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Coat of arms of Denmark

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Greater coat of arms of
Denmark
Greater (royal) version
Versions
Middle version
Lesser (state) version
ArmigerFrederik X,King of Denmark (greater version)
Government of Denmark (lesser (state) version)
AdoptedFirst documented in the 1190s. Designated as dynastic arms 1959. Last modified 20 December 2024.
CrestCrown of King Christian V
Torsetasseled strings Or
ShieldA shield quartered by a cross pattée argent bordured gules, first quarter Or, threelionspassant in pale azure crowned and armed Or langued gules, nine lily pads gules (for Denmark); second quarter azure, a ram passant argent armed and unguled Or (for theFaroe Islands); third quarter azure, a polar bear rampant argent (forGreenland); fourth quarter Or, two lions passant in pale azure armed Or langued gules (forSchleswig). Overall an escutcheon Or two bars gules (forOldenburg)
Supporterstwowild men armed with clubsProper
Compartmentpedestal
MottoLatin:Magnanimi Pretium
Order(s)Order of the Dannebrog, andOrder of the Elephant
Other elementsThe monarch places this coat of arms on a mantle gules lined with Ermine. Above the mantle is a pavilion gules again topped with the royal crown.
Relief of the coat of arms at theDanish House in Paris

Thecoat of arms ofDenmark (Danish:Danmarks rigsvåben) has a lesser and a greater version.

The state coat of arms (rigsvåben) consists of three pale bluelionspassant wearingcrowns, accompanied by nine red lilypads (normally represented asheraldic hearts), all in a golden shield with theroyal crown on top.

The national coat of arms of Denmark (nationalvåben — also calledlille våben) is similar to the state coat of arms, but without theroyal crown above the shield.

It is evolved from the coat of arms of theHouse of Estridsen, the dynasty which provided the kings of Denmark between 1047 and 1412. Historically, there had been no distinction between the "national" and the "royal" coat of arms. Since 1819, there has been a more complex royal coat of arms of Denmark (kongevåben) separate from the national coat of arms (rigsvåben). The current design was introduced in 2024, underFrederik X.

History

[edit]
The Danish coat of arms in theGelre Armorial, 14th century. This is the oldest coloured image of theDannebrog. Thecrest was used by Danish monarchs from the 13th century untilc. 1420.[1] The flag is not part of the crest.

The oldest known depiction of the insignia dates from aseal used by KingCanute VIc. 1194. The oldest documentation for the colours dates fromc. 1270.[1]

Historically, the lions faced the viewer and the number of hearts was not regulated and could be much higher. The "heart" shapes originally representedwaterlily pads; a royal decree of 1972 still specifies these figures assøblade ("lake leaves").

The current design was traced to 1819 during the reign of KingFrederick VI who fixed the number of hearts to nine and decreed that the heraldic beasts were lions, consequently facing forward. A rare version exists from the reign of kingEric of Pomerania in which the three lions jointly hold theDanish banner, in a similar fashion as in the coat of arms of the formerSouth Jutland County.Untilc. 1960,Denmark used both a "small" and a "large" coat of arms, similar to the system still used inSweden. The latter symbol held wide use within the government administration, e.g., by theForeign Ministry. Since this time, the latter symbol has been classified as the coat of arms of the royal family, leaving Denmark with only one national coat of arms, used for all official purposes.

The crown on the shield is a heraldic construction based on thecrown of KingChristian V, not to be confused with thecrown of KingChristian IV. The main difference from the real crown is that the latter is covered withtable cut (taffelsten)diamonds rather than pearls. Both crowns, and other royal insignia, are located inRosenborg Castle inCopenhagen.

Theblazon inheraldic terms is:Or, three lions passant in pale azure crowned and armed Or langued gules, nine hearts Gules.

This insignia is almost identical to thecoat of arms of Estonia and thegreater coat of arms of Tallinn which can both be traced directly back to KingValdemar II and theDanish rule in northernEstonia in 1219–1346. The main differences are as follows: In the Danish coat of arms the lions are crowned, face forward, and accompanied by nine hearts. In the Estonian coat of arms, the "leopards" still face the viewer, they are not crowned, and no hearts are present. The coat of arms of Tallinn resembles the Estonian arms, but the leopards in the former arms are crowned with golden crowns[2] similar to the ones in the Danish arms. It shows great similarities with the contemporary insignia of England'sRichard the Lionheart and the current arms of the German state ofBaden-Württemberg. The Danish coat of arms has also been the inspiration for thecoat of arms of the formerDuchy of Schleswig, a former Danish province (two blue lions in a golden shield). The hearts of the coat of arms also appear in the coat of arms of the German district ofLüneburg.

