Charleston was founded by the English in 1670 as Charles Town (also spelled Charles Towne and Charlestowne through the end of the 17th century),[11] in honor ofKing CharlesII. The settlement was first established at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River (nowCharles Towne Landing), but it was relocated in 1680 to its present site and within ten years grew to become the fifth-largest city in North America. Charleston remainedunincorporated throughout the colonial period; its government was handled directly by a colonial legislature and a governor sent byParliament. Election districts were organized according toAnglican parishes, and some social services were managed by Anglicanwardens andvestries. Charleston adopted its present spelling upon its incorporation as a city in 1783. Population growth in the interior of South Carolina influenced the removal of the state government toColumbia in 1788, but Charleston remained among the ten largest cities in the United States through the1840 census.[12]
Charleston's significance in American history is tied to its role as a major slave trading port. Charleston slave traders likeJoseph Wragg were the first to break through the monopoly of theRoyal African Company and pioneered the large-scale slave trade of the 18th century; almost one-half of enslaved people imported to the United States arrived in Charleston.[13] In 2018, the city formally apologized for its role in theAmerican slave trade.[14]
A map of the "Several Nations of Indians to the Northwest of South Carolina" or the "Catawba Deerskin Map", an annotated copy of a hand-painted deerskin original made by aCatawba chief forGovernorFrancis Nicholson. "This map describing the scituation [sic] of the several nations of Indians to the NW of South Carolina was coppyed [sic] from a draught [sic] drawn & painted on a deer skin by an Indian Cacique and presented to Francis Nicholason Esqr. Governor of South Carolina by whom it is most humbly dedicated to his Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales".
King Charles II granted the charteredProvince of Carolina to eight of his loyal friends, known as theLords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. In 1670, GovernorWilliam Sayle arranged for several shiploads of settlers fromBermuda andBarbados.[15][16] These settlers established what was then called Charles Town at Albemarle Point, on the west bank of the Ashley River, a few miles northwest of the present-day city center.[17] Charles Town became the first comprehensively planned town in theThirteen Colonies. Its governance, settlement, and development were to follow a visionary plan known as theGrand Model prepared for the Lord's Proprietors byJohn Locke.[18] Because theCarolina's Fundamental Constitutions was never ratified, however, Charles Town was never incorporated during the colonial period. Instead,local ordinances were passed by the provincial government, with day-to-day administration handled by thewardens andvestries ofStPhilip's andStMichael'sAnglicanparishes.[17]
At the time ofEuropean colonization, the area was inhabited by the indigenousCusabo, on whom the settlers declared war in October 1671. The settlers initially allied with theWesto, a northern indigenous tribe that traded in enslaved Indians. The settlers abandoned their alliance with the Westo in 1679 and allied with the Cusabo instead.[19]
The initial settlement quickly dwindled and disappeared while another village—established by the settlers on Oyster Point at the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper rivers around 1672[17]—thrived. In 1680, this second settlement formally replaced the original Charles Town,[20] which today is commemorated asCharles Towne Landing. The second location was more defensible and had access to a fine natural harbor. The new town had become the fifth largest in North America by 1690.[21]
Asmallpox outbreak erupted in 1698, followed by an earthquake in February 1699. The latter caused a fire that destroyed about a third of the town. During rebuilding,[22] ayellow fever outbreak killed about 15% of the remaining inhabitants. Charles Town suffered between five and eight significantyellow fever outbreaks over the first half of the 18th century.
It developed a reputation as one of the least healthy locations in theThirteen Colonies for ethnic Europeans.Malaria was endemic. Although malaria did not have such high mortality as yellow fever, it caused much illness. It was a major health problem throughout most of the city's history before dying out in the 1950s after the use of pesticides cut down on the mosquitoes that transmitted it.[23]
Herman Moll's 1733Town and Harbour of Charles Town in South Carolina, showing the town's defensive walls.
On September 5–6, 1713 (O.S.), a violenthurricane passed over Charles Town. TheCircular Congregational Church manse was damaged during the storm, and church records were lost. Much of Charles Town was flooded as "the Ashley and Cooper rivers became one." At least seventy people died in the disaster.[24][25]
From the 1670s, Charleston attracted pirates. The combination of a weak government and corruption made the city popular with pirates, who frequently visited and raided the city. Charles Town was besieged by the pirateBlackbeard for several days in May 1718. Blackbeard released his hostages and left in exchange for a chest of medicine fromGovernor Robert Johnson.[26]
Around 1719, the town's name began to be generally written as Charlestown[17] and, excepting those fronting the Cooper River, the old walls were largely removed over the next decade. Charlestown was a center for the inland colonization ofSouth Carolina. It remained the southernmost point of theSouthern Colonies until theProvince of Georgia was established in 1732. As noted, the first settlers primarily came fromEurope,Barbados andBermuda. The Barbadian and Bermudan immigrants were planters who brought enslaved Africans with them, having purchased them in theWest Indies.
