| Puerto Rico | |
|---|---|
| Crime rates* (2011) | |
| Violent crimes | |
| Homicide | 30.6 |
| Rape | 1.2 |
| Robbery | 174.4 |
| Aggravated assault | 78.1 |
| Property crimes | |
| Burglary | 447.6 |
| Larceny-theft | 789.7 |
| Motor vehicle theft | Not Available |
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. Source:FBI - Uniform Crime Reporting - Crime in the United States 2011 (Table 5) | |
Crime in Puerto Rico describes acts ofviolent and non-violentcrime that take place within the Commonwealth ofPuerto Rico.
To combat crime,the Puerto Rican government adopted a broad anti-crime policy referred to locally as "mano dura contra el crimen" (or simplymano dura), "iron fist against crime".[1][2] In 1993, GovernorPedro Rosselló summed up government efforts by remarking, "They have asked for war, and war they shall have. Let every criminal know: Our patience has ended".[1] However, even after adopting the multiple anti-crime measures, violent crime stayed too high. In 2006, for instance, the island reported 736 murders.[3]
In the early twenty-first centurypolice corruption facilitated drug related crimes; it resulted in the arrest of over thirty Puerto Rico law enforcement agents. It came at a time when Puerto Rico ranked sixth worldwide in murders per capita.[2] To counteract, federal law enforcement agencies, including theU.S. Coast Guard and theDrug Enforcement Administration (DEA), coordinated efforts with thePuerto Rico Police Department (PRPD) and other local agencies. The increased law enforcement efforts and tactics and equipment used led to popular criticism about a fundamentalmilitarization of the police in the island.[2][4]
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Antonio Correa Cotto was a notorious 1950s Puerto Rican criminal. On January 25, 1950, he murdered two people inMachuelo Abajo,Ponce, Puerto Rico. After being caught, prosecuted and sentenced to prison, he managed to escape and returned to Ponce where he killed 10 more people.[5] Correa Coto was killed shortly after in a shootout with police.[5] At least one significant robbery also took place after the 1950s ended.[4]
More recently, theGovernment of Puerto Rico has combated the illegal drug trade and the resulting crime since the mid-1970s, with increasing law enforcement efforts over multiple decades contributing to acycle of violence in which both demand and supply of illegal substances remain considerable.[4][6]
Thoughrecreational drug use was uncommon in Puerto Rico in the 1950s, it markedly increased in the 1960s. By the following decade, said increase in usage, particularly among those under the age of 25, became a major concern in Puerto Rican society. Estimates found that up to seventy thousand islanders weresubstance abusers.[4] A number of drug cartels discovered that Puerto Rico functioned as an efficient transfer point while trafficking contraband such ascocaine to the mainland United States, and has been a magnet fororganized crime for several decades.[2][4][6]
A major focus on crime and, specifically, drug-related problems arose in Puerto Rican politics out of those events. A 1975 survey found that 87% of respondents believed that violence had recently increased to a serious extent. Beside mentioning "vice", however,inflation and lack ofemployment attracted notice as causes of Puerto Rican crime as well.[4]
The existence of apparent 'no man's land' areas, in which all manner of criminal activity could take place without any sort of police control, among particularly lower-class communities caused widespread concern. The use ofautomatic weapons and other arms to directly fight back against law enforcement became a particular problem as well. From 1993 to 1996, the government confiscated a total of 10,017 illegal firearms during their efforts. As well, the total number of murders in Puerto Rico nearly doubled from 1987 to 1994— increasing from 509 to 995, respectively. These trends received massive interest in the island'snews media.[4]
Perceptions about widespread crime triggered political turmoil and sustained pressure for the authorities to change their approaches, often involving a doubling-down of anti-drug crackdowns.[4] In the early 1990s, notably, law enforcement began specifically targetingwhite collar drug users. A government chief of staff remarked that the police had witnessed "housewives who go to these [drug distribution] spots with their children in the car" and vowed to send a strong message.[7]
The broad, strict approach of the island's government has been known as the "iron fist" (Spanish:mano dura contra el crimen or simplymano dura).[1][2] In 1993, GovernorPedro Rosselló summed up government efforts by remarking, "They have asked us for war and war is what they will get. Let the criminal know: our pateince has run out." (Spanish:Nos han pedido guerra y guerra tendrán. Que lo sepa el criminal: nuestra paciencia se acabó.). During the first month of that year alone, a total of 104 murders took place. Specific changes in the anti-crime efforts have included assigning police officers with more weapons and targeted intervention of the National Guard in certain places.[1]
However, Puerto Rican efforts generally proved inadequate in stopping widespread drug trafficking in the latter part of the 20th century. The government had not just expanded employment levels and general funding for jailing and policing but also undergone a kind ofmilitarization in its organization. Specific strategies included longer sentences for criminals, increased funding for officer equipment, and the construction of new prisons. From 1992 to 1998, the island's budget for policing approximately doubled. Yet progress remained mostly elusive.[1][2][4] Public opinion viewed the island's law enforcement situation in critical terms. In 1997, a major national poll found that a 68% majority believed that crime had gotten "much worse" over the previous five years.[4]
