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Ching Hai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vietnamese spiritual teacher
For other topics with a similar-sounding name, seeQinghai (disambiguation).

Ching Hai
Ching Hai inSydney (1993)
Born
Hue Dang Trinh

(1950-05-12)12 May 1950 (age 74)
NationalityBritish,
formerlyVietnamese
Known forSpirituality,mysticism,poetryEntrepreneur
Notable workBook:The Key of Immediate Enlightenment,Supreme Master TV,Loving Hut
MovementQuan Yin Method
Websitegodsdirectcontact.org
Supreme Master Ching Hai
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese[1]
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaningClear Ocean Immeasurable Teacher[note 1]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQīng Hǎi Wú Shàng Shī
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetThanh Hải Vô Thượng Sư[2]

Ching Hai (bornTrịnh Đăng Huệ;[note 2] 12 May 1950), commonly referred to asSuma orSupreme Master Ching Hai, is aBritish citizen ofVietnamese descent; ahumanitarian,philanthropist,[3][4][5][6] and thespiritual leader[7] of theGuanyin Famen (Chinese) or Quan Yin method transnationalcybersect. The practice had existed predating the common usage of the internet.[7][8][9][10] Based out ofTaiwan, she is estimated to have 2 million followers worldwide.[11][12]Ching Hai founded theLoving Hutvegan restaurant chain and vegan Celestial Shop fashion company under Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association.[13][14]

Life and career

[edit]

Ching Hai was born to a Vietnamese mother and anethnic Chinese father,[15] on 12 May 1950 in a small village in theQuảng Ngãi Province in Vietnam.[16] At the age of 18, she moved to England to study and later to France and then Germany, where she worked for theRed Cross.[17] In 1969, she began a relationship with a German scientist.[7][18] They married, but separated after two years to focus on spiritualism and she moved to India to study different religions.[16] In 1979, she met aBuddhist monk in Germany whom she followed for three years, but his monastery denied entry to women.[18]

Ching Hai attempted to buy a copy of theBhagavad Gita from a bookshop near theGanges. Despite the shopkeepers' assertions that they did not have a copy, an extensive search revealed one in a sealed box. This led to rumours of her having athird eye circulating by 1982.[8] In 1983, she met a Vietnamese Buddhist monk inTaiwan named Jing-Xing, who ordained her in 1984 as "Thanh Hai", meaning "pure ocean".[18]

According to her official biography, Ching Hai was born to a well-offnaturopathic family inÂu Lạc, Hanoi, Vietnam. Though raised as aRoman Catholic, she learned the basics of Buddhism from her grandmother. A Himalayas spiritual teacher showed her a particular meditation method which she namedQuan Yin method.[19]

According to Ting Jen-Chieh (Ding Renjie), assistantresearch fellow in the Institute of Ethnology,Academia Sinica, by the early 1990s Ching Hai was at odds with the Buddhist establishment in Taiwan. Rather than submit to their demands, she severed all connections to Buddhist organizations, abandoned the traditional robe, grew out her hair, dressed fashionably, and set out to create her own independent group.[20]

Currently, Ching Hai doesn't operate under the guise of traditional Buddhism. Her home page calls her "Supreme Master Ching Hai, a renowned humanitarian, artist, and spiritual leader" (lingxiu daoshi 領袖道士). Her current irreverence for religious traditions in general, have made her more synonymous to aZen master.[20]

Transpersonal psychologist, Timothy Conway writes: "Though Ching Hai can be stern from time to time with her disciples, she often can be seen happily singing simple, romantic folksongs with them for hours at a time. This attractive blend of power and simplicity, virtue and joy, has many people revering Ching Hai as a manifestation ofGuan-yin Bodhisattva".[21] Ching Hai calls her meditation method the Guan Yin (Chinese) or Quan Yin method because She gave her first public teachings in Taiwan. Quan Yin is a Chinese term that means "observation of the inner vibration".[22]