By 1708, most of the colony's population wereBlack Africans. They had been brought to Charlestown via theAtlantic slave trade, first asindentured servants and then as enslaved people. In the early 1700s, Charleston's largest slave trader,Joseph Wragg, pioneered the settlement's involvement in the slave trade. Of the estimated 400,000 captive Africans transported to North America to be sold into slavery, 40% are thought to have landed atSullivan's Island off Charlestown.Free people of color also migrated from theWest Indies, being descendants of white planters and their Black consorts and unions among the working classes.[29]
In 1767, Gadsden's Wharf was constructed at the city port on the Cooper River; it ultimately extended 840 feet and could accommodate six ships at a time. Many enslaved people were sold from here.[30] Devoted to plantation agriculture that depended on enslaved labor, South Carolina became a slave society: it had a majority-Black population from the colonial period until after theGreat Migration of the early 20th century, when many rural Blacks moved to northern and midwestern industrial cities to escapeJim Crow laws.
Rainbow Row's 13 houses along East Bay Street formed the commercial center of the town in thecolonial period.
At the foundation of the town, the principal items of commerce werepinetimber andpitch forships andtobacco. The early economy developed around thedeerskin trade, in which colonists used alliances with theCherokee andCreek peoples to secure the raw material.
At the same time, Native Americans kidnapped and enslaved each other in warfare. From 1680 to 1720, approximately 40,000 native men, women, and children were sold through the port, principally to theWest Indies such as (Bermuda andthe Bahamas), but also to other Southern colonies.[31] The Lowcountry planters did not keep enslaved Native Americans, considering them too prone to escape or revolt. They used the proceeds of their sale to purchase enslaved Black Africans for their ownplantations.[32] The slave raiding—and the European firearms it introduced—helped destabilizeSpanish Florida andFrench Louisiana in the 1700s during theWar of the Spanish Succession.[32] But it also provoked theYamasee War of the 1710s that nearly destroyed the colony. After that, South Carolina largely abandoned the Indian slave trade.[31]
The area's unsuitability for growingtobacco prompted theLowcountryplanters to experiment with othercash crops. The profitability of growing rice led the planters to pay premiums for enslaved people from the "Rice Coast" who knew its cultivation; their descendants make up the ethnicGullah who created their own culture and language in this area.[33] Slaves imported from the Caribbean showed the planter George Lucas's daughter Eliza how to raise anduseindigo fordyeing in 1747.
Throughout this period, enslaved people were sold aboard the arriving ships or at ad hoc gatherings in the town's taverns.[34] Runaways and minorslave rebellions prompted the1739 Security Act, which required all white men to carry weapons at all times (even to church on Sundays). Before it fully took effect, the Cato orStono Rebellion broke out. The white community had recently been decimated by amalaria outbreak, and the rebels killed about 25 white people before being stopped by the colonial militia. As a result of their fears of rebellion, whites killed a total of 35 to 50 Black people.[35][36]
The planters attributed the violence to recently imported Africans and agreed to a 10-year moratorium on slave importation through Charlestown. They relied for labor upon the slave communities they already held. The1740 Negro Act also tightened controls, requiring a ratio of one white for every ten Blacks on any plantation (which was often not achieved) and banning enslaved people from assembling, growing personal food, earning money, or learning to read.Drums were banned because Africans used them for signaling; enslaved people were allowed to use string and other instruments.[37] When the moratorium expired and Charlestown reopened to the slave trade in 1750, the memory of the Stono Rebellion resulted in traders avoiding buying enslaved people from theCongo andAngola, whose populations had a reputation for independence.
By the mid-18th century, Charlestown was the hub of the Atlantic slave trade in theSouthern Colonies. Even with the decade-long moratorium, its customs processed around 40% of the enslaved Africans brought to North America between 1700 and 1775,[34] and about half up until the end of the African trade.
Theplantations and theeconomy based on them made this the wealthiest city in theThirteen Colonies[38] and the largest in population south ofPhiladelphia. In 1770, the city had 11,000 inhabitants—half enslaved—and was the 4th-largest port in the colonies, afterBoston,New York City, and Philadelphia.
The elite began to use their wealth to encourage cultural and social development. America's first theater building was constructed in 1736; today's Dock Street Theater later replaced it.[39] StMichael's was erected in 1753.[20] Benevolent societies were formed by theHuguenots, free people of color,[c] Germans, and Jews. TheLibrary Society was established in 1748 by well-born young men who wanted to share the financial cost of keeping up with the scientific and philosophical issues of the day.[40]
Delegates for theContinental Congress were elected in 1774, and South Carolina declared its independence from Britain on the steps of theExchange. Slavery was again an important factor in the city's role during theRevolutionary War. The British attacked the settlement three times,[20] assuming that the settlement had a large base ofLoyalists who would rally to their cause once given some military support.[41] The loyalty of white Southerners towardsthe Crown had largely been forfeited, however, by British legal cases (such as the 1772Somersett case which marked the prohibition of slavery inEngland and Wales, a significant milestone in theabolitionist struggle) and military tactics (such asDunmore's Proclamation in 1775) that promised the emancipation of people enslaved by Patriot planters; these efforts did, however, unsurprisingly win the allegiance of thousands ofBlack Loyalists.