The current iteration of the royal coat of arms was adopted on December 20, 2024.[3]

Royal coat of arms

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The royal coat of arms is more complex. The current version was established by royal decree on 20 December 2024.[4] It is much simpler than previous versions.

The shield is quartered by a silver crossbordured in red. The first quarter represents Denmark with three crowned lions passant accompanied by nine hearts, the second quarter represents theFaroe Islands with a silverram on blue, the third quarter representsGreenland with a silverpolar bear on blue, and thefourth quarter contains two lions passant representingSouthern Jutland, the northern part of formerSchleswig.

The centreescutcheon, two red bars on a golden shield, represents theHouse of Oldenburg, the former royal dynasty that ruledDenmark and Norway from the middle of the fifteenth century. When the senior branch of this dynasty became extinct in 1863, the crown passed toPrince Christian of the cadet branchGlücksburg, whose descendants have reigned in Denmark ever since. The House of Glücksburg continues the use of the arms of the old Oldenburg dynasty, andthe symbol is still officially referred to by its old association[clarification needed].

Twowoodwoses (vildmænd) act assupporters; this element can be traced back to the early reign of the Oldenburg dynasty.[5] Similar supporters were used in the formerarms of Prussia. The shield features the insignias of theOrder of the Dannebrog and theOrder of the Elephant around it.

The shield and supporters are framed by a royalerminerobe, surmounted by a royal crown.

The royal coat of arms has since around 1960 been reserved exclusively for use by the monarch, theroyal family, the Royal Guards and theroyal court according to royal decree. A select number ofpurveyors to the Danish royal family are also allowed to use the royal insignia.

Historical versions

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In late medieval heraldry, coats of arms that used to be associated with noble families became attached to the territories that had been ruled by these families, and coats of arms used by individual rulers werecomposed of the coats of arms of the territories they ruled. In the case of Denmark, the coat of arms of theHouse of Estridsen with the extinction of the dynasty became the "coat of arms of Denmark".Olaf II of Denmark (and IV of Norway) succeeded his maternal grandfatherValdemar IV in 1376. He was the first king to rule Norway and Denmark in personal union. Olaf on his seal still displayed the Estridsen (for Denmark) andSverre (for Norway) coats of arms in two separate shields. The custom ofdividing the field arises withEric of Pomerania at the end of the 14th century.

The modern "royal coat of arms of Denmark" is the continuation of this tradition of the Danish monarch using his or her personal coat of arms after the end of thepersonal union of Denmark and Norway.

Coat of armsBearerDescription
KingValdemar IV
Coat of arms of Valdemar IV of Denmark.
QueenMargaret I
The Arms of Margaret I of Denmark with the heraldry of Denmark (left field), Sweden (right field, represented by the Arms ofHouse of Bjälbo) and Norway (escutcheon) with 3 crowns in the center.
KingEric VII
Coat of arms of King Eric VII of Denmark and III of Norway (ruled inpersonal union, 1396–1439). The colour of the cross over all, here shown in red, is unattested; Christian I has a silver cross (or cross potent) superimposed on the red cross, later designs seem to favour gold.
KingChristopher III
Coat of arms of Christopher III
KingChristian ICoat of arms of Christian I, John I, and Christian II; introduces the arms of theHouse of Oldenburg as inescutcheon.
KingJohn I
KingChristian II
KingFrederick I
Coat of arms of Frederick I
KingChristian III
Coat of arms of Christian III
KingFrederick II
Arms of Denmark and Norway used 1559–1699
KingChristian IV
KingFrederick III
KingChristian V
KingFrederick IVGreater coat of arms of Denmark and Norway used during 1699–1819
KingChristian VI
KingFrederick V
KingChristian VII
KingFrederick VIGreater coat of arms of Denmark used from 1819 to 1903. This was the first Danish arms following the replacement of theNorwegian lion with the coat of arms of the three former parts of Norway that Denmark retained after 1814: the stockfish ofIceland, the ram ofFaroe Islands, and the polar bear ofGreenland.
KingChristian VIII
KingFrederick VII
KingChristian IX
Greater coat of arms of Denmark. This version was used from 1903 to 1948. This was the only version of the Danish arms in whichIceland was represented by a falcon rather than its traditional stockfish arms.
KingFrederik VIII
KingChristian X
KingFrederik IXGreater coat of arms of Denmark. This version was used from 1948 to 1972. The falcon of Iceland was removed belatedly after theindependence of Iceland from Denmark in 1944. The change was implemented after the death of kingChristian X, who used the style "king of Denmark and Iceland" until his death. In 1959, the "three-lions" insignia became the sole national coat of arms, and the previous "greater coat of arms" was designated as the coat of arms of the Danish royal family.[6]
QueenMargrethe IIVersion used from 1972 until 2024. The shield is quartered by a silver cross fimbriated in red, derived from theDanish flag, theDannebrog. The first and fourth quarters represent Denmark by three crowned lions passant accompanied by nine hearts; thesecond quarter contains two lions passant representingSouthern Jutland, the northern part of formerSchleswig; the third quarter contains a total of three symbols. TheThree Crowns are officially interpreted as a symbol of the formerKalmar Union.[7] The silverram on blue represents theFaroe Islands and the similarly colouredpolar bear representsGreenland.

