Thecoxswain (/ˈkɒksən/KOK-sən, or/ˈkɒksweɪn/KOK-swayn[1]) is the person in charge of aboat, particularly its navigation and steering. The etymology of the word gives a literal meaning of "boat servant" since it comes fromcock, referring to thecockboat, a type ofship's boat, andswain, an Old English term derived from the Old Norsesveinn meaning boy or servant.[2] In 1724, a "cockswain" was defined as "An officer of a ship who takes care of the cockboat, barge or shallop, with all its furniture, and is in readiness with his crew to man the boat on all occasions." When the term "cockboat" became obsolete, the title of coxswain as the person in charge of a ship's boat remained.[3]
In rowing, the coxswain sits in either the bow or the stern of the boat (depending on the type of boat) while verbally and physically controlling the boat's steering, speed, timing and fluidity. The primary duty of a coxswain is to ensure the safety of those in the boat. In a race setting, the coxswain is tasked with motivating the crew as well as steering as straight a course as possible to minimize the distance to the finish line. Coxswains are also responsible for knowing proper rowing technique and running drills to improve technique.
A coxswain is the coach in the boat: in addition to following the orders of the team coach, the coxswain is connected to the way the boat feels, what's working, what needs to be changed, and how. A successful coxswain must keep track of the drill, time, pace, words of the coach, feel of the boat, direction of the boat, and safety. During a race, a coxswain is responsible for steering, calling the moves, and responding to the way the other boats are moving. Success depends on the physical and mental strength of the rowers, ability to respond to the environment, and the way in which the coxswain motivates the rowers, not only as individuals but as members of the crew.
In theRoyal Navy in the days of sail, the coxswain was apetty officer orchief petty officer who commanded thebarge of a captain or admiral. Later the coxswain was the senior deck petty officer or chief petty officer aboard a smaller vessel such as acorvette orsubmarine, who was responsible for the steering. On smaller vessels, the coxswain assumed the duties that would be performed by thechief boatswain's mate andmaster-at-arms aboard larger vessels.
InWorld War I, the term was also used to refer to a chief petty officer who was in charge of steering airships operated by theRoyal Naval Air Service.[4]
InWorld War II pilots oflanding craft were referred to as coxswains.
In theRoyal Canadian Navy, the appointment of coxswain (orcapitaine d'armes inFrench) is given to the senior non-commissioned officer aboard a ship, the equivalent to a command master chief petty officer in the US Navy. For larger vessels such as adestroyer,frigate or theHarry DeWolf-class ships (AOPVs), a coxswain holds the rank ofchief petty officer 1st class (CPO1). For submarines, a coxswain holds the rank ofchief petty officer 2nd class (CPO2). ForKingston-class coastal defence vessel, a coxswain usually holds the rank ofpetty officer 1st class (PO1) or CPO2.
The term was also sometimes used aboard merchant ships for the senior petty officer in charge of the helm. The fictionalIsrael Hands, for example, was the coxswain ofHispaniola inTreasure Island.
In Royal Navy Sections of theCombined Cadet Force, the rank of Cadet Coxswain is the highest that a cadet can achieve, except in the rare occurrence that they are promoted to the rank of CadetUnder Officer. The rank of Coxswain equates to the rank of CadetWarrant Officer in theRoyal Air Force Sections, and the rank of CadetRegimental Sergeant Major in the Army Sections.
In theRoyal Canadian Sea Cadets, the position of Coxswain is often appointed to the cadet with the rank of Cadet Chief Petty Officer First Class (C/CPO1). This would be the equivalent of the position of Regimental Sergeant Major in theRoyal Canadian Army Cadets held by a Cadet Chief Warrant Officer (C/CWO), or Squadron Warrant Officer in theRoyal Canadian Air Cadets held by a Cadet Warrant Officer 1st Class (C/WO1).
In theUnited States Coast Guard andUnited States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the coxswain is the person in charge of a small boat. The coxswain has the authority to direct all boat and crew activities during the mission and modify planned missions to provide for the safety of the boat and the crew.[5]
Before a person can be assigned to be a coxswain, they have to go through a qualification procedure, be certified and maintain the certification to be a coxswain. Upon certification, they are awarded theCoxswain Badge. This qualification procedure requires a significant amount of practice in boat handling as well as previous experience as a boat crew member.
The Coast Guard does not have a dedicated coxswainrating. Any Coast Guardsman, regardless of their rating or specialty, may be additionally designated as a coxswain upon proper qualification. An advancement toboatswain's mate second class requires that the individual qualify as and maintain certification as a coxswain. A commanding officer or officer in charge of a land based unit with boats has to be certified and stay certified as a coxswain on all boats in the unit or be relieved of command.
A coxswain is assigned to a boat by thecommand authority and can only be relieved by the commanding officer/officer in charge, executive officer/executive petty officer, or senior officer present. The coxswain's authority is independent of rank and/or seniority in relation to any other person on board the boat.[6] Unlike the commanding officer of a cutter or ship, a coxswain does not automatically have command authority.
