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Party leaders of theUnited States House of Representatives, also known asfloor leaders, arecongresspeople who coordinate legislative initiatives and serve as the chief spokespersons for their parties on the House floor. These leaders are elected every two years in secret balloting of theirparty caucuses or conferences: theHouse Democratic Caucus and theHouse Republican Conference.[1] Depending on which party is in power, one party leader serves asmajority leader and the other asminority leader.
Unlike theSenate majority leader, the House majority leader is the second highest-ranking member of their party's House caucus, behind thespeaker of the House.[2] The majority leader is responsible for setting the annual legislative agenda, scheduling legislation for consideration, and coordinating committee activity.[3] The minority leader serves as floor leader of the opposition party, and is the minority counterpart to the speaker. The minority leader also speaks for the minority party in the House and its policies, and works to protect the minority party's rights.[3]
Theassistant majority leader andassistant minority leader of the House, commonly calledwhips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership. The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues.[4]
With theRepublicans holding a majority of seats and theDemocrats holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority LeaderSteve Scalise ofLouisiana and Majority WhipTom Emmer ofMinnesota, Minority LeaderHakeem Jeffries ofNew York, and Minority WhipKatherine Clark ofMassachusetts.[5]
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The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a closed-doorcaucus bysecret ballot.[6] The speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incomingspeaker, although not formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority party's caucus. After this period, the speaker-designate is also chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although the speaker is formally elevated to the position by a public vote of the entire House when Congress reconvenes.
Like the speaker of the House, the minority leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. WhenNancy Pelosi,D-CA, became minority leader in the108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly 20 years and had served asminority whip in the107th Congress.[7] When her predecessor,Dick Gephardt,D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for almost 20 years, had served as chairman of theDemocratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988presidential candidate, and had beenmajority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the House in the November1994 elections.[8] Gephardt's predecessor in the minority leadership position wasRobert Michel,R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House.[9] Michel's predecessor, RepublicanJohn Rhodes of Arizona, was elected minority leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.[10]
By contrast,party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that chamber, such asLyndon B. Johnson,William Knowland,Tom Daschle, andBill Frist.
Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the chairman of theHouse Ways and Means Committee, the most powerful committee in the House, as it generates the bills ofrevenue specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power.[11] However, this designation (begun under SpeakerHenry Clay during the12th United States Congress) was informal, and after 1865, alternated between the Ways and Means Committee Chair and theHouse Appropriations Committee Chair after the latter committee was split from the former.[12] By at least 1850, theSenate andHouse Republican Conferences and theSenate andHouse Democratic Caucuses began naming chairs (although conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority).[13]
The office of majority leader was created in 1899 and first occupied bySereno Payne.[14] SpeakerDavid B. Henderson created the position to establish a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had become more prominent and thesize of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356.[15][16]
Starting with RepublicanNicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the speakership after the incumbent surrenders the position. The only exceptions during this period wereCharles A. Halleck, who served as majority leader from 1947–1949 and again from 1953–1955 and did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the1948 and1954 House elections, respectively, and would not regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point);Hale Boggs, who served as majority leader from 1971–1973, died in a plane crash; andDick Gephardt, who served as majority leader from 1989–1995, descended to minority leader since his party lost control in the1994 midterm elections.
Since 1995, the only two majority leaders to become speaker areJohn Boehner andKevin McCarthy, though indirectly as their party lost control in the2006 and2018 midterm elections. Boehner subsequently served as House minority leader from 2007 to 2011, and McCarthy served from 2019 to 2023. Both were elected Speaker when the House reconvened after gaining a majority in their respective midterm elections. In 1998, when SpeakerNewt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority LeaderDick Armey nor Majority WhipTom DeLay contested the speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy WhipDennis Hastert.
Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority party in the House, with the majority leader as second-in-command. For example, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the speakership whileEric Cantor succeeded Boehner as majority leader. Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The most recent exception to this rule came when Majority LeaderTom DeLay was considered more prominent than SpeakerDennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.[17]
In contrast, the minority leader is the undisputed leader of the minority party. For example, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2018 elections, McCarthy was elected as minority leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican.
When the presidency and both houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president.[citation needed] For that situation, the House minority leader can play the role of ade facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate minority leader, owing to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.
When the majority leader's party loses control of the House, and if the speaker and majority leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy, convention suggests that they would become the minority leader and minority whip, respectively. As the minority party has one less leadership position after losing the speaker's chair, there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions.Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing speaker seeking the minority leader post to retain the House party leadership, as the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for minority leader in the 112th Congress.[18]
In 2014,Eric Cantor became the first House majority leader to lose aprimary election. Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation as majority leader, effective July 31, 2014,[19][20][21][22][23][24] and he subsequently resigned his seat in Congress.[25]
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The House majority leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the majority leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees.[citation needed]
One statutory duty, per19 U.S.C. § 2191(c)(1), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by thepresident of the United States for afast-track negotiating authority (trade promotion authority)trade agreement must be introduced (by request) in the House by the House majority leader or a designee.
