DIN 31635 is aDeutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for thetransliteration of theArabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of theDeutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1935 in Rome. The most important differences from English-based systems were doing away withj, because it stood for/dʒ/ in the English-speaking world and for/j/ in the German-speaking world and the entire absence of digraphs liketh, dh, kh, gh, sh. Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and theGeschichte der arabischen Literatur manuscript catalogue ofCarl Brockelmann and the dictionary ofHans Wehr. Today it is used in most German-language publications of Arabic and Islamic studies.
Along with rules for the Arabic language, it also includes transliteration standards for Ottoman Turkish, Persian, Kurdish, Urdu, and Pashto.
| Arabic letters | ء /ا | ب | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ي /ى[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIN 31635 | ʾ /ā | b | t | ṯ | ǧ | ḥ | ḫ | d | ḏ | r | z | s | š | ṣ | ḍ | ṭ | ẓ | ʿ | ġ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w /ū | y /ī |
| ALA-LC | ʼ / ā | th | j | kh | dh | sh | ʻ | gh | ||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA (MSA) | ʔ,aː | b | t | θ | dʒ ɡ ʒ | ħ | x | d | ð | r | z | s | ʃ | sˤ | dˤ | tˤ | ðˤ zˤ | ʕ | ɣ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w,uː | j,iː |
Theḥarakāt (fatḥah,kasrah andḍammah) are transliterated asa,i andu. Ašaddah results in ageminate (consonant written twice). The article is written with thesun letters assimilated.
Anʾalif marking/aː/ is transliterated asā. The letter (ﺓ)tāʾ marbūṭah is transliterated as word-final-h normally, or-t in a word in theconstruct state.
Hamzah has many variants,أ إ ء ئ ؤ; depending on its position, all of them are transliterated as⟨ʾ⟩. The initialʾalif (ا) without ahamzah is not transliterated usingʾ initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced):i-.
(ﻯ)ʾalif maqṣūrah appears asā, transliterating it indistinguishable fromʾalif.[2]Long vowels/iː/ and/uː/ are transliterated asī andū. Thenisbah suffix/ij(j),ijja/ appears as-iyy, -iyyah although the former is normally transliterated as-ī, andnunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen- is used to separateclitics (the article, the prepositions and the conjunction) from words to which they are attached.
TheEastern Arabic numerals (٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩) are rendered as westernArabic numerals (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Reprint (Wiesbaden, 1969)