Her meditation centres in American cities such as Los Angeles benefit from tax-exempt status as religious organizations.[16] She presides over an organization which owns restaurants and sells her jewellery and clothes.[18]

Corporate operations

[edit]

Ching Hai is the founder of theLoving Hut restaurant chain, which in 2017 had 200 locations in 35 countries worldwide.[23] The restaurants are run on a franchise basis, with devotees managing each one and most workers belonging to the movement.[24][25][26]

Her organization's numerous websites are offered in 17 languages. The Celestial Shop "includes a line of Celestial apparel and Celestial jewelry designed by the Master".[8]

Liam D. Murphy, professor ofanthropology atCalifornia State has stated that "Ching Hai is a textbook example of whatsocial scientists call acharismatic prophet" and that theabuse of power over her own members in Loving Hut is a hypothetical possibility “If anyone is in danger...it is usually their own members". Murphy states that the proper term for her movement is not “cult,” but more accurately anew religious movement".[27] TheDatabase of Religious History (University of British Columbia), states regarding Ching Hai's movement "Does the religious group activelyproselytize and recruit new members: No." withsubject-matter expert, anthropologist Stephen Christopher commentating "Not really. Of course Ching Hai herself uses 24 hour satellite TV programming to reach out to potential new recruits. It is more often the case that among theFive Precepts theedict of veganism is most actively promoted as lifestyle worth spreading among non-believers".[28] Christopher writes "The debate about the legitimacy of Ching Hai largely plays out throughcyber forums fromYouTube videos tocult warning websites.Christian missionary groups are particularly interested in debunking Ching Hai even though they may have no direct contact with the organization. These online forums often devolve into misunderstanding and exaggeration and Ching Hai adherents often express hurt and disappointment when they discover such material. Conversely, some adherents have disaffiliated after encountering anti-Ching Hai material".[28]

In 2017,Yahoo.com reported that Chuck McLean, senior research fellow atGuideStar, reviewed the990s of two of the largest American chapters of the group: Los Angeles, which reports over $1.2 million in assets -- more than any other chapter in the US -- and San Jose, the parent organization of more than a dozen chapters across the country. "Taking their Forms 990 at face value, it seems unlikely that anyone is enriching themselves financially through these organizations ... I don't know what the associated business interests are about, but it appears that they give almost all of their money to legitimate causes."[23]

International organizations

[edit]
The Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association Publishing Co. was founded on 1st Fl., No.236, Songshan Rd.,Xinyi District, Taipei,Taiwan.

Ching Hai has founded organizations including the Supreme Master Ching Hai International, World Peace Media, Oceans of Love Entertainment and Supreme Master Television.

In late 2008, Ching Hai launched a media campaign in Australia and New Zealand asking people to "Be Green, Go Veg, Save the Planet".[29]

The Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association has made submissions to theGarnaut Climate Change Review, advocating large cuts to livestock production. Hai is in favor of ameat tax.[30][31]

According to political scientist Patricia Thornton at theUniversity of Oxford, the Ching Hai World Society's heavy reliance on the internet for text distribution, recruitment and information-sharing, marks the group as a transnationalcybersect.[8] Thornton claimed that the source of income behind Hai's numerous business ventures is unknown[8] and that much of the media produced by her television programmes is heavily self-referential and promotional and aims to "build a public record of recognition for group activities."[8]

Anthropologist Saskia Abrahms-Kavunenko atMax Weber Center for Advanced Cultural and Social Studies stated that similar toRavi Shankar movement, Ching Hai group generally don't self identify as a religion and are veryecumenical. Abrahms-Kavunenko has also noted that while in the field inMongolia, Hai's group especially viaSupreme Master Television 24 hour broadcast is influencing many Buddhists ideas on meditation and enlightenment, even though they are not sure of the authenticity of her claims.[32]