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From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offer a motion to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states theInspector General shall be appointed by joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, after consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.
From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority control of the House. Five principal party activities direct the work of the minority leader.
The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, RepresentativeBertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."[26]
Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.
To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the oppositionfloor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-partycongressional system emerged onCapitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the earliest days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader". Some scholars suggest that RepresentativeJames Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition toTreasury SecretaryAlexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.[27]
During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."[28] In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership onCapitol Hill:
Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."[30] With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader". The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."[31]
In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."[32] However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected DemocratJohn G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakershipJ. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.[33] Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."[34] Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously."[35] RepresentativeThomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed thede facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.[36]
Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."[37] Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-SpeakerJames Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations ChairmanJames A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance."[37] This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.
In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress."[38] Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.[39]
While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,[40] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time.[according to whom?][citation needed][41]
Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve as the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."[44] Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Committee and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to theWays and Means Committee.
Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassedJames R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and electedFrederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to theirprivate bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic SpeakerJoseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker."[45] More recently, althoughRobert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicansregained control of the House in the1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including theContract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.
In the instance when the presidency and both houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of ade facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent president have includedGerald Ford,Richard Gephardt,Nancy Pelosi, andJohn Boehner.
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the Houserule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying outdiverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.
Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the following:
Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a system fordrug testing in the House."
Inspector General. Rule II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly." This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive audit reports of the inspector general.
Questions of Privilege. Under Rule IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as aquestion of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to adjourn." This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions.
Oversight Plans. Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the first session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of thestanding committees along with any recommendations it or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans.
Committee on Standards of Official Conduct: Investigative Subcommittees. Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress."
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall beex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties. (Rule X, clause 11).
Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Under Rule XIII, clause 6, theRules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions.
In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.
The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. They are a member of theDemocratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of theDemocratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads theSteering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.
Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:
A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party'swhip organization.[46]
These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader's overarching objective: retake majority control of the House. "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority LeaderRichard Gephardt, D-MO. "That's what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to do."[47]
Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal.
Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."[48]
Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:
Cooperation. The minority party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor.
Inconsequential Opposition. The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small.
Withdrawal. The minority party chooses not to take a position on an issue, perhaps because of intraparty divisions.
Innovation. The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf.
Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers strong opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own.
Constructive Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes.
Participation. The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-building role with respect to his priorities.[a]
A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay", remarked Minority Leader Gephardt.[49] Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be awinning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.
Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents andswing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try to bring minority priorities to the floor.[50] If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on adischarge petition by attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."[51]
Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message", they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggestedpress releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such ashealth care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present aunited front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor,ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.[52] In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.