Making the capture of Charlestown their chief priority, the British sentSir Henry Clinton, who laidsiege to Charleston on April 1, 1780, with about 14,000 troops and 90 ships.[42] Bombardment began on March 11, 1780. The Patriots, led byBenjamin Lincoln, had about 5,500 men and inadequate fortifications to repel the forces against them. After the British cut his supply lines and lines of retreat at the battles ofMonck's Corner andLenud's Ferry, Lincoln's surrender on May 12, 1780, became the greatestAmerican defeat of the war.
The British continued to hold Charlestown for over a year followingtheir defeat at Yorktown in 1781. However, they alienated local planters by refusing to restore full civil government.Nathanael Greene had entered the state after Cornwallis'spyrrhic victory atGuilford Courthouse and kept the area under a kind of siege.British Army officerAlexander Leslie, commanding Charlestown, requested a truce in March 1782 to purchase food for his garrison and the town's inhabitants. Greene refused and formed a brigade underMordecai Gist to counter British forays. The British finally evacuated Charlestown in December 1782. Greene presented the British leaders of the town with theMoultrie Flag.
Ladson House, built in 1792 for Lieutenant GovernorJames LadsonThe former German Fire Co. Engine House andOld Slave Mart Museum, at 8 and 6 Chalmers Street, respectively, were built in 1859.Edmondston-Alston House, built in 1828 on the Battery, showing carriage tourHomes alongthe Battery
Between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, Charleston experienced an economic boom, at least for the top strata of society. Expanding cotton as a cash crop in the South led to massive wealth for a small segment of society and funded impressive architecture and culture. However, it also escalated the economic importance of enslaving people and led to greater and greater restrictions on Black Charlestonians.
By 1783, the city's growth had reached a point where a municipal government became desirable; therefore, on August 13, 1783, an act of incorporation for Charleston was ratified. The act originally specified the city's name as "Charles Ton", as opposed to the previous Charlestown, but the spelling "Charleston" quickly came to dominate.[43]
AlthoughColumbia had replaced it as the state capital in 1788, Charleston became even more prosperous asEli Whitney's 1793 invention of thecotton gin sped the processing of the crop over 50 times.Britain'sIndustrial Revolution—initially built upon itstextile industry—took up the extra production ravenously and cotton became Charleston's major export commodity in the 19th century.
The Poyas-Cohen Mordecai House, at 69 Meeting Street, built in 1796–1800
The Bank of South Carolina, the second-oldest building in the nation to be constructed as a bank, was established in 1798. In 1800 and 1817, branches of theFirst andSecond banks were also located in Charleston.
Throughout theAntebellum Period, Charleston continued to be the only major American city with a majority-slave population.[44][d] The city's widespread use of enslaved people as workers was a frequent subject of writers and visitors: a merchant from Liverpool noted in 1834 that "almost all the working population are Negroes, all the servants, the carmen & porters, all the people who see at the stalls in Market, and most of the Journeymen in trades".[45] American traders had beenprohibited from equipping theAtlantic slave trade in 1794 and all importation of enslaved people was bannedin 1808, but American merchantmen frequently refused to permitBritish inspection for enslaved cargo, and smuggling remained common. Much more important was the domestic slave trade, which boomed as the Deep South developed into new cotton plantations. As a result of the trade, there was a forced migration of more than one million enslaved people from the Upper South to the Lower South in the antebellum years. During the early 19th century, the first dedicated slave markets were founded in Charleston, mostly near Chalmers and State streets.[34] Many domestic slavers used Charleston as a port in the coastwise trade, traveling to such ports as Mobile and New Orleans.