InProminent Nuns: Influential Taiwanese Voices (CrossCurrents 2011), Religious studiesResearch associate Jennifer Eichman of theCentere of Buddhist Studies atSOAS University of London summarizes: While to some, Ching Hai's movement is considered BuddhistHeresy and to others aNew Age religious organization. Accusations of being aCult group have been made repeatedly over the years, especially in newspaper articles and by cult watchers. Ching Hai's response to this accusation is that participants were free to leave at any time.[20]

In Eichman's own view, as infuriating as Hai's persona, her materialism and unsystematic religious synthesizing is to the Taiwanese Buddhist community and to others who have called her a cult leader, when we set aside her Buddhist roots and compare her work to that of an ever-changing array of self-made gurus, spiritual guides and newly formed religions that make up the New Age marketplace, it becomes evident that Ching Hai's work is neither the most radical nor innovative. She states that the controversies swirling around Ching Hai should not stop us from noting just how gutsy it was for her to strike out on her own, and with her unusual prominence as a female spiritual leader, Ching Hai in effect demonstrates her ability to compete in a spiritual arena dominated largely by men. And we should be open to the idea that not all female leaders will remain within the religious mainstream.[20]

Humanitarian aid and philanthropy

[edit]

A 1996United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs report states "Published criticisms of Ching Hai generally fail to credit her organization's good works. Her members reportedly are active in manyhumanitarian andcharitable causes...Ching Hai's greatest humanitarian activity continues to be working for the more than 20,000Vietnamese refugees still in camps dispersed throughout Southeast Asia." The report also lists humanitarian aid to the victims of:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, theGreat Flood of 1993 in the United States and the 1995food shortage crisis inCambodia.[3] According to a report issued by theInformation Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Hong Kong: Prior to the 1997Handover of Hong Kong, Hai donated 6 million dollars to Vietnamese refugees and other people who needed help.[33]

Upon receiving theGusi Peace Prize in 2006, Political journalist Fel Maragay wrote in theManila Standard that while "to her disciples and admirers, she is a messenger from the world of spirituality who has set the directions their lives aright by teaching them “method of enlightenment” through meditation", to the people she provides humanitarian assistance; "she is agood Samaritan who has come to theirsuccor during times of natural calamities. She has always carried out her charitable mission withoutfanfare in any country hit by major disasters.".[17]

ReliefWeb cites Hai Humanitarian aid to the victims of1996 Bangladesh tornado,[34] the2009 Namibia floods,[35] the2015 European migrant crisis via theCroatian Red Cross[36] and in 2017 toSouth Sudanese refugees via theSudanese Red Crescent.[37] Humanitarian aid has also been reported in local news outlets inFlorida (USA) duringHurricane Ian,[38] 2011 flood victims inBelize[39] 2018Northern Province floods in Sri Lanka,[40] 2020Covid-19 support forGhana Red Cross Society,[41][42] 2022Assam floods in India.[43] In Taiwan, Hai has been active inHomeless street outreach.[44][45][46] In 2018 Lu Wei-Ching,deputy mayor ofNew Taipei City stated that "the Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association has always paid attention to the disadvantaged, and usually donates all kinds of clothes and shoes to the homeless.".[47] Hai's website chronologically lists 1663 overall donations and instances of humanitarian aid between the years 1989 to 2018.[48]

Hai has created a series of awards under theUmbrella title "World Shining Awards",[49][50][51][52][53] "...to recognize some of the most exemplary, generous, caring, and courageous people who walk amongst us and go beyond the call of duty to help others unconditionally".[54][55] A representative of Hai Association stated toThe Washington Post that "An association committee selects individuals and organizations for donations based on their efforts to help others....Hai provides the money for the awards from the proceeds of her businesses, which include jewelry, clothing and vegetarian restaurants".[56]

