Desiré Delano Bouterse[1] (Dutch pronunciation:[ˈdeːsiˈbʌutərsə]; 13 October 1945 – 23 December 2024[2][3]) was a Surinamese military officer, politician, convicted murderer, and drug trafficker[4][5] who served as thePresident of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987, he was Suriname'sde facto leader after conductinga military coup and establishinga period of military rule. In 1987, Bouterse founded theNational Democratic Party (NDP).On 25 May 2010, Bouterse's political alliance, theMegacombinatie ("Mega combination"), which included the NDP, won the parliamentary elections, andon 19 July 2010, Bouterse was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes.[6] He was inaugurated on 12 August 2010.[7]
Bouterse was a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numeroushuman rights violations committed during his military rule in the 1980s. Most notable were theDecember murders in 1982. He was prosecuted for the murders, and a trial was initiated, but theNational Assembly extended amnesty to him in 2012. After the trial was forced to continue, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 29 November 2019.[8] He was also suspected of having directed theMoiwana massacre in 1986 against a village ofMaroons during theSurinamese Interior War which pitted his government first against the maroonguerrilla groupJungle Commando, led by his former bodyguard,Ronnie Brunswijk, and then against theindigenous groupTucayana Amazonas.[9]
On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was sentencedin absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking 474 kg (1,045 lb) ofcocaine.[10] Bouterse always maintained his innocence. He claimed the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. According to theUnited States diplomatic cables leak released in 2011, Bouterse was active in the drug trade until 2006.[11]Europol has issued a warrant for his arrest. At that time, he could not be arrested in Suriname, because he was still president. As he was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as head of state, he risked arrest if he left Suriname.[12][13]
In 2023, he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for the 1982 murders of fifteen political dissidents.[14] He was reported missing by the Surinamese authorities in January 2024 after refusing to report to prison.[15] He was considered a fugitive until his death.
Bouterse died on 23 December 2024, at the age of 79, while on the run following his conviction.[2][3]
Bouterse was born on 13 October 1945 inDomburg, located in Suriname'sWanica District. He was born in aMultiracial family ofAmerindian,African,Dutch,French, andChinese ancestry.[16][17] As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capitalParamaribo, where he was raised by an aunt. He attended St. Jozefschool (a boarding school) and later theMiddelbare Handelsschool (roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.[17][18]
In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into thearmed forces of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Krijgsmacht). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as anon-commissioned officer at theKoninklijke Militaire School inWeert. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team.[19]
In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy andDino. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base inSeedorf, Germany.[19]
On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands. He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request byRoy Horb to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa;Bond voor Militair Kader).
On 25 February 1980, Bouterse, Horb, and fourteen other sergeants overthrew theHenck Arron government with a violent militarycoup d'état, now known as theSergeants Coup. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as theGroep van zestien (Group of Sixteen), led by Bouterse. After the coup, he became chairman of theNational Military Council of Suriname and as such thede facto dictator of Suriname. From then until 1988, Bouterse was the power behind puppet presidents installed by him.
The military takeover, which was widely supported by the population, was officially aimed at fighting corruption and unemployment (which at the time affected 18 per cent of the working population), and at restoring order in public affairs. However, "the political plans were vague, no ideological discussions had taken place in preparation for the coup," notes historian Rosemarijn Hoefte.[20]
On the day of the coup, Bouterse's soldiers burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution". Annually, on 25 February, the coup is commemorated.
He established diplomatic relations with theSoviet Union,Cuba andNorth Korea, but his regime did not show any Communist orientation. The Netherlands suspended development aid to its former colony, destabilizing the Surinamese economy. At the same time, the fall inbauxite prices, Suriname's main export, accentuated the economic crisis. The regime was quickly confronted with several uprisings, sometimes led by part of the army, sometimes by civilians. In 1983, in the wake of theU.S. invasion of Grenada, Suriname drew closer to Washington and expelled Cuban diplomats, perhaps for fear of U.S. aggression.[20]
On 7 and 8 December 1982, fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse'smilitary dictatorship or were connected with thecoup d'état attempt on 11 March 1982, were brought toFort Zeelandia (then Bouterse's headquarters), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as theDecember murders.
Frank Wijngaarde, journalist (with Dutch citizenship)
On 10 December 1982 Bouterse stated onSTVS television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia".[22] Years later Bouterse said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the commander of the battalion,Paul Bhagwandas, who died in 1996. Bouterse accepted political responsibility as leader, but still denied any direct involvement.[23]
The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until 30 November 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In a speech, Bouterse said “I want to apologize to all the relatives of the victims. But to think you can lock me up? Never, niemals, jamais, nunca.”[24] In an interview withAl Jazeera in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, Bouterse's party member Andre Misiekaba said, during a debate in the Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed."[25]
On 1 February 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about theDecember Murders because he wanted to clear his name before he died: he was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live.[26] After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, thecourt-martial decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for 23 March 2012.
