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Dai Qing | |
|---|---|
傅小庆 | |
 A photograph of Dai Qing from the Voice of America archives. | |
| Born | (1941-08-24)August 24, 1941 (age 83) |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Alma mater | Harbin Institute of Military Engineering |
| Occupation(s) | Author, Political Activist, Academic, Intelligence Officer, Engineer. |
| Political party | Chinese Communist Party (until 1989) |
| Criminal charges | "Advocating bourgeois liberalization and instigating civil unrest" |
| Criminal penalty | 10 Months Imprisonment. House arrest. |
| Awards | Nieman Fellow (Harvard University) Fellowship -Columbia University School of Journalism Fellowship -Woodrow Wilson Center Fellowship -Australian National University Golden Pen of Freedom Award Goldman Environmental Prize |
| Dai Qing | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 戴晴 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Fu Xiaoqing | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 傅小庆 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 傅小慶 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Fu Ning | |||||||
| Chinese | 傅凝 | ||||||
| |||||||
Fu Xiaoqing (Chinese:傅小庆, born 24 August 1941), better known by her pen nameDai Qing (Chinese:戴晴), is ajournalist and activist forChina-related issues; most significantly against theThree Gorges Dam Project. She left theChinese Communist Party after the bloodshed of1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and was thereafter incarcerated for ten months at maximum security facilityQingcheng Prison. Dai is also an author who has published many influential books, articles, and journals.
Fu Xiaoqing was born 24 August 1941 inChongqing,Sichuan.[1]: 66 Her father wasFu Daqing, an activist fromJiangxi who had studied Russian in Moscow and participated in armed rebellions inNanchang andGuangzhou; her mother, Feng Dazhang (alternatively known as Yang Jie), had good family connections[2] and had trained as a petroleum engineer in Japan.[3] Both wereChinese Communist Party (CCP) activists[4] and had begun doing intelligence work for the CCP following theJapanese invasion of China in 1937.[3] They had two more children after Xiaoqing.[5]: 287 In 1944 or 1945, Japanese occupation forces arrested Daqing and executed him.[3] Feng was also arrested, but eventually released.[2]
After theSecond World War ended, Xiaoqing and her mother moved to Beijing. Xiaoqing was subsequently adopted by revolutionary leader and politicianYe Jianying, a friend of her father's,[3] and she was raised as part of his family. Xiaoqing started school and began using the name Fu Ning.[4] Her middle school provided students with a strong liberal arts education,[5]: 285 and Fu read widely as a child, becoming familiar with classic Russian and Western European literature before discovering American authors as a young adult.[6] Her mother remarried.[7]
From 1960 to 1966, Fu studied automatic missile guidance systems at theHarbin Institute of Military Engineering. While a student she also became a formal member of the CCP.[2]
After graduating in 1966, Fu was briefly employed at a research institute of the Number Seven Ministry of Machinery Industry, working ongyroscopes for intercontinental ballistic missile guidance systems.[2] When theCultural Revolution started that year, Fu joined theRed Guards, but soon began feeling disillusioned with the movement's political leaders. Although she had not yet reached the politically mandated age for marriage and parenthood, Fu married Wang Dejia,[3] a model research worker she had met at the Ministry research institute.[2] The couple soon had one child, a daughter.[3]
From 1968 to 1971, Fu and Wang were sent to attend governmentalcadre schools inZhanjiang andDongting Lake,[2] where they were forced to work as labourers on a remote farm. Their daughter was taken away and given to another family to raise during this period,[3] and Fu was not permitted to leave the farm to visit her, even though she sent most of her monthly earnings to support the child.[8]: 199 They did not see their daughter again until after their release from farm work.[3] In 1972, Fu and her husband returned to Beijing and worked as technicians in a surveillance equipment factory under the Ministry of Public Security. From 1978 to 1979, Fu took English lessons at the PLA Foreign Languages Institute inNanjing.[4] She had noticed a widespread lack of children's books for Chinese children and was interested in translating English books for her daughter.[9]: 108
Fu published a short story in November 1979 – her first published work – and at this point began using the name Dai Qing.[4] While studying at the Foreign Languages Institute, she had been recruited by the Chinese army's intelligence department. Because of her writing skills and English ability, she was assigned to join theChinese Writers Association, make foreign contacts, and spy on writers taking part in international exchange programs. Her career as a spy turned out to be short-lived: her cover was blown by a colleague who gave a list of army personnel to the CIA, and Dai subsequently left the army in 1982.[5]: 285
In 1982, she left the Army and joinedGuangming Daily (光明日報) as a news reporter.