Award recipients included organizations such as theDepartment of Environmental Affairs (South Africa) of its efforts to protectSeals,[57] theIranian Red Crescent Society, for its humanitarian aid to victims of the2008 Sichuan earthquake.[58] andInternational Animal Rescue Indonesia for its work saving critically endangered orangutans inBorneo,protecting rainforest habitats and encouraging sustainable community development.[59] Or to individuals, such as a young boy fromOhio who bought specialharnesses toPolice dogs,[60] a lady from India for inventing non violentsilksaris.[61]

Quan Yin method

[edit]

Ching Hai first demonstrated the "Immeasurable Light Meditation Center and the Way of Sound Contemplation" or Quan Yin method of meditation in Miaoli, Taiwan.[8]

The method involves meditation on the "inner light and the inner sound" ofGod or theBuddha. Ching Hai claims that theBible acknowledged the existence of this method: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (John 1:1) and that this Word is the Inner Sound.[62] Hai states that it has been repeatedly re-used by most major religions.[16] As an example, in Buddhism, she refers to theŚūraṅgama Sūtra,where Avalokitesvara says that he attainedenlightenment through concentration on the subtle inner sound, and then Buddha asserts "That is how enlightenment is won. Buddhas as many as theGanges’ sand entered this one gateway toNirvana. All pastTathagatas have achieved this method. AllBodhisattvas now enter this perfection. All who practice in the future should rely on thisDharma.”.[63]

The Quan Yin method "Full Initiation" involves a life-long commitment to avegan diet, adherence to theFive Precepts ofBuddhism and at least two hours meditation daily. "Quick initiation" or "Convenient Method", requires a half hour's meditation daily and abstinence from meat for ten days each month.[64]

A 2015Immigration and Refugee Board of CanadaResearch report states "Sources characterize Guanyin Famen [Quan Yin] as a Buddhist group (Dui Hua Foundation 29 Aug. 2013; US 10 Oct. 2009, 115) or a "Taiwan-based sect" of Buddhism (ibid.)".[65]

ThailandMahidol University International Collegecomparative religion studiessyllabus classifies Hai'ssect as aReligious movement withinMahayana Buddhism, alongsideThích Nhất Hạnh andTzu Chi movements.[66]

Transpersonal psychologist andAdvaita Vedanta scholar Timothy Conway writes "While she was in deepspiritual retreat in theIndian Himalayas, under a very old teacher who evidently taught the way ofSurat Sabda Yoga (as found in theRadhasoāmi tradition)", this finalenlightenment evidently dawned. After her breakthrough, Ching Hai continued to practice deep meditation for many months, then went to Taiwan". Conway lists Hai in the "Women of Buddhism" section of his Narrative EncyclopedicSourcebook "Women of Spirit: Saints, Teachers, Healers, Sisterhoods and Goddesses of East and West".[21]

TheWorld Religions and Spirituality Project has written "Ching Hai’s teaching against violence towards animals is very similar toSikhism, but her meditation teachings resemble Buddhism, and herCatholic background enables her to incorporateChristian Bible teachings as well.".[62]

Religious studies scholar Jennifer Eichman notes that this particular meditation method is not part of the standard Buddhist repertoire. Hai's modified synthesis of the method is primarily in Christian-Buddhist jargon with a sprinkling of Hindu ideas. Ching Hai is more likely to cite the Bible than Hindu texts. Ching Hai claims, following standardZen doctrine, that everyone is the Buddha; they simply need to realize this fact. In a departure from Christian doctrine, Ching Hai claims that God is not the creator of humans; ratherkarmic accumulation is responsible for the repeated transmigration of the soul.[20]

KoreanDahnhakQigong expert Kim Tae-young, author of the popularLeading Experience guidebooks (in Korean) — published in 102 volumes since 1990,[67] has written inLeading Experience vol 37 (1997) thatQuan Chi (concentrating onChi) andQuan Nian, (observingconceptions) are more familiar terms than the termQuan Yin (observation of the inner vibration). Kim at that time; an initiate of Hai's "Convenient Method" explains "Quan Yin signifies the practice of observing sound in the literal sense. It is not the crude vibratory sound of matter we hear from the outside, but the deepest inner sound heard from the real self and the Truth". Regarding Hai'sMaster lineage, Kim stated: Ching Hai rarely speaks about her MasterKhuda Ji.[68][22][69]