On 19 March, five members of Bouterse's political partyMegacombinatie and one member of Paul Somohardjo's partyPertjajah Luhur proposed a law in the parliament which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the December Murders, including Dési Bouterse.[27][28] The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial.[28][29] The parliamentary voting was to be held on 23 March, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in court that Bouterse personally killed two of the fifteen men: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus.[30][31] That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue.[32]
On 4 April 2012, after three days of debate, the Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed. The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of Bouterse's coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community."[33] The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law.
The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop.[34]
On 13 April 2012, the public prosecutor in the December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court decided whether the trial would continue or not.[35]
Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven.[36] Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial.[37]
Thousands of people in Paramaribo conduct a silent march on 10 April 2012 against the amnesty law
After passage of the amnesty law, the Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid set aside for Suriname.[42] President Bouterse was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you for 20 million euros. We have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars".[43] TheDutch Labour Party and the then rulingPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MPRashied Doekhi, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairsUri Rosenthal did not agree with these requests.[44]
On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime ministerMark Rutte said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial).[45]
The amnesty law was later overturned by a military court in 2016,[24] and in November 2019 the military court convicted Bouterse to 20 years imprisonment for the December killings.[46] On 22 January 2020, Bouterse appeared before the court, in military uniform, to appeal this decision.[47] On 20 December 2023, Suriname's Supreme Court upheld Bouterse's conviction. He could still request a pardon to Suriname's presidentChan Santokhi, who investigated the December killings as a police commissioner, and later pushed for the investigation to continue asjustice minister.[48][49][50]
On 8 January 2024, Bouterse filed another appeal against his conviction, which was rejected the next day by the Attorney-General. On 12 January, a manhunt was launched against Bouterse after he failed to turn himself in to prison authorities.[51]
TheSuriname Guerrilla War (1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by Dési Bouterse, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, aguerrilla Maroon group better known as theJungle Commando, led by Bouterse's former bodyguardRonnie Brunswijk. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across theMarowijne River to neighbouringFrench Guiana.[22][52]
The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event. It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre.
Herman Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation.
The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative. It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing.
In August 2005, theInter-American Court of Human Rights ordered Suriname to pay US$3 million in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a US$1.2 million fund for the development of Moiwana.[53] The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished;[54] however, previous governments, including Bouterse's government, have failed to do so.
Later in 1985, the government lifted the ban on opposition parties, beginning a transition to civilian rule. A new constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a30 September 1987 referendum. Elections were heldtwo months later, andRamsewak Shankar, an opponent of Bouterse, was elected president in January 1988.[21]
However, Bouterse retained much power as army commander. He scuttled a number of government efforts to negotiate with theJungle Commando, and a number of Bouterse's opponents were murdered ordisappeared. Matters came to a head when Bouterse was detained atSchiphol Airport while returning to Suriname on a personal trip toGhana andSwitzerland. Angered that Shankar, who happened to be on the same flight to Amsterdam, didn't protest, Bouterse resigned as army commander. The following day,Ivan Graanoogst, who was serving as acting army commander, called Shankar and forced his resignation. By all accounts, however, Bouterse was the mastermind of what became known as theTelephone Coup.[55] A year later, new elections were held that returned the country to civilian rule.[21]
On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was convictedin absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms ofcocaine.[56] Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-calledSuri kartel, which is held responsible for the trafficking and smuggling of large amounts of cocaine from Suriname and Brazil into Europe (especially into the Netherlands) in the 1980s and 90s.
Since 1999Europol has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to theUnited Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, since Bouterse was convicted before his election ashead of state in 2010, he has noimmunity under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law.[57]
In April 2012,Ruben Rozendaal, former fellow soldier of Bouterse and also a suspect in the December 1982 murders, said that in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bouterse supplied theFARC ofColombia with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC.
Bouterse's sonDino Bouterse was sentenced in 2005 to eight years' imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior. The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role.[58]
On 29 August 2013, Dino was arrested by theU.S. government'sDrug Enforcement Administration inPanama while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to theUnited States and taken toNew York City. He was prosecuted and in March 2015, he was sentenced to a 16-year prison term on convictions of drug smuggling and trying to helpHezbollah set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, Dino Bouterse insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only by profit. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting inGreece and Panama with DEA operatives posing as Hezbollah andMexican drug traffickers.[59]
After the return of democratic government, led in succession byRonald Venetiaan,Jules Wijdenbosch, and Venetiaan again, Bouterse tried repeatedly to return to power through elections. In the2010 Surinamese legislative election, Bouterse and his coalition, theMega Combination (Mega Combinatie) became the largest bloc in the National Assembly, gaining 23 of the 51 seats. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the necessary two-thirds supermajority to become president, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former opponent,Ronnie Brunswijk, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (Volks Alliantie) ofPaul Somohardjo (6 seats), who had left the ruling New Front party before the election.[60]
On 19 July 2010, Bouterse was elected president with 36 of the 51 votes; he assumed office on 12 August 2010. His running mateRobert Ameerali becameVice President of Suriname.