In response to pervasive crime, local law enforcement attempted to integrate their efforts with U.S. federal agencies, especially with fighting trafficking in mind. TheU.S. Coast Guard andDrug Enforcement Administration (DEA)[8] both reinforced their presence on the island during the 1990s, setting up connections that remained years later.[2][4] Nonetheless, challenges such aspolice corruption have frequently complicated matters as different groups attempt to work with each other. ThePuerto Rico Police Department (PRPD), the territory's primary law enforcement agency, has been tarnished by multiple scandals over officer misconduct up to and including outright criminal activity.[9][3][10][11]
One of the biggest law enforcement corruption busts in U.S. history took place in 2001 on the island. Twenty-nine police officers were caught on videotape drug trafficking thanks to anundercover operation initiated by theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Coming after authorities suspected local police of direct involvement in drug dealing, some officers even being bold enough to sellheroin from their squad cars, the bust additionally aimed to stop the illicit protection provided to certain cocaine dealers who shipped their contraband throughout the island. Known asOperation Lost Honor, a total of thirty-two individuals were arrested in the case.[3][11]Orlando Sentinel journalist Ivan Roman stated that the bust "stunned a department already reeling from a series of" previous scandals.[11]
As well, four Puerto Rican officers were arrested in 2008 by the FBI, including the director of the island's Extradition Division, forextortion as well as the distribution of bothcocaine and heroin. TheEFE World News Service stated in a report that the arrested "took advantage of the authority of their uniforms".[10] Between 1993 and 2000, the PRPD kicked out a full one thousand officers due to a variety of criminal charges. Between 2003 and 2007, a hundred officers had been under investigation, with seventy-five others convicted under the jurisdiction of theU.S. federal court system.[3]
ThenPolice SuperintendentPedro Toledo said in 2007, "We have had officers using police cars to escort drug dealers, and we have arrested officers selling weapons to undercover agents". He stressed that many officers did their best even while some had chosen to "violate their oath". The previous year, the violent death of trafficking kingpin Jose "Coquito" Lopez Rosario had spawned an investigation into the upper levels of the territory's government. The late kingpin's ties to three local senators extended to the point that one of the officials had brought him along during prison inspections.[3]
The massive bust on Puerto Rican soil as a result ofOperation Guard Shack generated international media coverage, with publications such as the AmericanCNN and the BritishDaily Telegraph reporting on it.[12][13] The culmination of a two-year FBI investigation into law enforcement corruption in the territory, the operation came to a head on October 6, 2010, with a series of pre-dawn raids. These led to over a hundred arrests, with those taken in including members of the PRPD, thePuerto Rico Corrections Department (PRCD), and evenU.S. Army soldiers. The corrupt individuals had gone beyond providing security for drug traffickers to actively taking part in the deals. Officials charged a total of 133 individuals in the operation.[12][14]
The operation began at 3 a.m. as sixty-five tactical groups spread across the territory, withHostage Rescue Teams (HRT) andSpecial Weapons and Tactics Teams (SWAT) making the surprise arrests. Over one thousand agents of the FBI, many of them flown into the island secretly, conducted the massive raid. The organization labeled the operation as "likely the largest police corruption case in the FBI's history."[14] "The people of Puerto Rico deserve better," stated thenU.S. Attorney GeneralEric Holder.[12]
Causes of police corruption include the relatively lowwages paid to regular officers. Then Police Association President Jose Rodriguez reported in 2007 that Puerto Ricans patrolling the streets made about twenty-six thousand dollars a year. Rodriguez additionally pointed out how local sergeants supervised thirty to thirty-five officers— in contrast to the average of ten in the continental U.S.[3]
Puerto Rico's murder rate dropped somewhat from the 1990s into the 2000s, yet violent crime remained significantly higher not just at a regional but also on an international scale. In the mid-2000s, the territory's troubles ranked it sixth worldwide in murders per capita.[2] In 2006, a total of 736 individuals were murdered in Puerto Rico.[3]
In terms of the 2010s, thecycle of violence between criminals and law enforcement remained a severe challenge as conditions on the island evolved.[15][16] A 2011 report by theCivil Rights Division of theU.S. Department of Justice into the Puerto Rican police concluded that the department was "broken in a number of critical and fundamental respects". While stating that many "hard working and dedicated" officers "serve the public with distinction under often challenging conditions", the investigators declared that the violations "uncovered are pervasive and plague all levels of" the department.[9] At the conclusion of that year, Puerto Rico's experienced a spike in violent crime, with over a thousand people having been killed.[15][16]