In 1999, attending and reviewingImmediate Enlightenment, Eternal Liberation seminar InIreland, part of Ching Hai's 1999 European Lecture Tour,[70]Dominican Orderpriest Louis Hughes,chairperson ofDialogue Ireland aChristian countercult ministry,[71][72] raises the question of the true origins of Ching Hai's teaching: "In a brief autobiography she [Hai] explains that her significant spiritual experience came about as a result of time spent in theHimalayas where she discovered 'the Quan Yin Method and the Divine Transmission'. Nowhere in the movement's literature is any mention made of how she came upon this enlightenment. Enquiring from one of herretinue as to who Ching Hai's teacher was, yielded the vague reply. 'Khuda Ji – he lives in a cave in the Himalayas – maybe has left his body now.' Suchreticence in regards to the identity of one's initiating guru is quite unusual amongOriental religious teachers".[64]

Religious studies scholars,Michael York and others, include Ching Hai in the Indiancontemporary Sant Mat movements, where the method is calledSurat Shabd Yoga. While adhering to formless devotion (Nirguna Brahman), the initiation of the method from a lineage guru or master is paramount.[73][74] Professor of religious studies at theUniversity of LancasterChristopher Partridge wrote that Ching Hai visited India and was initiated byThakar Singh, aRuhani Satsang Sant Mat master.[7][74] InvestigatorTerry Lenzner reported in the 1996Committee on Governmental Affairs "Hue [Ching Hai] reportedly hid her association with Thakar Singh when she arrived in Taiwan in October 1983 because it would have prevented her from becoming fullyordained in the Buddhist order".[75] Professor of philosophyDavid C. Lane, a controversial disciple ofCharan Singh aRadha Soami Satsang Beas Sant Mat Master,[76] stated in his 2017 essay "Studying Cults, A Forty-Year Reflection" that "Ching Hai, tried to deny for many years her close association with the notorious shabd yoga guru, Thakar Singh, since she didn't want to be tainted by her former guru's sexual exploits".[77][78]

In an article titled "The Master from the Himalayan Cloud" published inSupreme Master Ching Hai News Magazine vol 79 (February 1997), Ching Hai stated while she did practicesurat shabd yoga and attended differentashrams in the past, the master who gave her the final and breakthrough transmission was a master she called Khuda Ji, whom she encountered on a her spiritual journey in theHimalayas.[79]

Ban in China

[edit]
See also:Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

The Quan Yin method and Ching Hai's group is banned in China since 1995.[80][8] In 1996, authorities discovered a list of several thousand practitioners. "Following an investigation into the sect, its beliefs, and activities, party authorities concluded that the organization was fundamentally anti-communist and labeled it a 'reactionary religious organization.'"[8]

The Chinese government labeled the group asxiejiao, roughly translating to "evil cult" but clarified in 2000 as meaning any group that:

a. establishes an illegal organization in the name of religion, qigong, etc.;
b.deifies its leaders;
c. initiates and spreads superstitions and heterodox beliefs;
d. utilizes various means to fabricate and spread superstitions and heterodox [or cultic] beliefs to excite doubts and deceive the people, and recruit and control its members by various means;

e. engages in disturbing social order in an organized manner that brings injury to the lives and properties of the citizens.[80]

Further, in 2017 the China Anti-Cult website listed Guanyin method as one of eleven "dangerous groups".[80]

In 2002, the manager of the Wuhan Zhongzhi Electric Testing Equipment Company was accused by the Chinese authorities of using the business as a cover to "supportheresies" associated with the Quan Yin method.[8] The enterprise supported thirty practitioners who "masqueraded as employees and business associates." The manager was charged with using the company's offices and buildings as "retreat sites", organizing "initiations" and "screenings" to recruit members, and illegally printing and distributing more than 6,000 copies of heretical texts.[8]