The centreescutcheon, two red bars on a golden shield, represents theHouse of Oldenburg, the former royal dynasty that ruledDenmark and Norway from the middle of the fifteenth century. When the senior branch of this dynasty became extinct in 1863, the crown passed toPrince Christian of the cadet branchGlücksburg, whose descendants have reigned in Denmark ever since. The House of Glücksburg continues the use of the arms of the old Oldenburg dynasty, and the symbol is still officially referred to by its old association.

KingFrederik XPresent version used since 2024.
A medieval ship flag captured by forces fromLübeck in the 1420s showing the arms of Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Pomerania. The original flag was destroyed in World War II during a British attack on the city, but a 19th-century copy remains inFrederiksborg Palace, Denmark. The saint accompanying the Virgin Mary and infant Christ is SaintJames the Greater, identified by hisscallop shell emblem.Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
The earliest known example of the Danish coat of arms, the seal ofCanute VI, 1190s. The only known copy of this insignia was discovered in 1879 in the Grand Ducal archive ofMecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany. Note the king's closed crown which differs from the open crowns shown on the seals of his successors, and the shield that issemé of hearts rather than showing only nine.[8]

Throughout the 20th century the version of the arms became simplified from the previous versions, which contained seven additional sub-coats representing five territories formerly ruled by the Danish kings and two medieval titles:Holstein,Stormarn,Dithmarschen,Lauenburg,Delmenhorst, andKing of the Wends andGoths. A crowned silverstockfish on red was formerly included to representIceland, but due to Icelandic opposition, this symbol was replaced in 1903 by a silverfalcon on blue. The falcon was in turn removed from the royal arms in 1948 following the death of KingChristian X in 1947 and reflecting the 1944 breakup of the Dano-Icelandic union.

The following list is based on research by Danish heraldist Erling Svane.[9] Danish names are shown in brackets.