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In 1966, Dai Qing graduated from the Harbin Military Engineering Academy (哈爾濱軍事工程學院), predecessor ofNational University of Defense Technology. After graduation, she furthered her studies inJapan to become an oil engineer, and she was also trained as a missile engineer. In the same year, she worked as an engineer in a top secret plant which specialized in intercontinental missiles. After working as an engineer, she started her career as a writer/news reporter.
She was noticed in 1969 when the Guangming Daily published her short story which depicted the plight of a husband and a wife separated during the Cultural Revolution. As a result, she joined the Chinese Authors Association (中國作者協會) in 1982. After publishing the short fiction, "Pan" ("盼"), she was paid high tribute as an author.
She then became a reporter for theGuangming Daily (光明日報) (Enlightenment Daily) and she remained as a columnist from 1982 to 1989. Dai was the first Chinese journalist to announce the views and points of dissidents — people such as astrophysicistFang Lizhi (方勵之), who held different political views.
At that time, Dai was a dedicated patriot. She once said that she would die ifMao Zedong (毛澤東) needed her to do so—but after three to five years, she gradually changed her stance. Dai wanted to understand her community and the lives of ordinary citizens through the eyes of a journalist. She hoped to be able to contribute to the community.
Dai has a quixotic style of sudden asides in her writing, which may occasionally confuse the reader. At times, her biting sarcasm may be lost on those not intimately acquainted with China's political and journalistic culture.
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In 1979, when Dai Qing returned from France to China, she was sent south to cover theSino-Vietnamese War. At that period, she decided to reveal the dark side of the Three Gorges Dam. As a famous and fearless China journalist and writer, Dai hoped her writing would encourage Chinese people to speak out and avoid repeating past mistakes. Thus, she openly opposed theThree Gorges Dam Project (三峽工程) on theYangtze River (長江) in 1989. She regarded the project as "the most environmentally and socially destructive project in the world".
She collected a lot of information on the project which led to the publication of the bookYangtze! Yangtze! (是否该进行长江三峡水坝的工程). The information included interviews and essays from the Chinese scientists and journalists who also opposed the project. During the period, a conference was held in the Hall of Chinese People's Political Forum about the Three Gorges Dam, and Dai was the only reporter who attended and reported the forum. She even went to Japan in 1996 to ask the Japanese government not to provide loans or any kind of financial assistance for that project.
She argued that there was already serious emigration today, either legal or illegal, fromChina to other countries, likeCanada, theUnited States,Europe and so on. The project would create a large number of refugees who had to find a place for them to reside. As a result, the legal or illegal emigration problem would be aggravated. In addition, the project would have had global effect on the climate. Dai claimed that there was a potential risk for both the Yangtze River (長江) and theYellow River (黃河) to dry up, leading the sandstorms inInner Mongolia to have a greater influence on Korea, Japan and even the west coast of the United States.
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Besides publishingYangtze! Yangtze!, she also authored many books to share her opinions, especially about the Three Gorges Dam project such asThe River Dragon Has Come! (水龍來了!). However,Yangtze! Yangtze! was banned after the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.
Because of that event, she was denounced on June 4, 1989, and quit theChinese Communist Party on June 5, 1989.
Dai Qing took part in the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam project because, as a journalist, she thought that the project was environmentally destructive. Around 1986, a group of old respected Chinese scientists, including Zhou Peiyuan 周培源 and Lin Hua (林華), visited Three Gorges to inspect the region for dam construction. One day a conference was held in the Hall of the Chinese People’s Political Forum about Three Gorges which The Ministry of Media told the press not to report. As the only journalist who went to the conference, Dai did not know much about the Three Gorges Dam project. However, after the conference, she found the scientists to be very reasonable.