Ban in Vietnam

[edit]
See also:Freedom of religion in Vietnam

The Vietnamese Magazine's Religion Bulletin – January 2020, states "The Vietnamese government views all developing religions today as heresy". Methods of suppression: preventing proselytization, imprisoning proselytizers, forcing citizens to sign vows to abandon their religion.[81][82]

According to an official statement by Vietnamese authorities:

“Activities spreading superstition affect the social fabric. They have the clearest and broadest influence on the population in places where these new religions (heresy, strange faiths) appear: Supreme Master Ching Hai, Long Hoa Maitreya, Treasured Temple of the Three Religions, Protestant Word of Life…”

A publication of theCentral Propaganda Committee divided these “heretical religions” into three groups. The first two groups included religions that sprung up locally fromProtestant foundations and Buddhist foundations. The third group contains those religions that were imported from overseas, such as Supreme Master Ching Hai.[81]

Controversies

[edit]

InUncompletedTransitional Justice in Taiwan: Repression of Religious and Spiritual Minorities and the Tai Ji Men Case, Associate professor ofBusiness administration atShih Chien University, Cheng-An Tsai wrote "After 1987 [in Taiwan], apost-authoritarian regime followed, which proclaimed religious liberty but still persecuted religious movements perceived as hostile to the ruling party. In 1996, after thefirst direct presidential election, the Taiwanese government launched apolitical purge, targeting religious and spiritual groups that did not show support for the president in power during the election. The crackdown hit several of the largest religious movements active in Taiwan, includingFo Guang Shan,Chung Tai Shan, Tai Ji Men, the TaiwanZen Buddhist Association, theSung Chi-Li Miracle Association, and later Guanyin Famen [Ching Hai Association]".[83] Cheng-An Tsai added "Liao Zheng-Hao Minister of Justice, actively carried out the “religious crackdown” to purge dissidents including: investigations, tax inspections by theNational Taxation Bureau, assets seizure, demolitions of “illegal” structures, and exorbitant fines. This elaborate campaign required the mobilization of a large number of media, judicial organs, national tax authorities, and so on.Angry ex-members were encouraged to make vague accusations, each of which guaranteed a good three weeks of media headlines. The crackdown was supported by the media, most of which were not independent from the ruling politicians.".[84] In 2019, speaking in a freedom of religion conference in Taiwan, Li JianzhongJudge and president of theShilinDistrict court in Taipe, mentioned that the series of religious suppression incidents in 1996, of Song Qili, Miaotian, Taijimen, Supreme Master Ching Hai, and many other groups that have been targeted: Some lawsuits have been going on for more than 20 years. "They have been prosecuted for "fraud" related to criminal matters. After careful judicial trials, all of them were found not guilty".[85]SET News reported that in 1996Miaoli County government demolished an illegal building in Hai's meditation center and that it was searched by prosecutors and police on a large scale, but in the end she was not prosecuted due to insufficient evidence.[86]ETtoday quoted Hai followers stating "Why did the investigation bureau spend so much manpower, but finally closed the case? because there was no victim".[87]

In 1996 Hai'sAmerican followers[88] donated $640,000 toBill Clinton's PresidentialLegal Defense Fund which the trust returned. Following the1996 United States campaign finance controversy the fund took caution to what it deemed "suspicious" funding sources.[89][90] Mark Csikszentmihalyi, Professor &Chair ofInternational studies atUC, Berkeley wrote "Are donations from charismatic Buddhists one whit more threatening than those fromPat Robertson?" Csikszentmihalyi described the alleged controversy asscapegoating members of minority religious groups in order to divert attention from the real problem ofmoney in politics.".[91]