  • Norway (Norge): 1398 –c. 1819:Gules, a lion rampant crowned and bearing an axe Or bladed argent. The union with Norway was dissolved in 1814 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.
  • Sweden (Sverige): 1398 -Azure, three bars argent surmounted by a lion rampant Or. TheFolkung lion, the arms of Sweden until 1364. Only used during the reign ofEric of Pomerania.
  • Pomerania (Pommern): 1398 -Argent, a griffin segreant gules. Only used during the reign ofEric of Pomerania.
  • Bavaria (Bayern): 1440 -Lozengy argent and azure. Only used during the reign ofChristopher of Bavaria.
  • Palatinate (Pfalz): 1440 -Sable, a lion rampant crowned Or. Only used during the reign ofChristopher of Bavaria.
  • King of the Wends (de venders konge /Vendernes Konge): 1440–1972:Gules, alindorm crowned Or. Early examples of this insignia also exist with a blue shield. Canute VI proclaimed himselfRex Sclavorum (King of Slavs). From the reign of Valdemar IV this title was known as King of the Wends. This symbol was later also interpreted as the coat of arms ofFunen[10] and appeared in the official insignia of the now-defunctarmy regimentFynske Livregiment. It should not be confused with the similar insignia ofBornholm, also formerly included in the Danish arms.
  • King of the Goths (de gothers konge /Gothernes Konge): 1449–1972:Or, nine hearts 4, 3 and 2 Gules, in chief a lion passant Azure. Derived from the arms of Denmark and originally the arms of theDukes ofHalland. The lion is almost never crowned. This symbol was later also interpreted as the coat of arms ofJutland. It appears on thestern of the 19th centuryfrigateJylland and in the official insignia of the army regimentJydske Dragonregiment.
  • Holstein (Holsten): 1440–1972:Gules, a nettle leaf between three passion nails in pairle argent. Derived from the coat of arms of thecounts of Schauenburg; a silver shield with a redindentedbordure.
  • Stormarn (Stormarn): 1496–1972:Gules, a swan argent gorged of a crown Or.
  • Delmenhorst (Delmenhorst): 1531–1972:Azure, across pattée Or.
  • Dithmarschen (Ditmarsken): 1563 -Gules, a knight armed cap-à-pie Or mounted on a horse argent and bearing a shield azure charged with a cross pattée Or. Frederick II conquered Dithmarschen in 1559.
  • Iceland (Island): 16th century – 1903:Gules, astockfish argent ensigned by a crown Or. The symbol had been associated with Iceland from the early 16th century. First included in the arms of Frederick II. From 1903 to 1948 different arms were used, viz.Azure, a falcon argent. Iceland dissolved the union with Denmark in 1944, and following the death of King Christian X in 1947, the new King Frederik IX decided to remove the falcon from his arms. This change took place by royal decree on 6 July 1948.[11]
  • Gotland (Gotland / archaic:Gulland):Gules, aHoly Lamb argent. First included by King Frederick II. Last used during the reign of King Frederick VI.
  • Saaremaa (Øsel): from 1603, last used by King Frederick VI:Azure, an eagle displayed sable. Several historians have explained this violation of the heraldicrule of tincture as the black colour being the result of an oxidation of white paint containinglead.[12]
  • Fehmarn (Femern): from 1666, last used by King Frederick VI:Azure, a crown Or.
  • Bornholm (Bornholm): fromc. 1665, last used by King Frederick VI:Gules, a dragon Or.
  • Lauenburg (Lauenborg): 1819–1972:Gules, a horse's head couped argent. Derived from the GermanSachsenross arms which shows a silver horse on red.

21st century update

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On 20 December 2024,Frederik X changed the royal arms, which were last adjusted by hismother in 1972.[13] In the current versionGreenland and theFaroe Islands have been given more space in the new royal arms, which are the King's personal arms and a state emblem.[13]

The change reflects the King's wishes to create a contemporary royal arms that both reflects theDanish Realm and takes into account history and heraldic tradition. Previously, the Faroe Islands and Greenland divided the same field out of four in the royal arms, where they have now each received their own field out of the four fields in the middle of the arms.[13][14]

Notwithstanding the above, as in the royal arms from 1972, theSchleswig lions, the coat of arms ofSouth Jutland, also have their own field in the arms. The two lions are carried as a special testimony to the history of South Jutland and date from the mid-13th century.[14]

In connection with the change of the royal coat of arms, the Royal House has also decided to change the royal flags, so that the new royal coat of arms is now included in a number of the flags that the Royal House flies. The Royal Flag has the new coat of arms in the middle of the flag, while the Queen's flag has both the Queen's coat of arms and the King's new coat of arms. Crown Prince Christian also has a new flag, with the royal coat of arms in the middle of the flag crowned with the Crown Prince's Crown. The new royal flags have been flown from 1 January 2025 atAmalienborg, over the palaces of Frederik VIII and Christian VII.[14]

The three crowns present for 500 years, symbolising the Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway and Sweden, which was led from Denmark between 1397 and 1523, and an important symbol of Sweden, were removed in the 2024 update. This was described as a shock and a sensation. The emphasis on Greenland and the Faroes was thought to be a rebuke to the returning American presidentDonald Trump and hisproposals for the United States to purchase Greenland to increase its security.[15]

Artwork

[edit]

Royal coat of arms painter Ronny Skov Andersen[14] has designed and drawn the new version of the royal coat of arms. He has also been chairman of the committee that was appointed shortly after the accession to the throne on 14 January with the aim of ensuring that the King would have a new coat of arms. In addition, the committee consisted of a royal historiographer of orders, a heraldic consultant, a museum director and three others.