Dai's turning point came in 1987 when she made a visit to Hong Kong. She saw that every journalist and intellectual were free to express their opinions on the Three Gorges Dam project on the Yangtze River, and she was touched by their concerns forChina. However, since the Chinese media was controlled by the Chinese government, even citizens who were most susceptible to the disastrous effects of the Three Gorges Dam project knew nothing about the disadvantages of building the dam. She felt ashamed because the Hong Kong media was way ahead of China's. Extremely anxious, Dai felt that it was her responsibility to let people know the opposing views about the Three Gorges Dam project. Therefore, she decided to publish a book to voice her concerns. Eventually she met a writer named Lin Feng, and after he discovered her concerns about the Three Gorges, he mailed her all the Hong Kong newspaper articles related to this issue.
In 1989, the student protest movement broke out. Dai Qing joined other scholars by calling on the government to curtail corruption and support democratic reform. When students staged large protests that included a hunger strike inTiananmen Square, Dai Qing made a passionate speech there, encouraging students to leave peacefully to avoid bloodshed. If they stayed, she warned, they could provoke a violent crackdown that could seriously set back the process of reform. She was not heeded, and the crackdown came on June 4.[citation needed]
After the incident, many scholars either went into hiding, were detained, or fled overseas. Dai Qing, not knowing whether to flee or not, only managed to make phone calls everyday to comfort her friends and relatives. According to one of her famous books,Wo de Ruyu (My Imprisonment; 我的入獄), Dai mentioned that the police had visited her the day before her imprisonment as a way of warning her. However, she did not plan to run away for her life because she loved her country. She said, "As a citizen of a country, I cannot leave her. And I have to criticise it in order to build a more perfect and stronger one."[citation needed]
Dai Qing was arrested in July 1989 and imprisoned on the charge of "advocating bourgeois liberalization and instigating civil unrest."[4] She spent the next ten months at maximum security facilityQingcheng Prison. She was formally denounced by her former co-workers atGuangming Daily, and in September of that year thePress and Publication Bureau banned domestic sales of her writings.[7]
Upon her release in May 1990, Dai Qing was forbidden from further publication within China.[10] The government kept her under surveillance and restricted her ability to travel.[7] She was offered political asylum by the United States and Germany, but turned them both down.[3] Instead, she wrote a book about her time in Qingcheng titledMy Imprisonment (我的入獄), which she was able to have published in Hong King and Taiwan. Her daughter graduated fromBeijing University that year, but was denied further opportunities for study after she refused to formally denounce her mother.[7]
In her book, she said, "What I can fight for is to let others know I am innocent but have a rebellious spirit."
As a former reporter for the Guangming Daily, she used to write frequently. However, her imprisonment after the publication of theYangtze! Yangtze! made her change. FromWo de Ruyu, she declared she would no longer be a reporter. Since she was no longer a member of the Communist Party, she said, "They (the Communist Party) will probably give me up, but I will not be glad to work with them neither."
Dai Qing argues that China has not yet abolished the mode of collective society from the previous eras. Therefore, she continues to fight forhuman rights,democracy, andenvironmentalism along with people in both China and the West.
From 2003–2004, Dai Qing held the position of Weissberg Chair in Human Rights and Social Justice atBeloit College, spending time in residency on campus.[11]
In 2009, Dai Qing and poetBei Ling were scheduled to speak at aFrankfurt Book Fair event about contemporary issues in China. However, the event was jointly hosted with China (the book fair's guest of honour that year), and both writers were removed from the list of speakers after Chinese officials demanded their exclusion. Dai Qing told press she would be attending the fair even if she were not permitted to formally speak.[12] The following year, after jailed human rights activistLiu Xiaobo was named aNobel Peace Prize recipient, his wifeLiu Xia asked other Chinese activists and dissidents to attend the award ceremony in support of him, and Dai Qing confirmed that she would be among those in attendance.[13]
As of 2016, Dai Qing was living inShunyi, Beijing, and continuing to write.[6]
From 1991–1992, Dai Qing held aNieman Fellowship atHarvard University.[3] In recognition of work supporting freedom of the press, she received the 1992 Golden Pen of Freedom award from theWorld Association of News Publishers,[14] and aPEN International Award.[15] In 1993 she was awarded aGoldman Environmental Prize[16] and theCondé Nast Traveler Environmental Award,[17] and accepted a fellowship at theColumbia University School of Journalism. She used her time there to complete research for her bookWang Shiwei and "Wild Lilies": Reflection and Purges in the Chinese Communist Party, 1942–1944.[18]
She held a fellowship at theWoodrow Wilson International Center from 1998–1999,[17] and in 2007 she took up a year-long fellowship atAustralian National University.[19]
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