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| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| NYSE: QBTS | |
| Industry | Computer hardware |
| Founded | 1999; 26 years ago (1999) |
| Founders |
|
| Headquarters | , United States |
Key people |
|
| Products | D-Wave One,D-Wave Two, D-Wave 2X, D-Wave 2000Q, D-Wave Advantage, Advantage2 |
| Revenue |  US$8.8 million (2024) |
Number of employees | 220 (2024) |
| Subsidiaries | D-Wave Government |
| Website | dwavequantum |
| Footnotes / references [1] | |
49°15′24″N122°59′57″W / 49.256613°N 122.9990452°W /49.256613; -122.9990452
D-Wave Quantum Systems Inc. is aquantum computing company with locations inPalo Alto, California andBurnaby, British Columbia. D-Wave claims to be the world's first company to sell computers that exploit quantum effects in their operation.[2] D-Wave's early customers includeLockheed Martin, theUniversity of Southern California,Google/NASA, andLos Alamos National Laboratory.
D-Wave does not implement a generic quantum computer; instead, their computers implement specializedquantum annealing.[3]
D-Wave was founded by Haig Farris, Geordie Rose, Bob Wiens, and Alexandre Zagoskin.[4] Farris taught a business course at theUniversity of British Columbia (UBC), where Rose obtained hisPhD, and Zagoskin was apostdoctoral fellow. The company name refers to their first qubit designs, which usedd-wave superconductors.
D-Wave operated as an offshoot from UBC, while maintaining ties with the Department of Physics and Astronomy.[5] It funded academic research in quantum computing, thus building a collaborative network of research scientists. The company collaborated with several universities and institutions, includingUBC,IPHT Jena,Université de Sherbrooke,University of Toronto,University of Twente,Chalmers University of Technology,University of Erlangen, andJet Propulsion Laboratory. These partnerships were listed on D-Wave's website until 2005.[6][7] In June 2014, D-Wave announced a new quantum applications ecosystem with computational finance firm1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) and cancer research group DNA-SEQ to focus on solving real-world problems with quantum hardware.[8]
On May 11, 2011, D-Wave Systems announcedD-Wave One, described as "the world's first commercially available quantum computer", operating on a 128-qubitchipset[9] usingquantum annealing (a general method for finding the global minimum of a function by a process usingquantum fluctuations)[10][11][12][13] to solveoptimization problems. The D-Wave One was built on early prototypes such as D-Wave's Orion Quantum Computer. The prototype was a 16-qubitquantum annealing processor, demonstrated on February 13, 2007, at theComputer History Museum inMountain View, California.[14] D-Wave demonstrated what they claimed to be a 28-qubit quantum annealing processor on November 12, 2007.[15] The chip was fabricated at the NASAJet Propulsion Laboratory Microdevices Lab in Pasadena, California.[16]
In May 2013, a collaboration betweenNASA,Google, and theUniversities Space Research Association (USRA) launched aQuantum Artificial Intelligence Lab based on theD-Wave Two 512-qubit quantum computer that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study.[17]
On August 20, 2015, D-Wave Systems announced[18] the general availability of the D-Wave 2X[19] system, a 1000-qubit+ quantum computer. This was followed by an announcement[20] on September 28, 2015, that it had been installed at theQuantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at NASAAmes Research Center.
In January 2017, D-Wave released the D-Wave 2000Q, and an open-source repository containing software tools for quantum annealers. It containsQbsolv,[21][22][23] which isopen-source software that solvesquadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems on both the company's quantum processors and classic hardware architectures. Additional systems were released in 2020 with another system planned for late 2024 or 2025 as shown below.
D-Wave operated from various locations in Vancouver, British Columbia, and laboratory spaces at UBC before moving to its current location in the neighboring suburb of Burnaby. D-Wave also has offices in Palo Alto, California and Vienna, California, USA.[citation needed]
The first commercially produced D-Wave processor was a programmable,[24]superconductingintegrated circuit with up to 128 pair-wise coupled[25] superconductingflux qubits.[26][27][28] The 128-qubit processor was superseded by a 512-qubit processor in 2013.[29] The processor is designed to implement a special-purposequantum annealing[10][11][12][13] as opposed to being operated as a universalgate-model quantum computer.
The underlying ideas for the D-Wave approach arose from experimental results incondensed matter physics, and particular work on quantum annealing in magnets performed byGabriel Aeppli,Thomas Felix Rosenbaum, and collaborators,[30] who had been checking[31][32] the advantages,[33] proposed byBikas K. Chakrabarti & collaborators, of quantum tunneling/fluctuations in the search for ground state(s) inspin glasses. These ideas were later recast in the language of quantum computation by MIT physicistsEdward Farhi,Seth Lloyd, Terry Orlando, and Bill Kaminsky, whose publications in 2000[34] and 2004[35] provided both a theoretical model for quantum computation that fit with the earlier work inquantum magnetism (specifically theadiabatic quantum computing model and quantum annealing, its finite temperature variant), and a specific enablement of that idea using superconductingflux qubits which is a close cousin to the designs D-Wave produced. To understand the origins of much of the controversy around the D-Wave approach, it is important to note that the origins of the D-Wave approach to quantum computation arose not from the conventionalquantum information field, but from experimentalcondensed matter physics.