In 2003, park rangers discovered a man-made island and a 330-foot (100 m) long boardwalk that had been illegally constructed inBiscayne National Park inFlorida from Ching Hai's property just inland of the shoreline. The estimated cost to remove the boardwalk,restore the damagedmangrove forest, and remove the several tons of limestone boulders from the environmentally sensitiveseagrass bed, was US$1 million.Miami-Dade seized the property of Ching Hai, known locally under the pseudonym Celestia De Lamour, to help recover the costs of restoration. The following year, park workers demolished the boardwalk and replanted between 400 and 500mangrove trees in the area. The artificial island of boulders remained due to lack of funding to hire a barge, which would cost several hundred thousand dollars. According to the Miami Herald, "Federal agencies still hope to recoup costs from the landowner, but investigators say she and her workers have left the country."[92][93][94] Removing mangroves without a permit is prohibited in Florida and carries a fine.[95] Conversely, in 2010, when theWoodland Trust received a £100,000 donation from Hai's foundation in order to conserve an area ofSnowdonia woodland inWales, and was challenged about the Florida Mangroves incident and criticism, Woodland Trust Spokesperson stated "...the Woodland Trust has procedures to rigorously check out all high value donations against key criteria pertaining to legality and Trust policy.” and that "the Trust always investigated corporate donors to safeguard its reputation. It found nothing untoward about Ching Hai, neither did the group request publicity."[96][97]

She is a supporter of Donald Trump[98] and claimed Trump was a "God-Chosen Leader of America and Bringer of World Peace".[99] Hai supported overturning the results of the 2020 US election.[100]

Awards

[edit]

In popular culture

[edit]

ActressJoanna Ampil portrays Hai, in the 2011Musical "The Real Love". The musical follows Hai life in Germany from when she met her husband (portrayed byAdam Pascal), and her decision to follow her spiritual quest.[117][118]

Bibliography

[edit]
Series / CategoryTitleYearRef.
The Key of Immediate EnlightenmentThe Key of Immediate Enlightenment 11989ISBN 9789866895432
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment 21991ISBN 9789866895111
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment 31992ISBN 9789866895449
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment 41996ISBN 9789866895180
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment 51996ISBN 9781886544550
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment Questions & Answers 11993ISBN 9789866895432
The Key of Immediate Enlightenment Questions & Answers 22001ISBN 9789866895333
SpiritualAphorisms I1995ISBN 9789866895364
I Have Come to Take You Home1995ISBN 9789868263505
Secrets to Effortless Spiritual Practice2005ISBN 9868106125
Of God and Humans—Insights from Bible Stories2006ISBN 9868106168
The Realization of Health-Returning to the Natural and Righteous Way of Living2008ISBN 9789868263536
Aphorisms II2013ISBN 9789866895654
Coloring Our Lives - Keys to Living a Beautiful Life2015ISBN 9789866895319
Love Is The Only Solution2021ISBN 9780578960067
Noble AnimalsThe Birds in My Life2007ISBN 9789866895142
The Dogs in My Life, Vol 12007ISBN 9789868536791
The Dogs in My Life, Vol 22007ISBN 9789866895081
The Noble Wilds2008ISBN 9789868415232
ChildrenMaster Tells Stories1997ISBN 9789868263567
God Takes Care of Everything2003ISBN 9789866895340
Your Halo Is Too Tight!2005ISBN 9572824562
Mission on the Blue Water Planet (Digital)2013[119]
The Underground World of Mars (Digital)2013[120]
Sunny the Fearless (Digital)2014[121]
PoetrySilent Tears[122]1998ISBN 9789866895043
The Dream of A Butterfly[123]2000ISBN 9781886544451
The Lost Memories[124]2001ISBN 9781886544321
Traces of Previous Lives[125]2002ISBN 9781886544383
The Old Time[126]2003ISBN 9781886544161
Wu Tzu Poems[127]2005ISBN 9572824597
Pebbles and Gold[128]2006ISBN 9789868263529
The Love of Centuries[129]2011ISBN 9789866895463

