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| Municipal government | |
 Municipal logo  Toronto City Hall, the seat of government | |
| Formation |
|
|---|---|
| Governing act | City of Toronto Act and successors |
| Type | Single-tier municipality with amayor-council system |
| Website | toronto |
| City of Toronto | |
| Mayor | Olivia Chow |
| City manager | Paul Johnson |
| Budget | $20.53 billion (operating budget; 2023) |
| Toronto City Council | |
| Head of council | Olivia Chow |
| Speaker | Frances Nunziata |
| Members | 25 councillors plus the mayor |
| Appointed by | Direct election |
| Seat | Toronto City Hall |
Themunicipal government of Toronto (incorporated as the City of Toronto)[1] is thelocal government responsible for administering the city ofToronto in theCanadian province ofOntario. Its structure and powers are set out in theCity of Toronto Act.
The powers of the City of Toronto are exercised by itslegislative body, known asToronto City Council, which is composed of 25 members and the mayor. The council passes municipal legislation (calledby-laws), approves spending, and has direct responsibility for the oversight of services delivered by the city and its agencies.
Themayor of Toronto serves as thechief executive officer and head of council. The day-to-day operation of the municipal government is managed by the city manager who is a public servant and head of the Toronto Public Service – under the direction of the mayor and the council. The government employs over 38,000 public servants directly,[2] as well as affiliated agencies. Its operating budget wasCA$20.53 billion in 2023, including over $5.1 billion for theToronto Transit Commission and $4 billion on emergency service agencies, such as theToronto Police Service,Fire Services andParamedic Services.[3]
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As the City of Toronto is constituted by, and derives its powers from, the province of Ontario, it is a "creature of the province" and is legally bound by various regulations and legislation of theOntario Legislature, such as theCity of Toronto Act,Municipal Elections Act,Planning Act, and others.[4]
TheCity of Toronto Act lays down the division of powers, responsibilities and required duties of the corporation. It provides that if the City appoints a chief administrative officer (the city manager), then that person shall be responsible for the administrative management and operation of the City.[5]
The Toronto Public Service By-law (TPS By-law), Chapter 192 of Toronto's municipal code, further strengthens the separation of the administrative components (the public service) and the political components (mayor and council) of the City of Toronto.[6]
In general, the council determines the services provided to residents and develops programs and policies, while the public service implements the council's decisions.[4]
The council is the legislative body of the City of Toronto. It is composed of 25 city councillors (each representing a ward of around 96,800 people), along with the mayor. Elections are held every four years, in October, with the mayor and councillors being elected by Canadian citizens who live or own property in Toronto. Themayor of Toronto serves as the political head of the City of Toronto.
The council is the only power able to enact Toronto laws, known as by-laws, which govern the actions of the corporation and/or matters within its jurisdiction, such as administration of the CanadianCriminal Code within its borders.[7]
It also forms several committees, including theBoard of Health and "Community Councils", which hear matters relating to narrower, district issues, such as building permits and developments requiring changes to zoning by-laws. Community Council decisions, as well as those of the mayor, must be approved by the city council at regular sessions.[4]
The Toronto Public Service is responsible for providing politically neutral advice to council, and delivering services to the City's residents. As of March 2022, there were nearly 40,000 active employees.[2]
The city manager (formerly the chief administrative officer), who reports to the mayor and the council, is the administrative head of the City of Toronto. While the city manager and public service are ultimately accountable to the council, the council may not give specific direction to public servants, and members of the council do not manage the day-to-day operations of the city.[5] The following senior staff report to the city manager:[8]
City officials reporting directly to the council:
The following officials report to the council for statutory purposes, but to the city manager for administrative purposes:
The City of Toronto represents the fifth-largest municipal government in North America. It has two budgets: theoperating budget, which is the cost of operating programs, services, and the cost of governing; and thecapital budget, which covers the cost of building and the upkeep of infrastructure. The City's capital budget and plan for 2019–2028 isCA$40.67 billion.[9]
Under theCity of Toronto Act, the Toronto government cannot run a deficit for its annualoperating budget.[10] The city's revenues include 33% from property tax, 6% from the land transfer tax, subsidies from theCanadian federal government and theOntario provincial government, and the rest from other revenues and user fees.[9]
The council has set the limit of debt charges not to exceed 15% of the property tax revenues.[11] The city has an AAcredit rating fromStandard & Poor's, and an Aa1 credit rating fromMoody's.[12][13][14] Toronto's debt stood at $3.9 billion at the end of 2016.[15] Capital expenditures are 39% funded from debt.[15]
The City of Toronto was incorporated in 1834, succeedingYork, which was administered directly by the then-province ofUpper Canada. The new city was administered by an elected council, which served a one-year term. The first mayor, chosen by the elected councillors, wasWilliam Lyon Mackenzie. The firstby-law passed wasAn Act for the preventing & extinguishing of Fires.[16] The first mayor directly elected to the post wasAdam Wilson, elected in 1859. Through 1955 the term of office for the mayor and the council was one year; it then varied between two and three years until a four-year term was adopted starting in 2006. (SeeList of Toronto municipal elections.)