ThePuerto Rican debt crisis of the mid-2010s has challenged the territory's civil society and resulted in hundreds of thousands of residents becoming unemployed. A subsequent wave of migration to the mainland from the island took place as well. A U.S. federal oversight board agreed to supervise the local government's financial administration in 2016, with some $74 billion of debt on the line. AMiami Herald article from 2017 stated that the crisis has left Puerto Rican "institutions in shambles".[16]
During a weekend in December 2018, there were seven killings.[17] The extent to which such violence will cycle as the rebuilding takes place remains uncertain.[15] Police Superintendent Hector Pesquera remarked in 2017 that Puerto Rico's crime problem had been mostly "out of sight, out of mind" to mainland Americans before thehurricane and no longer was.[16]
Nonetheless, individuals such as former Police Superintendent Miguel Pereira have observed that the largeprofit margins associated withillegal drugs in Puerto Rico, the high demand being driven by multiple social problems, will foster criminal acts no matter what law enforcement tries to do. Pereira provided a specific example in 2013 with how cocaine sold for about $15,000 akilo on Puerto Rican streets while wholesale producer in areas ofColombia produced the substance for only $400 per kilo or so. Thus, Pereira publicly lamented, criminals could even lose a full 90% of their supply through anti-drug efforts and still receive significant returns; for instance, a mobster cleaned out of all but 100 of his initial 1,000 kilos could still manage to become a millionaire from those leftovers alone.[1]
There were 529 homicides in 2020 and 614 in 2019.[18][19]
Illegal drugs are routed fromVenezuela and theDominican Republic, continue through Puerto Rico and on toNewark, New Jersey,Philadelphia andOrlando, Florida.[20] Multiple law enforcement agencies have worked to arrest members of drug gangs.[21]La Lorenzana is a violent gang that operates in Aguas Buenas, Cidra, Juncos, Cayey, San Lorenzo and other municipalities. That gang's members kill and dismember victims after assassination and are led by Nelson Torres Delgado, (aka:El Burro), who was arrested in 2019,[22] and was arrested again in October 2024.[23][24][25]
Commentators that have questioned the effectiveness of government anti-crime policy altogether include Gary Gutierrez, acriminal justice professor at theUniversity of Turabo,[15] andJorge Rodriguez Beruff,[2] an academic and historian associated with theUniversity of Puerto Rico (UPR).
In 2013, the former secretary of thePuerto Rico Department of Corrections and RehabilitationZoé Laboy remarked publicly that "in general terms we have failed" (Spanish:en términos generales hemos fracasado) while arguing that some initiatives had resulted in good outcomes.[1]
In the aftermath of 2017'sHurricane Maria,Miami Herald journalist David Ovalle wrote,
[T]he future for law enforcement on the island is bleak. The department has lost about 4,000 officers in the past five years and, because of the island's economic crisis, cannot count on fresh recruits anytime soon. Hundreds of U.S. Army soldiers, outside law-enforcement officers and private security guards are helping— temporarily— but robberies, murders and drug dealing have resumed at levels that would seem outrageous in mainland states but are tragically normal here.[16]
Domestic violence was criminalized in Puerto Rico under Law 54 of 1989.[26] The law includes a rehabilitation program as an alternative to prison for convicted offenders but according to theCentro de Periodismo Investigativo (Center of Investigative Reporting) this program lacks supervision, which undermines its credibility.[27]
From 2009 to 2021 at least 196 women on the island were killed in acts of gender-based violence according to theOficina de la Procuradora de la Mujer (Office of the Woman's Rights Advocate) of the government of Puerto Rico.[28] On January 26, 2021, governorPedro Pierluisi declared a state of emergency after several women were murdered. The epidemic of violence against women in Puerto Rico reached a high when in two unrelated cases women were murdered at the end of April, 2021. According to theFBI[29]Félix Verdejo murdered Keishla Rodríguez Ortiz, his pregnant lover, on April 30, 2021. The 27-year-old was punched, injected with drugs, tied to heavy stones, thrown over a bridge into a river and then shot at.[30] The other murder victim, Andrea C. Ruiz Costas, had requested a restraining order against her violent partner but had been denied.[31][32] These murders attracted large media and public attention which increased demands from women seeking assistance in cases of gender based violence.[33] On May 5 theFinancial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico which is managingPuerto Rico's debt crisis approved $7 million in funding after initially rejecting this amount.[34] The money was approved so that the Puerto Rico police can address the epidemic of gender violence.[35] On August 27, 2021, governorPedro Pierluisi signed into law a measure that turnedfemicides and transfemicides into separate categories of crimes.[36][37] The new law designated these crimes asfirst degree murders and as a result raised the punishment for committing them to a maximum of 99 years.[38]
