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Inorganic chemistry, anelectrocyclic reaction can either be classified asconrotatory ordisrotatory based on the rotation at each end of themolecule. In conrotatory mode, bothatomic orbitals of theend groups turn in the same direction (such as both atomic orbitals rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise). In disrotatory mode, the atomic orbitals of the end groups turn in opposite directions (one atomic orbital turns clockwise and the other counter-clockwise). Thecis/trans geometry of the final product is directly decided by the difference between conrotation and disrotation.
Determining whether a particular reaction is conrotatory or disrotatory can be accomplished by examining themolecular orbitals of each molecule and through a set of rules. Only two pieces of information are required to determine conrotation or disrotation using the set of rules: how manyelectrons are in thepi-system and whether the reaction is inducedby heat orby light. This set of rules can also be derived from an analysis of the molecular orbitals for predicting thestereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions.
| System | Thermal | Photochemical |
|---|---|---|
| "4n" electrons | Conrotatory | Disrotatory |
| "4n + 2" electrons | Disrotatory | Conrotatory |
Analysis of aphotochemical electrocyclic reaction involves theHOMO, theLUMO, and correlations diagrams.
An electron is promoted into the LUMO changing the frontier molecular orbital involved in the reaction.
Suppose that trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene is converted to dimethylcyclohexadiene under thermal conditions. Since the substrate octatriene is a "4n + 2" molecule, theWoodward–Hoffmann rules predict that the reaction happens in a disrotatory mechanism.
Since thermal electrocyclic reactions occur in the HOMO, it is first necessary to draw the appropriatemolecular orbitals. Next, the new carbon-carbon bond is formed by taking two of the p-orbitals and rotating them 90 degrees (see diagram). Since the new bond requires constructive overlap, the orbitals must be rotated in a certain way. Performing a disrotation will cause the two black lobes to overlap, forming a new bond. Therefore, the reaction with octatriene happens through a disrotatory mechanism.
In contrast, if a conrotation had been performed then one white lobe would overlap with one black lobe. This would have caused destructive interference and no new carbon-carbon bond would have been formed.
In addition, the cis/trans geometry of the product can also be determined. When the p-orbitals were rotated inwards it also caused the two methyl groups to rotate upwards. Since both methyls are pointing "up", then the product iscis-dimethylcyclohexadiene.
