In mathematics, particularly infunctional analysis, theclosed graph theorem is a result connecting thecontinuity of alinear operator to a topological property of theirgraph. Precisely, the theorem states that a linear operator between twoBanach spaces is continuousif and only if the graph of the operator is closed (such an operator is called aclosed linear operator; see alsoclosed graph property).

An important question in functional analysis is whether a given linear operator is continuous (or bounded). The closed graph theorem gives one answer to that question.

Let${\displaystyle T:X\to Y}$ be a linear operator between Banach spaces (or more generally Fréchet spaces). Then the continuity of${\displaystyle T}$ means that${\displaystyle T{x}_i\to Tx}$ for each convergent sequence${\displaystyle x_i\to x}$. On the other hand, the closedness of the graph of${\displaystyle T}$ means that for each convergent sequence${\displaystyle x_i\to x}$ such that${\displaystyle T{x}_i\to y}$, we have${\displaystyle y=Tx}$. Hence, the closed graph theorem says that in order to check the continuity of${\displaystyle T}$, one can show${\displaystyle T{x}_i\to Tx}$ under the additional assumption that${\displaystyle T{x}_i}$ is convergent.

In fact, for the graph ofT to be closed, it is enough that if${\displaystyle x_i\to 0,T{x}_i\to y}$, then${\displaystyle y=0}$. Indeed, assuming that condition holds, if${\displaystyle (x_i,T{x}_i)\to (x,y)}$, then${\displaystyle x_i-x\to 0}$ and${\displaystyle T(x_i-x)\to y-Tx}$. Thus,${\displaystyle y=Tx}$; i.e.,${\displaystyle (x,y)}$ is in the graph ofT.

Note, to check the closedness of a graph, it’s not even necessary to use the norm topology: if the graph ofT is closed in some topology coarser than the norm topology, then it is closed in the norm topology.^[1] In practice, this works like this:T is some operator on some function space. One showsT is continuous with respect to thedistribution topology; thus, the graph is closed in that topology, which implies closedness in the norm topology. If the closed graph theorem applies, thenT is continuous under the original topology. See§ Example for an explicit example.

The usual proof of the closed graph theorem employs theopen mapping theorem. It simply uses a general recipe of obtaining the closed graph theorem from the open mapping theorem; seeclosed graph theorem § Relation to the open mapping theorem (this deduction is formal and does not use linearity; the linearity is needed to appeal to the open mapping theorem which relies on the linearity.)

In fact, the open mapping theorem can in turn be deduced from the closed graph theorem as follows. As noted inOpen mapping theorem (functional analysis) § Statement and proof, it is enough to prove the open mapping theorem for a continuous linear operator that is bijective (not just surjective). LetT be such an operator. Then by continuity, the graph${\displaystyle {\mathrm{\Gamma }}_T}$ ofT is closed. Then${\displaystyle {\mathrm{\Gamma }}_T\simeq {\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{T^{-1}}}$ under${\displaystyle (x,y)\mapsto (y,x)}$. Hence, by the closed graph theorem,${\displaystyle T^{-1}}$ is continuous; i.e.,T is an open mapping.

Since the closed graph theorem is equivalent to the open mapping theorem, one knows that the theorem fails without the completeness assumption. But more concretely, an operator with closed graph that is not bounded (seeunbounded operator) exists and thus serves as a counterexample.

TheHausdorff–Young inequality says that the Fourier transformation${\displaystyle \hat{\cdot }:L^p({\mathbb{R}}^n)\to L^{p^{\prime }}({\mathbb{R}}^n)}$ is a well-defined bounded operator with operator norm one when${\displaystyle 1/p+1/p^{\prime }=1}$. This result is usually proved using theRiesz–Thorin interpolation theorem and is highly nontrivial. The closed graph theorem can be used to prove a soft version of this result; i.e., the Fourier transformation is a bounded operator with the unknown operator norm.^[3]

Here is how the argument would go. LetT denote the Fourier transformation. First we show${\displaystyle T:L^p\to Z}$ is a continuous linear operator forZ = the space of tempered distributions on${\displaystyle {\mathbb{R}}^n}$. Second, we note thatT maps the space ofSchwarz functions to itself (in short, because smoothness and rapid decay transform to rapid decay and smoothness, respectively). This implies that the graph ofT is contained in${\displaystyle L^p\times L^{p^{\prime }}}$ and${\displaystyle T:L^p\to L^{p^{\prime }}}$ is defined but with unknown bounds.^{[clarification needed]} Since${\displaystyle T:L^p\to Z}$ is continuous, the graph of${\displaystyle T:L^p\to L^{p^{\prime }}}$ is closed in the distribution topology; thus in the norm topology. Finally, by the closed graph theorem,${\displaystyle T:L^p\to L^{p^{\prime }}}$ is a bounded operator.

The closed graph theorem can be generalized from Banach spaces to more abstracttopological vector spaces in the following ways.

There are versions that does not require${\displaystyle Y}$ to be locally convex.

This theorem is restated and extend it with some conditions that can be used to determine if a graph is closed:

Everymetrizable topological space ispseudometrizable. Apseudometrizable space is metrizable if and only if it isHausdorff.

An even more general version of the closed graph theorem is

The Borel graph theorem, proved by L. Schwartz, shows that the closed graph theorem is valid for linear maps defined on and valued in most spaces encountered in analysis.^[10] Recall that a topological space is called aPolish space if it is a separable complete metrizable space and that aSouslin space is the continuous image of a Polish space. The weak dual of a separable Fréchet space and the strong dual of a separable Fréchet-Montel space are Souslin spaces. Also, the space of distributions and allLp-spaces over open subsets of Euclidean space as well as many other spaces that occur in analysis are Souslin spaces. TheBorel graph theorem states:

An improvement upon this theorem, proved by A. Martineau, uses K-analytic spaces.

A topological space${\displaystyle X}$ is called a${\displaystyle K_{\sigma \delta }}$ if it is the countable intersection of countable unions of compact sets.

A Hausdorff topological space${\displaystyle Y}$ is calledK-analytic if it is the continuous image of a${\displaystyle K_{\sigma \delta }}$ space (that is, if there is a${\displaystyle K_{\sigma \delta }}$ space${\displaystyle X}$ and a continuous map of${\displaystyle X}$ onto${\displaystyle Y}$).

Every compact set is K-analytic so that there are non-separable K-analytic spaces. Also, every Polish, Souslin, andreflexiveFréchet space is K-analytic as is the weak dual of a Frechet space. The generalized Borel graph theorem states:

If${\displaystyle F:X\to Y}$ is closed linear operator from a Hausdorfflocally convex TVS${\displaystyle X}$ into a Hausdorff finite-dimensional TVS${\displaystyle Y}$ then${\displaystyle F}$ is continuous.^[12]

• Almost open linear map – Map that satisfies a condition similar to that of being an open map.Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Barrelled space – Type of topological vector space
• Closed graph – Graph of a map closed in the product spacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Closed linear operator – Linear operator whose graph is closed
• Densely defined operator – Function that is defined almost everywhere (mathematics)
• Discontinuous linear map
• Kakutani fixed-point theorem – Fixed-point theorem for set-valued functions
• Open mapping theorem (functional analysis) – Condition for a linear operator to be open
• Ursescu theorem – Generalization of closed graph, open mapping, and uniform boundedness theorem
• Webbed space – Space where open mapping and closed graph theorems hold

Notes

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• Theorems in functional analysis

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