Confer With the White House. If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's president in Congress. WhenRobert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents.[53] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their president. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's."[54] Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.[55]
When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for their party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority LeaderGerald Ford, R-MI.[56] Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:
"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.[57]
Ford also teamed withSenate Minority LeaderEverett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party. They met with the press every Thursday following the weekly joint leadership meeting. Ford's predecessor as minority leader,Charles A. Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Show". In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."[58]
Foster Party Harmony. Minority status, by itself, is often an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To hold a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions withrank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said:
Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party.[60] Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for theminority party.
Awhip manages their party'slegislative program on the House floor. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon.
Themajority whip is an elected member of the majorityparty who assists thespeaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposedlegislation. They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of their party behind the speaker and the majority leader.
Theminority whip is a member of the minorityparty who assists the minority leader in coordinating the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. They are reckoned as the second most powerful member of their party, behind the minority leader.
Thechief deputy whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for their party. The current chief deputy majority whip is RepublicanGuy Reschenthaler. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader's post. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by aSenior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus.John Lewis held this post from 1991 until his death in 2020.Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the titleDeputy Whip.[61]
| Congress | Officeholder | District | Term | Party whip | Speaker |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 97th | David F. Emery | ME-01 | 1981–1993 | Trent Lott | Tip O'Neill — Dem majority – |
| 98th | Tom Loeffler | TX-21 | 1983–1987 | ||
| 99th | |||||
| 100th | Edward Rell Madigan | IL-15 | 1987–1989 | Jim Wright[b] Tom Foley[b] — Dem majority – | |
| 101st | Robert Smith Walker[c] | PA-16 | 1989–1995 | Dick Cheney[d] Newt Gingrich[d] | |
| Newt Gingrich | Tom Foley — Dem majority – | ||||
| 102nd | |||||
| 103rd | |||||
| 104th | Dennis Hastert | IL-14 | 1995–1999 | Tom DeLay | Newt Gingrich — GOP majority — |
| 105th | |||||
| 106th | Roy Blunt | MO-07 | 1999–2003 | Dennis Hastert — GOP majority — | |
| 107th | |||||
| 108th | Eric Cantor | VA-07 | 2003–2009 | Roy Blunt | |
| 109th | |||||
| 110th | Nancy Pelosi — Dem majority – | ||||
| 111th | Kevin McCarthy | CA-22 | 2009–2011 | Eric Cantor | |
| 112th | Peter Roskam | IL-06 | 2011–2014 | Kevin McCarthy | John Boehner — GOP majority — |
| 113th[e] | |||||
| Patrick McHenry | NC-10 | 2014–2019 | Steve Scalise | ||
| 114th | Paul Ryan — GOP majority — | ||||
| 115th | |||||
| 116th | Drew Ferguson | GA-03 | 2019–2023 | Nancy Pelosi — Dem majority – | |
| 117th | |||||
| 118th | Guy Reschenthaler | PA-14 | 2023–present | Tom Emmer | Kevin McCarthy[f] |
| Patrick McHenry[g] | |||||
| Mike Johnson[h] — GOP majority — | |||||
| 119th |
| Congress | Officeholder 1 | District | Term | Officeholder 2 | District | Term | Party whip | Speaker |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 108th | John Lewis | GA-05 | 2003–2020[i] | 2nd position not established | Steny Hoyer | Dennis Hastert — GOP majority — | ||
| 109th | ||||||||
| 110th | Jim Clyburn | Nancy Pelosi — Dem majority – | ||||||
| 111th | ||||||||
| 112th | Steny Hoyer | John Boehner — GOP majority — | ||||||
| 113th | ||||||||
| 114th | John Boehner[j] Paul Ryan[j] — GOP majority — | |||||||
| 115th | Paul Ryan — GOP majority — | |||||||
| 116th | Jan Schakowsky | IL-09 | 2019–present | Jim Clyburn | Nancy Pelosi — Dem majority – | |||
| 117th | G. K. Butterfield | NC-01 | 2021–2022[k] | |||||
| 118th | Position abolished | Katherine Clark | Kevin McCarthy[f] Patrick McHenry[g] Mike Johnson[h] — GOP majority — | |||||
| 119th | Mike Johnson — GOP majority — | |||||||
Chief deputy whips (only one each Congress)
| Congress | Officeholder | District | Term | Party whip | Speaker |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 84th | Hale Boggs | LA-02 | 1955–1962[l] | Carl Albert | Sam Rayburn — Dem majority – |
| 85th | |||||
| 86th | |||||
| 87th | |||||
| 87th | Tip O'Neill | MA-08 | 1962–1971[l] | Hale Boggs | John W. McCormack — Dem majority – |
| 88th | |||||
| 89th | |||||
| 90th | |||||
| 91st | |||||
| 92nd | John Brademas | IN-03 | 1971–1973 | Tip O'Neill | Carl Albert — Dem majority – |
| John J. McFall | CA-15 | ||||
| 93rd | John Brademas | IN-03 | 1973–1977 | John J. McFall | |
| 94th | |||||
| 95th | Dan Rostenkowski | IL-08 | 1977–1981 | John Brademas | Tip O'Neill — Dem majority – |
| 96th | |||||
| 97th | Bill Alexander | AR-01 | 1981–1987 | Tom Foley | |
| 98th | |||||
| 99th | |||||
| 100th | David Bonior | MI-12 | 1987–1991 | Tony Coelho | Jim Wright — Dem majority – |
| 101st | Tony Coelho[m] William H. Gray III[m] | Jim Wright[b] Tom Foley[b] — Dem majority – |
Chief deputy whips (more than one each Congress)
The position ofAssistant Democratic Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011, and filled byJim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between then-Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. The title has undergone several name changes, with the title being known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives" during Pelosi's second speakership; it is said to replace theAssistant to the Leader post established in 1999; first held byRosa DeLauro and last held byChris Van Hollen. There is currently no Republican equivalent in theU.S. House of Representatives.
| Congress | Name | District | Title | Term start | Term end | Party leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 106th | Rosa DeLauro | CT-03 | House Democratic Assistant to the Leader | January 3, 1999 | January 3, 2003 | Dick Gephardt |
| 107th | ||||||
| 108th | John Spratt | SC-05 | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2007 | Nancy Pelosi | |
| 109th | ||||||
| 110th | Xavier Becerra | CA-31 | January 3, 2007 | January 3, 2009 | ||
| 111th | Chris Van Hollen | MD-08 | January 3, 2009 | January 3, 2011 | ||
| 112th | Jim Clyburn | SC-06 | House Assistant Democratic Leader | January 3, 2011 | January 3, 2019 | |
| 113th | ||||||
| 114th | ||||||
| 115th | ||||||
| 116th | Ben Ray Luján | NM-03 | Assistant Speaker of theU.S. House of Representatives | January 3, 2019 | January 3, 2021 | |
| 117th | Katherine Clark | MA-05 | January 3, 2021 | January 3, 2023 | ||
| 118th | Jim Clyburn | SC-06 | House Assistant Democratic Leader | January 3, 2023 | March 20, 2024 | Hakeem Jeffries |
| Joe Neguse | CO-02 | March 20, 2024 | present | |||
| 118th | ||||||
| 119th |
The majority and president are included for historical and comparative reference.
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromMark J. Oleszek.The Role of the House Minority Leader: An Overview(PDF).Congressional Research Service.https://jeffries.house.gov/about, official U.S. House website
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