Enslaving was the primary marker of class, and even the town's freedmen andfree people of color typically enslaved people if they had the wealth to do so.[46] Visitors commonly remarked on the sheer number of Blacks in Charleston and their seeming freedom of movement,[47] though in fact—mindful of theStono Rebellion and theslave revolution that establishedHaiti—the whites closely regulated the behavior of both enslaved and free people of color. The town fixed wages and hiring practices, sometimes required identifying badges, and sometimes censored work songs.[48] Punishment was handled out of sight by the city'sworkhouse, whose fees provided the municipal government with thousands a year.[49] In 1820, state law mandated that each act ofmanumission (freeing an enslaved person) required legislative approval, effectively halting the practice.[50]
The effects of slavery were pronounced on white society as well. The high cost of enslaving people in the 19th century and their high rate of return combined to institute an oligarchic society controlled by about ninety interrelated families, where 4% of the free population controlled half of the wealth, and the lower half of the free population—unable to compete with enslaved or rented people—held no wealth at all.[44] The white middle class was minimal: Charlestonians generally looked down upon hard work, considering it as labor meant for enslaved people.[51] All the enslavers taken together held 82% of the city's wealth and almost all non-enslavers were poor.[44]Olmsted considered their civic elections "entirely contests of money and personal influence" and the oligarchs dominated civic planning:[53] The lack of public parks and amenities was noted, as was the abundance of private gardens in the wealthy's walled estates.[54]
In the 1810s, the town's churches intensified their discrimination against their Black parishioners, culminating inBethel Methodist's 1817 construction of ahearse house over its Black burial ground. 4,376 Black Methodists joinedMorris Brown in establishingHampstead Church, theAfrican Methodist Episcopal church now known asMother Emanuel.[55][56] State and city laws prohibited Black literacy, limited Black worship to daylight hours, and required a majority of any church's parishioners be white. In June 1818, 140 Black church members atHampstead Church were arrested, and eight of its leaders were given fines and ten lashes; police raided the church again in 1820 and pressured it in 1821.[56]
In 1822, members of the church, led byDenmark Vesey, a lay preacher[56] and carpenter who had bought his freedom after winning a lottery, planned an uprising and escape toHaiti—initially forBastille Day—that failed when one enslaved person revealed the plot to his enslaver.[e] Over the next month, the city's intendant (mayor)James Hamilton Jr. organized a militia for regular patrols, initiated a secret andextrajudicial tribunal to investigate, and hanged 35 and exiled 35[56] or 37 enslaved people toSpanish Cuba for their involvement.[57] Hamilton imposed more restrictions on both free and enslaved Blacks: South Carolina required free Black sailors to be imprisoned while their ships were in Charleston Harbor, although international treaties eventually required the United States to quash the practice; free Blacks were banned from returning to the state if they left for any reason;[58] enslaved people were given a 9:15 pm curfew; the city razed Hampstead Church to the ground[57][58] and erected anew arsenal. This structure later was the basis ofthe Citadel's first campus. The AME congregation built a new church, but in 1834, the city banned it and all Black worship services followingNat Turner's Rebellion in Virginia in 1831.[59] The estimated 10% of enslaved people who came to America asMuslims[60] never had a separatemosque. Enslavers sometimes provided them with beef rations instead of pork in recognition of religious traditions.[61]
The registeredtonnage of Charleston shipping in 1829 was 12,410.[62] In 1832, South Carolina passed an ordinance ofnullification, a procedure by which a state could, in effect, repeal a federal law; it was directed against the most recenttariff acts. Soon, U.S. soldiers were dispensed to Charleston's forts, and fiveUnited States Coast Guard cutters were detached to Charleston Harbor "to take possession of any vessel arriving from a foreign port, and defend her against any attempt to dispossess the Customs Officers of her custody until all the requirements of law have been complied with." This federal action became known as the Charleston incident. The state's politicians worked on a compromise law in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs.[63]
Charleston's embrace of classical architecture began after a devastating fire leveled much of the city. On April 27, 1838, Charleston suffered a catastrophic fire that burned more than 1000 buildings and caused about $3 million (equivalent to $84,910,000 in 2023) in damage at the time. The damaged buildings amounted to about one-fourth of all the businesses in the main part of the city. A great cultural awakening occurred when many homes and businesses were rebuilt or repaired. Before the fire, few homes were styled as Greek Revival; many residents decided to construct new buildings in that style after the conflagration. This tradition continued, making Charleston one of the foremost places to viewGreek Revival architecture. TheGothic Revival also made a significant appearance in the construction of many churches after the fire that exhibited picturesque forms and reminders of devout European religion.[64]
By 1840, the Market Hall and Sheds, where fresh meat and produce were brought daily, became a hub of commercial activity. Theslave trade also depended on the port of Charleston, where ships could be unloaded and enslaved people bought and sold. The legal importation of enslaved Africans had ended in 1808, although smuggling was significant. However, the domestic trade was booming. More than one million enslaved people were transported from theUpper South to theDeep South in the antebellum years, as cotton plantations were widely developed through what became known as theBlack Belt. Many enslaved people were transported in thecoastwise slave trade, with slave ships stopping at ports such as Charleston.
Two 10"Columbiads guardingthe Battery in 1863.The ruins of Charleston in 1865, following major fires in 1861 and at the evacuation of the ConfederatesThe 1932 monument inthe Battery memorializing the Confederate defenders ofFort Sumter.
Charleston was significant in theAmerican Civil War. As a pivotal city, the U.S. Army and Confederate States Army vied for control of it. The rebellion began inCharleston Harbor in 1861 and ended mere months after the U.S. soldiers retook control of Charleston in 1865.
The first full battle of the war occurred on April 12, 1861, when shore batteries under the command of GeneralP. G. T. Beauregard fired upon theUS Army-heldFort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.[20] After a 34-hour bombardment,Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort.
On December 11, 1861, an enormous fire burned over 500 acres (200 ha) of the city.