To finance operations, the municipality levied property taxes. In 1850, Toronto also started levying income taxes.[17] Toronto levied personal income taxes until 1936, and corporate income taxes until 1944.[18]
Until 1914, Toronto grew by annexing neighbouring municipalities such asParkdale andSeaton Village. After 1914, Toronto stopped annexing bordering municipalities, although some municipalities overwhelmed by growth requested it. After World War II, an extensive group of suburban towns and townships surrounded Toronto. Change to the legal structure came in 1954, with the creation of the Municipality ofMetropolitan Toronto (known more popularly as "Metro"). This new metropolitan government, which encompassed Toronto and the surrounding Towns ofForest Hill,Leaside,Long Branch,Mimico,New Toronto,Swansea,Weston, and the Townships ofEast York,Etobicoke,North York,Scarborough, andYork, was created by the Government of Ontario to support suburban growth. This new municipality could borrow money on its own for capital projects and it received taxes from all municipalities including Toronto, which meant that the Toronto tax base was now available to support the suburban growth. The new metropolitan government built highways, water systems and public transit, while the thirteen townships, villages, towns, and cities continued to provide some local services to their residents. To manage the yearly upkeep of the new infrastructure, the new Metro government levied its own property tax, collected by the local municipalities.[19]
On January 1, 1967, several of the smaller municipalities were amalgamated with larger ones, reducing their number to six. Forest Hill and Swansea became part of Toronto; Long Branch, Mimico, and New Toronto joined Etobicoke; Weston merged with York, and Leaside amalgamated with East York. The five restructured municipalities outside Toronto were givenborough status and later upgraded (except East York) to city status between 1979 and 1983. This arrangement lasted until 1998.[20]
Although a referendum of the Metro municipalities showed broad opposition, the Ontario government passed theCity of Toronto Act, 1996, which spelled the demise of the Metro Toronto federation. During 1997, the municipalities of Metro were placed under provincial trusteeship. On January 1, 1998, Metro and its constituent municipalities were dissolved, replaced by the single-tier "megacity" of Toronto, which is the successor of the previous City of Toronto.[19]Mel Lastman, the long-time mayor of North York before the amalgamation, became thefirst mayor (62nd overall) of the amalgamated city.
Existing by-laws of the individual municipalities were retained until new citywide by-laws could be written and enacted. New citywide by-laws have since been enacted, although many of the individual differences were continued, applying only to the districts where the by-laws applied, such as winter sidewalk clearing and garbage pickup. The existing city halls of the various municipalities were retained by the new corporation for various purposes. The City of York's civic centre became a court office. The existing 1965 City Hall of Toronto became the city hall of the amalgamated city, while Metro Hall, the seat of the former Metro government, is used as municipal office space. The community councils (unique among Ontario's cities) of Etobicoke–York, North York and Scarborough meet in their respective pre-existing municipal buildings.
In 2018, just beforethat year's provincial election, the Ontario government of Doug Ford passed theBetter Local Government Act, which redefined the number and representation of Toronto City Council. The number of councillors was reduced to 25, and council districts were defined that matched provincial electoral districts. The passage took place during the ongoing election campaign and spurred a number of lawsuits by potential candidates and a referral to the Ontario courts of the act's constitutionality. Its constitutionality was upheld and the reduced number of councillors was elected.
In 2022, the Ford government passed theStrong Mayors, Building Homes Act, which redefined the powers of the mayor of Toronto. Under the act, the mayor could overrule a motion of City Council that had less than a 66 percent plurality. Ostensibly introduced to allow the passage of bylaws that would increase the supply of housing in Toronto, the act received considerable criticism as anti-democratic. The mayor at the time, John Tory, supported the law[21] and pledged to continue to act by consensus.[22]
Toronto City Council is the primary decision making body defined in theCity of Toronto Act. A number of divisions (core public service, or "Toronto Public Service"; responsible to the city council through the city manager), agencies (responsible through their relevant boards), and corporations (municipally owned through the city council) administer programs and services as directed by the city council.[23][24][25][26]
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