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Acryogenic storage dewar (or simplydewar) is a specialised type ofvacuum flask used for storingcryogens (such asliquid nitrogen orliquid helium), whoseboiling points are much lower thanroom temperature. It is named after inventorJames Dewar, who developed it for his own work. They are commonly used inlow-temperature physics and chemistry.
Cryogenic storage dewars can range widely in size and may take several different forms, including openbuckets, flasks with loose-fitting stoppers, and self-pressurising tanks. All dewars have walls constructed from two or more layers, with a highvacuum maintained between the layers. This provides very goodthermal insulation between the interior and exterior of the dewar, which reduces the rate at which the contents boil away. Precautions are taken in the design of dewars to safely manage the gas which is released as the liquid slowly boils.
The simplest dewars allow the gas to escape either through an open top or past a loose-fitting stopper. More sophisticated dewars trap the gas above the liquid, and hold it at high pressure. This increases the boiling point of the liquid, allowing it to be stored for extended periods. Excessive vapour pressure is released automatically through safety valves. Dewars are also designed to be resistant to any sort of puncture to preserve the contents, as cryogens are costly to produce, and some (like helium) are in limited global supply.
The method of decanting liquid from a dewar depends upon its design. Simple dewars may be tilted, to pour liquid from the neck. Self-pressurising designs use the pressure of the gas in the top of the dewar to force the liquid upward through a pipe leading to the neck.
| Cryogenic fluid | Expansion ratio[1][2] |
|---|---|
| nitrogen (LN2) | 1:696 |
| helium (LHe) | 1:757 |
| argon (LAr) | 1:847 |
| hydrogen (LH2) | 1:851 |
| oxygen (LO2) | 1:860 |
| neon (LNe) | 1:1438 |
Cryogens present severalsafety hazards, and their storage vessels are designed to reduce the associated risk.
Firstly, no dewar can provide perfect thermal insulation and the cryogenic liquid slowly boils away, which yields an enormous quantity of gas. This is known as the liquid nitrogenevaporation rate. In dewars with an open top, the gas simply escapes into the surrounding area. However, very high pressures can build up inside sealed dewars, and precautions are taken to minimise the risk of explosion. One or morepressure-relief valves allow gas to vent away from the dewar whenever the pressure becomes excessive. In an incident in 2006 atTexas A&M University, the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were sealed with brass plugs. As a result, the tank failed catastrophically and exploded.[3]
Secondly, if a dewar is left open to the air for extended periods, atmospheric chemicals can condense or freeze on contact with the cryogenic material. This can introduce contaminants. If these materials freeze, for example, water vapor becomingice, they can block the openings, leading to pressure buildup and the risk of an explosion.
Thirdly, the gas escaping from a dewar can gradually displace theoxygen from theair in the surrounding area, which presents anasphyxiation hazard. Users are trained to store dewars only in a well-ventilated area, and before transporting dewars in anelevator, the excess gas pressure is vented away and the dewars are sent unaccompanied to their destination.[4]