U.S. Navy control of the North Atlantic coastline permitted the repeated bombardment of the city, causing vast damage.[65] Although Admiral Du Pont's naval assault on the town's forts in April 1863 failed,[20] the U.S. Navy's blockade shut down most commercial traffic. Throughout the war, someblockade runners got through, but not a single one made it into or out of Charleston Harbor between August 1863 and March 1864.[65] The early submarineH.L. Hunley made a night attack on theUSS Housatonic on February 17, 1864.[66]
General Gillmore's land assault in July 1864 was unsuccessful[20] but the fall ofColumbia and advance of GeneralWilliam T. Sherman's army through the state prompted the Confederates to evacuate the town on February 17, 1865, burning the public buildings, cotton warehouses, and other sources of supply before their departure.[20]U.S. soldiers liberated the city within the month.[20] The War Department recovered what federal property remained. Also, it confiscated the campus of theCitadel Military Academy and used it as a U.S. Army garrison for the next 17 years. The facilities were finally returned to the state and reopened as a military college in 1882 under the direction of Lawrence E. Marichak.
After the defeat of the Confederacy, U.S. soldiers remained in Charleston during theReconstruction era. The war had shattered the city's prosperity. Still, the African-American population surged (from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880) as freedmen moved from the countryside to the major city.[67] Blacks quickly left theSouthern Baptist Church and resumed open meetings of theAfrican Methodist Episcopal andAME Zion churches. They purchased dogs, guns, liquor, and better clothes—all previously banned—and ceased yielding the sidewalks to whites.[67] Despite the efforts of the state legislature to haltmanumissions, Charleston had already had a large class of free people of color as well. At the onset of the war, the city had 3,785 free people of color, many of mixed race, making up about 18% of the city's black population and 8% of its total population. Many were educated and practiced skilled crafts;[29] they quickly became leaders of South Carolina'sRepublican Party and its legislators. Free men of color comprised 26% of those elected to state and federal office in South Carolina from 1868 to 1876.[68][69]
ThePacific Guano Company, established in 1861, opened a plant in Charleston which consumed immense quantities ofmenhaden scrap brought from the water by the vessels which carried on their return trip a supply of South Carolina phosphates for theWoods Hole, Massachusetts factory.[70] By the late 1870s, industry was bringing the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality; new jobs attracted new residents.[20] As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, theAvery Normal Institute was established by theAmerican Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. Gen. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now auniversity-preparatory school,Porter-Gaud School.
In 1875, blacks made up 57% of the city's and 73% of the county's population.[71] With leadership by members of the antebellum free black community, historian Melinda Meeks Hennessy described the community as "unique" in being able to defend themselves without provoking "massive white retaliation", as occurred in numerous other areas duringReconstruction.[71] In the 1876 election cycle, two major riots between black Republicans and white Democrats occurred in the city, in September and the day after the election in November, as well as a violent incident in Cainhoy at an October joint discussion meeting.[71]
Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to imposewhite supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and the granting of citizenship to freedmen by amendments to the U.S. Constitution. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by conservative Democraticparamilitary groups, known as theRed Shirts. Violent incidents occurred in Charleston on King Street on September 6 and nearby Cainhoy on October 15 in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks.[72] The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electingWade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.[71]
In the early 20th century, strong political machines emerged in the city, reflecting economic, class, racial, and ethnic tensions. The factions nearly all opposed U.S. SenatorBen Tillman who repeatedly attacked and ridiculed the city in the name of upstate poor farmers. Well-organized factions within the Democratic Party in Charleston gave the voters clear choices and played a large role in state politics.[73]
On August 31, 1886, Charleston experienced a strongearthquake. The shock was estimated to have amoment magnitude of 7.0 and a maximumMercalli intensity of X (Extreme). It was felt as far away asBoston to the north,Chicago andMilwaukee to the northwest, as far west asNew Orleans, as far south asCuba, and as far east asBermuda. It damaged 2,000 buildings in Charleston and caused $6 million worth of damage ($180 million in 2023 dollars), at a time when all the city's buildings were valued around $24 million ($719 million in 2023 dollars).
The Charleston race riot of 1919 took place on the night of Saturday, May 10, between members of the US Navy and the local black population. They attacked black individuals, businesses, and homes, killing six and injuring dozens.
Charleston languished economically for several decades in the 20th century, though the large federal military presence in the region helped to shore up the city's economy. Charleston's tourism boom began in earnest following the publication ofAlbert Simons andSamuel Lapham'sArchitecture of Charleston[74] in the 1920s.[75]
Joseph P. Riley Jr. was elected mayor in the 1970s and helped advance several cultural aspects of the city.
Between 1989 and 1996, Charleston saw two significant economic hits. First, the eye of Hurricane Hugo came ashore at Charleston Harbor in 1989, and though the worst damage was in nearbyMcClellanville, three-quarters of the homes in Charleston's historic district sustained damage of varying degrees. The hurricane caused over $2.8 billion in damage. The city rebounded fairly quickly after the hurricane and has grown in population, reaching an estimated 124,593 residents in 2009.[76] Second, in 1993, theBase Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) directed thatNaval Base Charleston be closed. Pursuant to BRAC action, Naval Base Charleston was closed on April 1, 1996, although some activities remain under the cognizance ofNaval Support Activity Charleston, now part ofJoint Base Charleston.[77]
After having been a majority-minority city for most of its history, in the late 20th century, many whites began returning to the urban core of Charleston, and the area gentrified with rising prices and rents. From 1980 to 2010, the peninsula's population shifted from two-thirds black to two-thirds white; in 2010, residents numbered 20,668 whites and 10,455 blacks.[78] Many African Americans moved to the less-expensive suburbs in these decades.[78]
On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white supremacistDylann Roof entered the historicEmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church and sat in on part of a Bible study before shooting andkilling nine people and injuring a tenth, all African Americans.[79] Senior pastorClementa Pinckney, who also served as astate senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26.[80] The attack garnered national attention and sparked a debate on racism,Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence, in part based on Roof's online postings. A memorial service on the campus of theCollege of Charleston was attended by PresidentBarack Obama,Michelle Obama, Vice PresidentJoe Biden,Jill Biden, and Speaker of the HouseJohn Boehner.
