowed to make friends with other boys of his own age, he never learned to play games, and lived a solitary life, concentrating his mind on purely intellectual subjects. He matriculated in 1869 at theUniversity of Edinburgh, where he made a special study of classics under ProfessorsWilliam Young Sellar andJ. S. Blackie, while he began to study philosophy under Professor Campbell Fraser, in whose class and in that of ProfessorHenry Calderwood (on moral philosophy) he gained the highest prizes. After graduating M.A. at Edinburgh in 1875 with first-class honours in classics, Ritchie gained a classical exhibition atBalliol College, Oxford, and won a first-class both in classical moderations (Michaelmas, 1875) and in the final classical school (Trinity term, 1878). In 1878 he became a fellow ofJesus College, Oxford and in 1881 a tutor. From 1882 to 1886 he was also a tutor at Balliol College. At Oxford Ritchie came under the influence ofThomas Hill Green andArnold Toynbee, and it was there that the foundations were laid both for his interest in idealistic philosophy associated with the name ofG. W. F. Hegel (seeBritish idealism), and also of his strong bent toward practical politics; his political philosophy was dominated by the belief that practical action must be derived from principles.[1]
Ritchie married twice. His first marriage was in 1881 to Flora Lindsay, daughter of Col. A. A. Macdonell of Lochgarry, and sister of Professor A. A. Macdonell of Oxford. Flora died in 1888. He was married a second time in 1889 to Ellen Haycraft, sister ofProfessor John Berry Haycraft. He had a daughter by the first marriage and a son,Arthur David Ritchie, by the second.[1]
In 1894 Ritchie left Oxford on being appointed professor of logic and metaphysics at theUniversity of St. Andrews. At this time the university was in the midst of a turmoil of conflicting interests which involved litigation and much partisan feeling. In this conflict Ritchie supported the side of progress, which ultimately prevailed.
Ritchie was a founding member, and the third President (1898–1899), of theAristotelian Society, an influential academic organisation that is still very much in active existence.
He remained at St. Andrews until his death on 3 February 1903.[1] He is buried in the north-east corner of the Eastern Cemetery inSt Andrews beneath a large black granite cross.
Both at Oxford and at St. Andrews, Ritchie wrote mostly on ethics and political philosophy. One of his earliest writings was an essay onThe Rationality of History, contributed toEssays in Philosophical Criticism, written in 1883 by a number of young men influenced by Hegel and his interpreters. He was very much one of the generation of thinkers who were sometimes referred to as theBritish Idealists.
Of a simple and unaffected nature, Ritchie pursued the truth he set himself to seek with an entire devotion. Despite his retiring manner, he had many friends. He held strongly that questions of ethics and politics must be regarded from a metaphysical point of view. For him the foundation of ethics necessarily rested on the ideal end of social well-being, and keeping this end in view, he proceeded to trace its history at different times, the manner in which it shapes itself in the mind of each individual, and the way in which it can be developed and realised. Ritchie was an advanced liberal with socialist leanings. He considered that the ultimate value of religion depended on the ideal it set before mankind when it represented its highest form.[1]
Ritchie was an early critic ofanimal rights. He disagreed withHenry Stephens Salt's views and authored the paper "The Rights of Animals" for theInternational Journal of Ethics, in 1900.[2] His paper "Why Animals Do Not Have Rights" was reprinted in 1976.[3][4]
In his bookNatural Rights, Ritchie stated that although "we may be said to have duties of kindness towards the animals, it is incorrect to represent these as strictly duties towards the animals themselves, as if they had rights against us."[5] Ritchie argued that there would be absurd consequences if animals have rights, such as cats eating mice which would violate their rights.[6]
Among his works may be cited:
HisPhilosophical Studies was edited with a memoir by Robert Latta (1905).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Haldane, Elizabeth Sanderson (1912). "Ritchie, David George". InLee, Sidney (ed.).Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 208–209.