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Coosan languages

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Language family of Oregon, US

This article includes a list ofgeneral references, butit lacks sufficient correspondinginline citations. Please help toimprove this article byintroducing more precise citations.(April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Coosan
Kusan
Geographic distribution	Oregon
Ethnicity	Coos people
Extinct	1972, with the death of Martha Harney Johnson (Hanis)
Linguistic classification	Penutian? Coast Oregon Penutian? Coosan
Subdivisions	Hanis Miluk
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`coos1248`
Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages in Oregon

TheCoosan (alsoCoos orKusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southernOregon coast. Both languages are nowextinct.

Classification

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Coosan
- Hanis†
- Miluk† (a.k.a. Lower Coquille)

Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close asDutch andGerman. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different.

The origin of the nameCoos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stemgus- meaning 'south' as ingusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwesternOregon Athabaskan wordku·s meaning 'bay'.

Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.^[1]Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.^[2] In 1916Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a largerOregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.^[3]

However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,^[4] with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary^[5]

Phonology

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Vowels

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	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Mid	e	eː	ə
Open			a	aː

Diphthongs

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ai	a*
e*	o*

Consonants

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		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal			Glottal
		Labial	plain	lateral	affricate		plain	labial	Glottal
Occlusive	voice	b	d		d		g	gʷ
	voiceless	p	t		ts	tʃ	k	kʷ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ		tsʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Continuant	voice	m	n	l			j
Continuant	voiceless		s	ɬ		ʃ	x	w	h

Three Series of Stops

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Aspirated	/p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/
Optionally Voiced	/b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/
Ejectives	/pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/

Key

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Glottal stops are represented by ʔ for⟨ɜ⟩.^{[clarification needed]}
Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·)

^[6]^[7]

References

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^Frachtenburg (1914:305)
^Jacobs (1940:4)
^Delancey and Golla (1997:181)
^Mithun (1999:72)
^Douglas-Tavani (2021)
^Mithun, Marianne (1999).The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 396–397.
^Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Campbell, Lyle. (1997).American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914).Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
Frachtenberg, Leo Joachim (1913).Coos texts. Columbia University Press. Retrieved28 August 2012.
Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas
Mithun, Marianne. (1999).The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk);ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
Jacobs, Melville. (1940). Coos Narrative and Ethnologic Texts. University of Washington: Seattle.
DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997). ‘The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect’. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 171–202.
Douglas-Tavani, Jordan AG. (2021). 'Languages of the Bay: On the Proto-Coosan Hypothesis'. University of California: Santa Barbara.https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20f1966w

External links

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Penutian languages

Chinookan

Plateau

Klamath
Molala
Sahaptian
- Nez Perce
- Sahaptin
  - Umatilla

Takelma

Takelma

Palewyami Yokuts

General Yokuts

Buena Vista Yokuts
- Tulamni
- Hometwoli

Nim

Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
- Wukchumni
- Yawdanchi

Northern Yokuts	Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Choynimni Valley Yokuts Delta Yokuts Northern Valley Yokuts Chukchansi Southern Valley Yokuts Tachi Yokuts Yawelmani Yokuts

Utian	Miwok Western Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Eastern Plains Miwok Bay Miwok Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Ohlone Karkin Northern San Fransisco Bay Tamien Ramaytush Chochenyo Awaswas Chalon Southern Mutsun Rumsen

Tsimshianic

Italics indicateextinct languages

Primary language families

Africa

Afroasiatic Austronesian Khoe–Kwadi Kx'a Niger–Congo Nilo-Saharan(?) Tuu Dogon? Ijoid? Kadu? Katla? Kru? Lafofa? Mande? Rashad? Songhay? Talodi–Heiban? Ubangian?
Isolates	Bangime Gule Hadza Jalaa Sandawe Laal? Mimi of Decorse? Ongota? Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
andAsia)

Afroasiatic Ainu Austroasiatic Austronesian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dravidian Eskaleut Great Andamanese Hmong–Mien Hurro-Urartian Indo-European Japonic Kartvelian Koreanic Kra–Dai Mongolic Nivkh Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Ongan Sino-Tibetan Tungusic Turkic Tyrsenian Uralic Yeniseian Yukaghir Digaro? Kho-Bwa? Mijiic? Miju? Siangic?
Isolates	Basque Burushaski Elamite Hattic Kusunda Nihali Rutulian Sumerian Vedda Eteocretan? Eteocypriot? Hruso? Kenaboi? Minoan? Puroik? Shompen? Tambora?

New Guinea
andthe Pacific

Isolates

Australia

Bunuban Eastern Daly Eastern Tasmanian Garawan Gunwinyguan Iwaidjan Jarrakan Maningrida Mirndi Northeastern Tasmanian Northern Tasmanian Nyulnyulan Pama–Nyungan Southern Daly Tangkic Wagaydyic (Northern Daly?) Western Daly Western Tasmanian Worrorran Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan? Darwin Region? Marrku–Wurrugu? Yangmanic (incl.Wagiman)?
Isolates	Giimbiyu Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?) Tiwi Gaagudju? Kungarakany?

North
America

Algic Caddoan Chimakuan Chinookan Chumashan Coosan Eskaleut Iroquoian Kalapuyan Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Pakawan Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Pomoan Salishan Shastan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Utian Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yuki–Wappo Yuman–Cochimí Coast Oregon Penutian? Yok-Utian?
Isolates	Alsea Atakapa Chimariko Esselen Haida Karuk Kutenai Salinan Seri Siuslaw Takelma Timucua Tonkawa Tunica Waikuri Washo Yana Yokuts Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha? Keres? Natchez?

Mesoamerica

Arawakan Chibchan Jicaquean Lencan Mayan Misumalpan Mixe–Zoque Oto-Manguean Tequistlatecan Totonacan Uto-Aztecan Xincan
Isolates	Cuitlatec Huave Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America

Isolates

Sign
languages

Arab BANZSL Chinese Francosign Germanosign Indo-Pakistani Japanese Original Thai Swedish Paraguay–Uruguay? Providencia–Cayman? Sudanese? Tanzanian?
Isolates	Seelist of sign languages Village sign languages