On June 17, 2018, the Charleston City Council apologized for its role in the slave trade and condemned its "inhumane" history. It also acknowledged wrongs committed against African Americans by slavery and Jim Crow laws.[81]
The city proper consists of six distinct districts.
Downtown, sometimes referred to as "The Peninsula", is Charleston's center city separated by the Ashley River to the west and the Cooper River to the east
West Ashley, residential area to the west of Downtown bordered by the Ashley River to the east and the Stono River to the west
Johns Island, far western limits of Charleston, bordered by the Stono River to the east, Kiawah River to the south, andWadmalaw Island to the west
James Island, a popular residential area between Downtown and the town ofFolly Beach with portions of the independent town of James Island intermixed
Cainhoy Peninsula, far eastern limits of Charleston, bordered by the Wando River to the west and Nowell Creek to the east
Daniel Island, residential area to the north of downtown, east of the Cooper River and west of the Wando River
Map showing the major rivers of Charleston and the Charleston Harbor watershed
The incorporated city fit into 4–5 sq mi (10–13 km2) as late asWorld War I,[54][82] but has since greatly expanded, crossing theAshley River and encompassingJames Island and some ofJohns Island. The city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassingDaniel Island and theCainhoy area. The present city has a total area of 135.51 square miles (351.0 km2), of which 115.03 square miles (297.9 km2) is land and 20.48 square miles (53.0 km2) (15.11%) is water.[5]North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, andMount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River.
Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles (11 km) southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles (3.2 km), surrounded on all sides except its entrance.Sullivan's Island lies to the north of the entrance andMorris Island to the south. The entrance itself is about 1 mi (2 km) wide; it was originally only 18 ft (5 m) deep but began to be enlarged in the 1870s.[54] The tidal rivers (Wando, Cooper,Stono, and Ashley) are evidence of asubmergent or drowned coastline. There is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor, and the Cooper River is deep.
Charleston has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa), with mild winters, hot humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form ofthundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through the middle of November. Winter is short and mild and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) has a median occurrence of only once per decade at the airport, but freezing rain is more common; a snowfall/freezing rain event on January 3, 2018, was the first such event in Charleston since December 26, 2010.[83] However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, during theDecember 1989 United States cold wave, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.[83]
Downtown Charleston's climate is milder than the airport's due to more substantial maritime influence. This is especially true in the winter, with the average January low in downtown being 43.6 °F (6 °C) to the airport's 38.9 °F (4 °C) for example.
The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 2, 1985, and June 24, 1944; the lowest was 7 °F (−14 °C) onFebruary 14, 1899, although there was an unofficial record low of 1 °F (−17 °C) in February 1835.[84] At the airport, where official records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F (41 °C) on August 1, 1999, down to 6 °F (−14 °C) onJanuary 21, 1985.[83] Hurricanes are a major threat to the area during the summer and early fall, with several severe hurricanes hitting the area—most notablyHurricane Hugo on September 21, 1989 (acategory 4 storm). The dewpoint from June to August ranges from 67.8 to 71.4 °F (19.9 to 21.9 °C).[85]
Climate data forCharleston Int'l, South Carolina (1991–2020 normals,[86] extremes 1938–present)
The traditional parish system persisted until counties were established during theReconstruction Era.[91] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip and St. Michael, which now also includes parts of St. James' Parish, St. George's Parish, St. Andrew's Parish, and St. John's Parish. However, the last two are mostly still incorporated rural parishes.
Charleston city, South Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Charleston historically had a large concentration of African Americans who spokeGullah, acreole language that developed on the Sea Islands and in the Low Country, and local speech patterns were also influenced by this community. Today, Gullah is still spoken by some African-American residents.[98] However, rapid development since 1980, especially on the surrounding Sea Islands, has attracted residents from outside the area and led to a decline in Gullah's prominence.
The traditional educated Charleston accent has long been noted throughout the state and South. It is typically heard in wealthy European American older people who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raisesay andaw in certain environments, and isnonrhotic.Sylvester Primer of theCollege of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)[99] and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on English, as the earliest settlers spoke it; therefore, it was derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The disappearing "Charleston accent" spoken mainly by older natives is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Many Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chalston".
