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Acontroversia is an exercise inrhetoric; a form ofdeclamation in which the student speaks for one side in a notional legal case such as treason or poisoning. The facts of the matter and relevant law are presented in a persuasive manner, in the style of a legal counsel.[1]
Likethesis andsuasoria,controversia originated in ancient Greece.[2] It was a rhetorical exercise and is associated with the history of Greek education.[2] An early form of the Romancontroversia was described by Seneca as a combination of thesis (propositio) and hypothesis (causa).[3] The former pertained to the general topic being proposed for discussion from one or more points of view without delimitation of particular persons or circumstances. On the other hand, hypothesis refers to the particular controversy given by circumstances to a deliberating body for adjudication.[3] Based on an example of the exercise cited inCicero'sDe oratore, it is cited thatcontroversia emerged at least during 55 BCE, the date ofDe oratore's composition.[4]
The exercise was used inancient Rome, where it was, with thesuasoria, the final stage of a course in rhetoric at anacademy.[5]Controversia andsuasoria provided students the best window into the play-speech of schooling and declamatory performance that formed the basis of ancient rhetorical mentality.[6] As a form of disputation, it consists of a statement of one or more laws, which was followed by the circumstances of a fictitious case in which the speaker argued one side or the other.[4]
Whilesuasoria required students to persuade a person (e.g., judge) or a group (e.g., jury) to act a certain way,controversia required a student to either prosecute or defend a person in a given legal case.[7] Thecontroversia is also distinguished fromsuasoria because of the complexity of its structural system of argument and the greater range of situations and characters employed.[6] The distinction can also be explained in the way students who focused on this exercise ended up as forensicorators while those who trained insuasoria followed a career indeliberative rhetoric.[8] The process put students in the position of one offering reasoned advice and, as a result, earning experience in the application of the procedure of deliberative theory.[9]
Seneca the Elder was an expert rhetorician and, from memory, compiled a set of classical themes for this exercise: theControversiæ.[10]Controversia is demonstrated in the case ofQuintillian'sDeclamationes Minores wheresuasoria was turned into this exercise by using a courtroom as a setting.[11] The plot addressed the issue of a son who married the daughter of his father's enemy so he could use thedowry to ransom his who was captured by pirates.[11] Quintillian used controversia as an analytical method, which involved a survey of diversity of opinions on a specific topic to identify positions as well as the pros and cons of each side.[12] He also introduced the termcontroversia figurata (figured speech) to explain an excitement of suspicion for the purpose of indicating that what is meant is other than the words would seem to imply and such “meaning is not, in this case, contrary to that which we express, as in the case of irony, but rather a hidden meaning which is left to the hearer to discover.”[13]