On February 13, 2007, D-Wave demonstrated the Orion system, running three different applications at theComputer History Museum in Mountain View, California. This marked the first public demonstration of, supposedly, a quantum computer and associated service.[citation needed]
The first application, an example ofpattern matching, performed a search for a similar compound to a known drug within a database ofmolecules. The next application computed a seating arrangement for an event subject to compatibilities and incompatibilities between guests. The last involved solving aSudoku puzzle.[36]
The processors at the heart of D-Wave's "Orion quantum computing system" are designed for use ashardware accelerator processors rather than general-purpose computermicroprocessors. The system is designed to solve a particularNP-complete problem related to the two-dimensionalIsing model in amagnetic field.[14] D-Wave terms the device as a 16-qubitsuperconductingadiabaticquantum computer processor.[37][38]
According to the company, a conventional front-end running an application that requires the solution of an NP-complete problem, such as pattern matching, passes the problem to the Orion system.
According to Geordie Rose, founder and Chief Technology Officer of D-Wave, NP-complete problems "are probably not exactly solvable, no matter how big, fast or advanced computers get"; the adiabatic quantum computer used by the Orion system is intended to quickly compute an approximate solution.[39]
On December 8, 2009, at the Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) conference, a Google research team led byHartmut Neven used D-Wave's processor to train a binary image classifier.[40]
On May 11, 2011, D-Wave Systems announced the D-Wave One, an integrated quantum computer system running on a 128-qubit processor. The processor used in the D-Wave One, performs a single mathematical operation,discrete optimization. Rainier uses quantum annealing to solve optimization problems. The D-Wave One was claimed to be the world's first commercially available quantum computer system.[41] Its price was quoted at approximatelyUS$10,000,000.[2]
A research team led by Matthias Troyer andDaniel Lidar found that, while there is evidence of quantum annealing in D-Wave One, they saw no speed increase compared to classical computers. They implemented an optimized classical algorithm to solve the same particular problem as the D-Wave One.[42][43]
In November 2010,[44]Lockheed Martin signed a multi-year contract with D-Wave Systems to realize the benefits based upon a quantum annealing processor applied to some of Lockheed's most challenging computation problems. The contract was later announced on May 25, 2011. The contract included the purchase of the D-Wave One quantum computer, maintenance, and associated professional services.[45]
In August 2012, a team of Harvard University researchers presented results of the largest protein-folding problem solved to date using a quantum computer. The researchers solved instances of a lattice protein folding model, known as theMiyazawa–Jernigan model, on a D-Wave One quantum computer.[46][47]
In early 2012, D-Wave Systems revealed a 512-qubit quantum computer,[48] which was launched as a production processor in 2013.[49]
In May 2013,Catherine McGeoch, a consultant for D-Wave, published the first comparison of the technology against regular top-end desktop computers running an optimization algorithm. Using a configuration with 439 qubits, the system performed 3,600 times as fast asCPLEX, the best algorithm on the conventional machine, solving problems with 100 or more variables in half a second compared with half an hour. The results are presented at the Computing Frontiers 2013 conference.[50]
In March 2013, several groups of researchers at the Adiabatic Quantum Computing workshop at theInstitute of Physics in London, England, produced evidence, though only indirect, ofquantum entanglement in the D-Wave chips.[51]
In May 2013, it was announced that a collaboration between NASA, Google, and the USRA launched a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division atAmes Research Center in California, using a 512-qubit D-Wave Two that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study.[17][52]
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On August 20, 2015, D-Wave released the general availability of their D-Wave 2X computer, with 1000 qubits in a Chimera graph architecture (although, due to magnetic offsets and manufacturing variability inherent in the superconductor circuit fabrication, fewer than 1152 qubits are functional and available for use; the exact number of qubits yielded will vary with each specific processor manufactured). This was accompanied by a report comparing speeds with high-end single-threaded CPUs.[53] Unlike previous reports, this one explicitly stated that the question of quantum speedup was not something they were trying to address, and focused on constant-factor performance gains over classical hardware. For general-purpose problems, a speedup of 15x was reported, but it is worth noting that these classical algorithms benefit efficiently from parallelization—so that the computer would be performing on par with, perhaps, 30 traditional high-end single-threaded cores.
The D-Wave 2X processor is based on a 2048-qubit chip with half of the qubits disabled; these were activated in the D-Wave 2000Q.[54][55]
In February 2019, D-Wave announced the next-generation system that would become theAdvantage[56] and delivered that system in 2020. The Advantage architecture would increase the total number of qubits to 5760 and switch to the Pegasus graph topology, increasing the per-qubit connections to 15. D-WAVE claimed the Advantage architecture provided a 10x speedup in time-to-solve over the 2000Q product offering. D-WAVE claims that an incremental follow-upAdvantage Performance Update provides a 2x speedup over Advantage and a 20x speedup over 2000Q, among other improvements.[57]
In 2021, D-Wave announced the next-generation system that would become the Advantage 2[58] with delivery expected in late 2024 or early 2025. The Advantage architecture was expected to increase the total number of qubits to over 7000 and switch to the Zephyr graph topology, increasing the per-qubit connections to 20.[58][59][60][61][62]
Theoretical performance of a D-Wave processor.