Charleston is known as "the Holy City".[1] Despite beliefs that the term dates to the city's earliest days and refers to its religiously tolerant culture, the expression was coined in the 20th century, likely as a mockery of Charlestonians' self-satisfied attitude about their city.[100] Many sources, however, traditionally link the term to the many old church spires dotting the skyline of downtown Charleston.[101] Regardless of the nickname's origin, residents have embraced the term and have explained it in more flattering ways.
South Carolina has long allowedJews to practice their faith without restriction.Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, founded in 1749 bySephardic Jews from London, is the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in the continental United States and was an important site for the development ofReform Judaism.[104] Brith Sholom Beth Israel is the oldestOrthodox synagogue in the South, founded by Sam Berlin and otherAshkenazi German and Central European Jews in the mid-19th century.[105]
The city's oldestCatholic parish,St. Mary of the Annunciation Catholic Church is the mother church of Catholicism in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. In 1820, Charleston was established as thesee city of theDiocese of Charleston, which at the time comprised the Carolinas and Georgia and presently encompasses the state of South Carolina.
Charleston's culture blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has several arts, music, local cuisine, and fashion venues.Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, was founded in 1977 byPulitzer Prize–winning composerGian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to theFestival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) inSpoleto, Italy.
Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931.[107] A variety of performing arts venues includes the historicDock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients nationwide.[108] Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such asgumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is a staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.[109]
Charleston annually hostsSpoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in various disciplines.[110] The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show,[111] the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, theCooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon,[112] Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE),[113] Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.[114] TheCharleston Conference is a major library industry event, held in the city center since 1980.[115]
TheGullah community has had a tremendous influence on music in Charleston, especially when it comes to the early development ofjazz music. In turn, Charleston's music has influenced the rest of the country. Thegeechee dances that accompanied the music of the dock workers in Charleston followed a rhythm that inspiredEubie Blake's "Charleston Rag" and laterJames P. Johnson's "Charleston", as well as thedance craze that defined a nation in the 1920s. "Ballin' the Jack", which was a popular dance in the years before "Charleston", was written by native CharlestonianChris Smith.[116]
TheJenkins Orphanage was established in 1891 by the Rev. Daniel J. Jenkins in Charleston. The orphanage accepted donations of musical instruments, and Rev. Jenkins hired local Charleston musicians and Avery Institute Graduates to tutor the boys in music. As a result, Charleston musicians became proficient on various instruments and could read music expertly.[117] These traits set Jenkins musicians apart and helped land some of them positions in big bands with Duke Ellington and Count Basie.William "Cat" Anderson,Jabbo Smith, andFreddie Green are but a few of the alumni who became professional musicians. Orphanages around the country began to develop brass bands in the wake of the Jenkins Orphanage Band's success.[118][119]
As many as five bands were on tour during the 1920s. The Jenkins Orphanage Band played in the inaugural parades of PresidentsTheodore Roosevelt andWilliam Taft and toured the US and Europe.[120] The band also played on Broadway for the play "Porgy" byDuBose andDorothy Heyward, a stage version of their novel of the same title. The story was based in Charleston and featured the Gullah community. The Heywards insisted on hiring the genuine Jenkins Orphanage Band to portray themselves on stage.[121] Only a few years later, DuBose Heyward collaborated withGeorge andIra Gershwin to turn his novel into the now famous opera,Porgy and Bess (so named to distinguish it from the play). George Gershwin and Heyward spent the summer of 1934 atFolly Beach outside of Charleston writing this "folk opera", as Gershwin called it.Porgy and Bess is considered one of the first Great American Operas and is widely performed.[122][123]
To this day, Charleston is home to many musicians in all genres.[124] For example,Heyrocco is a local indie band.
Charleston has a vibrant theater scene, home to America's first theater. Most of the theaters are part of the League of Charleston Theatres, better known as Theatre Charleston.[125] Some of the city's theaters include:
Dock Street Theatre, opened in the 1930s on the site of America's first purpose-built theater building, is home to the Charleston Stage Company, South Carolina's largest professional theater company.
Queen Street Playhouse, a former cotton warehouse, was fully converted into a theater in 1986. It is the home of the Footlight Players, a Charleston theater troupe first organized in 1932.
TheCalhoun Mansion, at 16 Meeting Street, was built in 1876 by George Williams but derived its name from a later occupant, his grandson-in-law Patrick Calhoun.Nathaniel Russell House, built in 1808OldExchange and Provost Dungeon, on Broad Street, built in 1767
Charleston has many historic buildings, art and historical museums,public parks, and other attractions, including:
Avery Research Center for African American History and Culture, established to collect, preserve, and make public African Americans' unique historical and cultural heritage in Charleston and the South Carolina Low Country. Avery's archival collections, museum exhibitions, and public programming reflect these diverse populations and the wider African Diaspora.
The Battery, a historic defensive seawall and promenade located at the tip of the peninsula along withWhite Point Garden, a park featuring several memorials and Civil War-era artillery pieces.
Calhoun Mansion, a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m2), 1876 Victorian home at 16 Meeting Street, is named for a grandson of John C. Calhoun, who lived there with his wife, the builder's daughter. The private house is periodically open for tours.
Fireproof Building houses the South Carolina Historical Society, which offers a rotating series of historical displays.