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^* Qīnghǎi wú shàng shī.
    • Thanh Hải Vô Thượng Sư.
    Literally; “Clear Ocean, Immeasurable Teacher”.Winter, Franz (2018)."How to Download the Divine".Online – Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet.13: 133 – via Heidelberg University.
    • Both the Chinese and Vietnamese adjectives: "Immeasurable" are derived from the Sanskrit word "Anuttara" See:Glossary of Buddhism. For the Chinese title Teacher or Master see:Shifu.
  2. ^Vietnamese name consisting of three parts in the following order: a family name, a middle name and a given name.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lukas Pokorny, ed. (2018).Handbook of East Asian new religious movements. Leiden: Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-36297-0.OCLC 1021065075.
  2. ^"Vietnam: Country Report"(PDF).Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, United Kingdom. October 2003. Retrieved6 June 2023.
  3. ^abSenate Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Congress (1998).Investigation of Illegal Or Improper Activities in Connection with 1996 Federal Election Campaign: Final Report. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2798.
  4. ^"Anual report"(PDF).American Red Cross. 2020. p. 26.
  5. ^Archives, L. A. Times (19 January 1999)."CHARITY SCORECARD".Los Angeles Times. Retrieved1 May 2024.
  6. ^"President of the Republic of Slovenia > Reception of Supreme Master Ching Hai".www2.gov.si. Retrieved1 May 2024.
  7. ^abcdPartridge, Christopher (2004)New Religions: A GuideOxford University Press, p. 263-264
  8. ^abcdefghijkThornton, Patricia M. (2008)."Manufacturing Dissent in Transnational China: Boomerang, Backfire or Spectacle?". In Kevin J. O'Brien (ed.).Popular Protest in China. Harvard University Press. pp. 179–204 – via www.academia.edu.
  9. ^"Taipei Review".Taiwan Review.51 (7–11). Kwang Hwa Publishing Company. 2001. Retrieved31 January 2020.
  10. ^Schumacher, Elizabeth (13 August 2018)."Vegan restaurants run by cult leader who 'speaks to God' | DW | 13.08.2018".Deutsche Welle.Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved31 January 2020.
  11. ^"China : Treatment of Guanyin Famen practitioners (Kuan Yin Famen, Guanyin Method, Quanyin Famen, Way of the Goddess of Mercy, Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association)".Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 14 August 2015.Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved31 January 2020.
  12. ^Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011).The Religious Question in Modern China. University of Chicago Press. p. 292.ISBN 978-0-226-30416-8. Retrieved31 January 2020.
  13. ^Chua-Eoan, Howard (20 January 1997)."The Buddhist Martha".Time. Archived fromthe original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved8 March 2010.
  14. ^Maragay, Fel V. (20 November 2006)."Master of charity".Manila Standard Today.Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved8 March 2007.
  15. ^"The Dui Hua Foundation-Dialogue – Issue 52: The "Cult" of Buddha".Dui Hua Foundation. 29 August 2013. Retrieved6 June 2023.
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  122. ^Hai, Ching (1988).Silent Tears (5th ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9789866895043.
  123. ^Hai, Ching (2000).The Dream of a Butterfly (2nd ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9781886544451.
  124. ^Hai, Ching (2001).The Lost Memories (1st ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9781886544321.
  125. ^Hai, Ching (2002).Traces of Previous Lives. SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9781886544383.
  126. ^Hai, Ching (2003).The Old Time. SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9781886544161.
  127. ^Hai, Ching (2005).Wu Tzu Poems (2nd ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9572824597.
  128. ^Hai, Ching (2006).Pebbles and Gold (2nd ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9789868263529.
  129. ^Hai, Ching (2011).The Love of Centuries (1st ed.). SMCHIA Publishing Co.ISBN 9789866895463.

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