Aclosure is a device used to close or seal acontainer such as abottle,jug,jar,tube, orcan. A closure may be acap,cover,lid,plug, liner, or the like.[1] The part of the container to which the closure is applied is called thefinish.[2]
Other types of containers such asboxes anddrums may also have closures but are not discussed in this article. Many containers and packages require a means of closing, which can be a separate device or seal or sometimes an integral latch or lock.
The closure is often the most critical part of a package, and must fulfill all of thebasic functions of packaging in addition to being easy to open and (if applicable) reclose.[3]
Depending on the contents and container, closures have several functions:
Many types of packaging with their closures are regulated for strength, safety, security, communication, recycling, and environmental requirements plus many others.
Closures need a means of attaching to the container with sufficient security. Threads, lugs, hinges, locks, adhesives, etc. are used. Many plastic closures are made byinjection molding.[6]
Many closures need to have the ability to adjust to slight manufacturing variation in the container and the closure structure. Some closures are made of flexible material such ascork,rubber, or plastic foam. Often ano-ring or a closure liner (gasket made of pulp or foam cap liner) is used. Linerless closures often use a deformable plastic rim or structure to maintain the seal.
Secondary seals are common with sensitive products that may deteriorate or where extra security is needed. Foil or plastic inner seals are used on some bottles, Heat sealed lidding films are used on some tubs. External shrink bands,labels, and tapes are sometimes used outside the primary closure structure. Additionally, many closures feature ventilation to prevent bloating, collapse or explosion due to unequalized pressure during processing or storage. Venting technologies utilize common materials such asPTFE,PP, etc. These elements are preferred due to their ability to withstand temperatures of 260 °C and water intrusion pressure levels of 770 mbar.[7]
A screw closure is a mechanical device which is screwed on and off of a threaded "finish" on a container. Either continuous threads (C-T) or lugs are used. Metal caps can be either preformed or in some instances, rolled on after application. Plastic caps may use several types of molded polymer.
Some screw tops have multiple pieces. For example, amason jar often has a lid with a built in rubbery seal and a separate threaded ring or band.
Beverage bottles are frequently closed with crown beverage caps. These are shallow metal caps that are crimped into locking position around the head of the bottle.
Some closures snap on. For opening, the top is designed to pry off or, break off, or have a built in dispenser.
Some containers have a loose lid for a closure.Laboratory glassware often hasground glass joints that allow the pieces to be fitted together easily.
AnInterference fit or friction fit requires some force to close and open, providing additional security. Paint cans often have a friction fit plug.
Resistance to tampering is required for some types of products. Container closures can be one of several layers of packaging to deter tampering and to provide evidence of attempts at tampering. *Sometimes tamper resistance is obtained by atamper-evident band; separate or integral with the closure.[8][9][10]
A wide variety of convenience dispensing features can be built into closures.Spray bottles and cans withaerosol spray (valves, actuator) have special closure requirements. Pour spouts, triggers, sprayer cap, measuring attachments, sifting devices, etc. are common caps.
A spray bottle is a bottle that can dispense, squirt, spray or mist fluids. A common use for spray bottles is dispensing cool cleaners, cosmetics, and chemical specialties.
Child-resistant packaging or C-R packaging has special closures designed to reduce the risk of children ingesting dangerous items. This is often accomplished by the use of a special safety cap. It is required by regulation for prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, pesticides, and household chemicals.
Early pottery and ceramic containers often had lids that fit reasonably snug onto the body of the container. The narrow necks of ancientamphora were closed with a plug ofcork, wood, or ceramic and sealed with mortar.[11]WoodenBarrels often hadbungholes closed by cork or woodbungs.
Some earlytinplate cans were made with threaded necks for screw top closures.
Beverage bottles started using the Hutter Stopper in 1893. This involved aporcelainplug fitted with a rubber washer, which was then forced down into the lip of the bottle. This technique only works withcarbonated beverages. The Hutter Stopper became standard in beer bottling in the late 1890s / early 1900s. Bail closures on bottles were invented by Henry William Putnam in 1859. These involved heavy wire bail attached to a bottle's neck that swung over the cork to hold it in.
The world's first modern bottle cap, thecrown cork, was invented byWilliam Painter in 1890 inBaltimore.The screw cap usingrust resistantaluminum was first used inprescription drug bottling in the 1920s. Molded urea based bottle caps were first introduced in the early 1900s.
A history of accidents involving children opening household packaging and ingesting the contents led theUS Congress to pass the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970.
TheInternational Society of Beverage Technologists (ISBT) is the maintrade association for closure manufacturers. It develops voluntary industry standards for its members to use in the manufacture of closures.
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