Versions and variants

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Government

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Various versions of the Danish Royal Arms are used by theKingdom:Government, theParliament and courts. The Kingdom Government and its agencies generally use a simplified version of the Royal Arms without the mantle, the pavilion and the topped royal crown.[16] This simplified Royal Arms also feature on the cover ofpassports,embassies and consulates of theKingdom of Denmark.

  • The version used by the government of Denmark
    The version used by the government of Denmark
  • Arms of the Royal Danish Army
    Arms of the Royal Danish Army
  • Aviator badge of the Royal Danish Air Force
    Aviator badge of the Royal Danish Air Force

Other members of the royal family

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Coat of arms from Trinity Church, Copenhagen
Coat of armsBearerDescription
Queen MaryQueen Mary's coat of arms is composed of the shield of arms of her husband impaled with her own, granted to her in 2004. The main field of Mary's coat of arms is Or-coloured and shows a MacDonald Gules eagle and a Sable-coloured boat both symbolising her Scottish ancestry. The Chief is Azure-coloured and shows two gold Commonwealth Stars from the arms of Australia, and a gold rose in between, depicting her personal symbol. The shield is surmounted by the Royal Crown of Denmark.
Crown Prince ChristianCrown Prince Christian's coat of arms is similar to the royal coat of arms except for the heir apparent's crown and the purple mantle.
Prince JoachimPrince Joachim's coat of arms is similar to the 1972-2024 version of the royal coat of arms except the inescutcheon, which is divided with the first being that of the House of Oldenburg and second being that of the House of de Laborde de Monpezat. The crown is that of a Prince of Denmark.
Princess MariePrincess Marie's coat of arms is composed of the shield of arms of her husband impaled with her own, granted to her in 2010. A horseman, representing her maiden name Cavallier (meaning knight or horseman) is depicted Azure. The secondary charge is a combination of the Danish and French national symbols; a heart and afleur de lys. Three red hearts (symbolising Denmark) are cut with the fleur de lys (symbolising France).

Gallery

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Elements currently used in the arms

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Elements formerly used in the arms

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Related symbols

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Small Coat of arms ofEstonia

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Valdemarernes våben" (in Danish). Danish National Archives. Retrieved11 February 2013.
  2. ^"Tallinna täisvapp" (in Estonian). Official website of Tallinn. Retrieved11 February 2013.
  3. ^"Fastsættelse af nyt kongevåben".www.kongehuset.dk. Retrieved2025-01-01.
  4. ^"The Royal Coat of Arms".www.kongehuset.dk. Retrieved2025-01-02.
  5. ^Seal of Christian I (1449).
  6. ^Departmental circular concerning the Danish coat of armsArchived 2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine, circular no. 216, p. 5, 1959.
  7. ^The three crowns design historically predates the Kalmar Union, but they were re-interpreted in this sense underEric of Pomerania, who used a coat of arms quartered between the coats of arms of Denmark, Norway (House of Sverre) and Sweden (House of Bjälbo) plus the three golden crowns on a blue shield representing the union.Sven Tito Achen (1972). "Sverige".Alverdens heraldik i farver (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens forlag. pp. 216–217.ISBN 87-567-1685-0.
  8. ^Henry Petersen (1882):Et dansk Flag fra Unionstiden i Maria-Kirken i Lübeck, Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, p. 26(in Danish)
  9. ^Svane, Erling (1994).Det danske rigsvåben og kongevåben (in Danish). Odense University Press. pp. 169–179.
  10. ^Anders Thiset (1893). "Om danske By- og Herredsvaaben".Tidsskrift for Kunstindustri (in Danish) (10th year): 18.
  11. ^Betænkning vedrørende det danske rigsvåben (betænkning nr. 216), 1959, page 3(in Danish)
  12. ^Svane, Erling (1994).Det danske rigsvåben og kongevåben (in Danish). Odense University Press. p. 177.
  13. ^abc"Det kongelige våben".www.kongehuset.dk. Retrieved2025-01-01.
  14. ^abcd"Kongen giver mere plads til Grønland og Færøerne i nyt kongevåben" [The King gives more space to Greenland and the Faroe Islands in new royal coat of arms] (in Danish). Berlingske.dk. 1 January 2025.
  15. ^Bryant, Miranda (6 January 2025)."Danish king changes coat of arms amid row with Trump over Greenland".The Guardian.
  16. ^"Danish Government website". Retrieved10 April 2017.

External links

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