During his presidency Dési Bouterse introduced universal health care, free school meals, a minimum wage and a national pension scheme.[61] At the same time, rising government expenditures led to large budget deficits and rampant inflation, while theSurinamese dollar was devalued several times in 2016 by more than half of its value.[24]
The first minister of Spatial PlanningMartinus Sastroredjo (KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded bySimon Martosatiman, also a member of the political partyKTPI. The second minister to leave office for personal reasons was MissWonnie Boedhoe, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet.
By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They includedPaul Abena (Sport- & Youth Affairs),Martin Misiedjan (Justice & Police),Celsius Waterberg (Public Health),Linus Diko (Regional Development), andSimon Martosatiman. The ministersRaymond Sapoen,Michael Miskin andGinmardo Kromosoeto were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed.Mahinder Gopie had served as the secretary of thepresident and was made thedeputy minister of Regional Development.Abigail Lie A Kwie, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairmanPaul Somohardjo, started as the deputy minister of Public Works & Traffic, but was moved in October 2012 to the ministry of Agriculture.
The president's four top advisors wereJules Wijdenbosch, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs;Errol Alibux, who advises the president about foreign affairs and international laws;Eddy Jozefzoon, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; andAndy Rusland, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointedCliffton Limburg as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installedGillmore Hoefdraad, a formerInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) official, as the newgovernor of the Central Bank of Suriname.
On 23 June 2020, Bouterse announced that he did not want to take his seat in theNational Assembly even though he had been elected in the2020 Surinamese general election.[63] As such,Soewarto Moestadja, who was on seventh place on the NDP list, had become eligible for taking the seat in the National Assembly.[64] Moestadja, being the oldest member, chaired the first meeting of the Assembly.[65] Bouterse was not a candidate for the presidency in the 2020 elections, and as no other candidates other thanChan Santokhi had been nominated by the deadline of 8 July 2020 at 15:00 (UTC−3), Santokhi was elected as his successor on 13 July in anuncontested election. Bouterse announced his retirement from politics[66][67] on 16 July 2020.[68][69]
Honouring of the coup and handling of the December murders
After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent1980 Surinamese coup d'état; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of theHonorary Order of the Yellow Star, the highest honor of Suriname. This action was met with international outrage, all nine (and Bouterse) having been involved with the December murders.[70]
After becoming president, Bouterse designated 25 February, the anniversary of thecoup d'état, as a national holiday.[22] Former presidentRonald Venetiaan has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning.
Bouterse also awarded suspects in the December murders with high-level government positions. During his presidency, he publicly threatened judges investigating the case and unsuccessfully tried to remove the attorney-general.[24]
In December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years' imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader. Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence.
The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends should not get a pardon" said former justice ministerChan Santokhi. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon. According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU).Dino Bouterse, son of President Bouterse, was appointed to head this unit.
Bouterse hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former militaryEtienne Boerenveen [nl] andHans Jannasch.Ronald Venetiaan, former president of Suriname, said "Such people now circulate around the state power".[71][72][73]
Meriba was arrested again on 23 March 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub.[74] He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.[75]
During his presidency, Bouterse underwent routine medical checkups in Cuba. After returning from a month-long stay in the island in September 2017, his office acknowledged that he had undergone surgery for an undisclosed condition.[24]
Bouterse died following a short illness on 23 December 2024, at the age of 79, while he was in hiding at an undisclosed location in Suriname to avoid imprisonment for his conviction in the December murders.[76][2][3] An autopsy later found that he had died from a "liver failure complication from serious liver fibrosis caused by chronic alcohol consumption".[77] Dutch news outlets reported that Bouterse hid in theCopi Nature Reserve, 50 kilometers from Paramaribo.[78][79] His body was subsequently taken to his residence inParamaribo on 25 December.[80] Following his death, PresidentChan Santokhi announced that no period of national mourning or astate funeral was to be held, although Foreign MinisterAlbert Ramdin said thatflags in government buildings were to be set athalf-mast on the day of his funeral out of respect for Bouterse being a former president.[81] Bouterse's National Democratic Party said that his remains would be cremated.[77]
^"Suriname"(PDF).unesco.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 September 2016. Retrieved8 January 2012.
^ab"Desi Bouterse (1945)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved4 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). historiek.net. 25 februari 2010
^abRosemarijn Hoefte,Suriname in the Long Twentieth Century: Domination, Contestation, Globalization, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014
^"Archived copy".www.nytimes.com. Archived fromthe original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved17 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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