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| Golden pheasant | |
|---|---|
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| Male at Kuala Lumpur Bird Park,Malaysia | |
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| Captive female inSvalöv, Sweden | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Genus: | Chrysolophus |
| Species: | C. pictus |
| Binomial name | |
| Chrysolophus pictus | |
| Synonyms | |
Phasianus pictusLinnaeus, 1758 | |
Thegolden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), also known as theChinese pheasant, andrainbow pheasant, is agamebird of the orderGalliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the familyPhasianidae (pheasants). The genus name is fromAncient Greekkhrusolophos, "with golden crest", andpictus isLatin for "painted" frompingere, "to paint".[2]
The golden pheasant wasformally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalistCarl Linnaeus in thetenth edition of hisSystema Naturae under thebinomial namePhasianus pictus. He specified thetype location as China.[3][4] The specific epithetpictus isLatin meaning "painted".[5] The golden pheasant is now placed withLady Amherst's pheasant in the genusChrysolophus that was introduced in 1834 by the English zoologistJohn Edward Gray.[6]
The adult male is approximately 100 cm (39 in) in length, with its tail accounting for two-thirds of the total length, and around 500–700 g (1–2 lb) in weight. Its coloration is characterized by a goldencrest and rump and by a bright red body. It possess an orange ruff or "cape" on the back that can be spread in display, appearing as an alternating black and orange fan that covers all of the face except for the eyes. The eye is bright yellow, with a pinpoint black pupil. The face, throat, chin, and the sides of neck are rusty tan. The wattles and orbital skin are both yellow. The upper back is green and the rest of the back and rump is golden-yellow. The tertiary feathers on the wings are blue, whereas the scapulars are dark red. The central tail feathers are black spotted with cinnamon, while the tip of the tail is a cinnamon buff. The upper tail coverts are the same colour as the central tail feathers. The male also has ascarlet breast, and scarlet and light chestnut flanks and underparts. Lower legs and feet are a dull yellow.[7]
The adult female (hen) is 60–80 cm (24–31 in) in length and weighs around 350 g (1 lb). Her tail is proportionally longer, and makes up roughly half of her total length. She is much less showy than the male, with a duller mottled brownplumage similar to that of the femalecommon pheasant, but is darker and more slender. The female's breast and sides are barred buff and blackish brown, and the abdomen is plain buff. She has a buff face and throat. Some abnormal females may later in their lifetime develop some male plumage. Both males and females have yellow legs and yellow bills.[7]
The golden pheasant is native to forests in mountainous areas of westernChina, but feral populations have been established in theUnited Kingdom,Canada, theUnited States,Mexico,Colombia,Peru,Bolivia,Chile,Argentina,Uruguay, theFalkland Islands,Germany,Belgium, theNetherlands,France,Ireland,Australia andNew Zealand.[8] In England they may be found inEast Anglia in the dense forest landscape of theBreckland as well asTresco on theIsles of Scilly.[citation needed]
Golden pheasants were introduced toMaui, inHawaii, at some point before their first detection in 1996. The original birds were released inThe Nature Conservancy's Waikamoi Preserve, where the founder population has shown evidence of reproductive behavior. Secondary groups were later recorded inHanawï Natural Area Reserve andHaleakalä National Park, where they most probably arrived through dispersal from Waikamoi. Overall, the pheasants inhabit areas between 1,700–2,400 m (5,577–7,874 ft) on the windward slope of the island.[9]
Golden pheasants feed on the ground on grain, leaves andinvertebrates, but they roost in trees at night. During winter, flocks tend to forage close to human settlements at the edge of forest, taking primarily wheat leaves and seeds.[10] While they can fly clumsily in short bursts, they prefer to run and spend most of their time on the ground. This type of flying is commonly known as "flapping flight" and is due to a lack of a deep layer of M. pectoralis pars thoracicus and the tendon that attaches to it. This muscle is commonly attributed to the stabilization of flight in other birds; however, the absence of this deep layer causes this mode of "flapping flight" is simply a mechanism that it shares with other ground birds in order to escape predators. However, they would rather prefer to simply run away and hide from their predators rather than to fly.[11]
Golden pheasants lay 8 to 12eggs at a time and will then incubate these for around 22–23 days. They tend to eat berries, grubs, seeds and other types ofvegetation.[citation needed]
The male has a metallic call in the breeding season.[citation needed]
The golden pheasant is commonly found in zoos and aviaries, but often as hybrid specimens that have the similarLady Amherst's pheasant in their lineage.[7]
There are also different mutations of the golden pheasant known from birds in captivity, including the dark-throated, yellow, cinnamon, salmon, peach, splash, mahogany and silver. In aviculture, the wild type is referred to as "red-golden" to differentiate it from these mutations.[citation needed]
The coloration in the feathers can be an indication to the genetic quality of the male golden pheasant. Hue, brightness, and chroma are usually measured to see color differences. results show that heterozygosity of the most polymorphic major histocompatibility complex locus was highly related with the chroma and brightness of the feathers.[citation needed]