Fort Sumter, the site of the first shots fired in the Civil War, is located in Charleston Harbor. The National Park Service maintains a visitor center for Fort Sumter at Liberty Square (near the South Carolina Aquarium), and boat tours including the fort depart nearby.
Heyward-Washington House, a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. The house is furnished in the late 18th century and includes a collection of Charleston-made furniture.
Joseph Manigault House, a historic house museum owned and operated by the Charleston Museum. Gabriel Manigault designed the house, which is significant for itsAdam style architecture.
Market Hall and Sheds, also known as the City Market or simply the Market, stretches several blocks behind 188 Meeting Street. Market Hall, built in 1841, houses theUnited Daughters of the Confederacy Museum. The sheds house some permanent stores but are mainly occupied by open-air vendors.
Old Slave Mart Museum, located at 6 Chalmers Street in the historic district, is the first African American Museum. It has operated since 1938.[127]
Powder Magazine, a 1713 gunpowder magazine and museum. It is the oldest surviving public building in South Carolina.
Rainbow Row, an iconic strip of homes along the harbor, dates back to the mid-18th century. Though the houses are not open to the public, they are one of the most photographed attractions in the city and are featured heavily in local art.[128]
South Carolina Aquarium, includes revolving exhibits while its permanent focus is on the aquatic life of South Carolina.
Charleston Outlaws RFC, arugby union club in the Palmetto Rugby Union, USA Rugby South, andUSA Rugby. It competes in Men's Division II against the Cape Fear, Columbia, Greenville, and Charlotte "B" clubs. The club also hosts arugby sevens tournament during Memorial Day weekend.
Lowcountry Highrollers, a women's flat-track roller derby league in the Charleston area. The league is a local Women's Flat Track Derby Association member.
Charleston Gaelic Athletic Association, a Gaelic athletic club focusing on the sports ofhurling andGaelic football. The club competes in the Southeastern Division of the North American County Board of theGAA. The club hosts other division clubs in the Holy City Cup each spring.[131]
Various books and films have been set in Charleston; some of the best-known works are listed below. In addition, Charleston is a popular filming location for movies and television, both in its own right and as a stand-in for Southern historical settings.
Commercial shipping is important to the economy. The city has two shipping terminals, of a total of five terminals owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority in the Charleston metropolitan area, which are part of the fourth-largest container seaport on theEast Coast and the seventh-largest container seaport in the United States.[133] The port is also used to transfer cars and car parts for Charleston's auto manufacturing business, such as Mercedes andVolvo.[134][135][136][137]
In June 2017, the mean sales price for a home in Charleston was $351,186 (equivalent to $429,400 in 2023) and themedian price was $260,000 (equivalent to $317,900 in 2023).[141]
Fire Department station houses for Engines 2 and 3 of the Charleston Fire Department
TheCity of Charleston Fire Department consists of over 300 full-time firefighters. These firefighters operate out of 21 companies located throughout the city: 16 engine companies, two tower companies, two ladder companies, a heavy rescue company, a HAZ-MAT unit, and several special units. Training, Fire Marshall, Operations, and Administration are the department's divisions.[143] The department operates on a 24/48 schedule and is a Class 1 ISO rating.[144] Russell (Rusty) Thomas served as Fire Chief until June 2008, and was succeeded by Chief Thomas Carr in November 2008. Chief Daniel Curia presently leads the department.
TheCity of Charleston Police Department, with 456 sworn officers and 117 civilians is South Carolina's largest police department.[145] Chico Walker serves as the current Chief of Police. He follows Luther Reynolds, Greg Mullen and Reuben Greenberg. Chief Reynolds is credited with continuing successful community outreach programs such as The Illumination Project and fostering a culture of mutual respect. Under Chief Reynolds, the agency has successfully withstood challenges such as the Coronavirus and downtown disturbances. Additionally, the agency continues to recruit police candidates in a competitive market.
Emergency medical services (EMS) for the city are provided by Charleston County Emergency Medical Services (CCEMS) & Berkeley County Emergency Medical Services (BCEMS). The city is served by the EMS and 911 services of both Charleston andBerkeley counties since the city is part of both counties.
Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area:Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center,[146] and Roper Hospital.[147] MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth ofbiotechnology andmedical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital.[148] TheTrident Regional Medical Center[149] located in theCity of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center[150] located inMount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.
Coast Guard Station Charleston responds to search and rescue emergencies, conducts maritime law enforcement activities, and performs ports, waterways, and coastal security (PWCS) missions. Personnel from Station Charleston are highly trained professionals, composed of federal law enforcement officers, boat crew members, and coxswains capable of completing various missions. In 2020, the Coast Guard announced plans to construct a 2,800-acre (11 km2) "superbase" on the formerCharleston Naval Shipyard complex to consolidate all its Charleston-area facilities and become the homeport for five Security cutters and additional offshore cutters. Construction began on the Superbase in 2024.[151][152]
The following table shows Charleston's crime rate for six crimes thatMorgan Quitno uses to calculate the ranking of "America's most dangerous cities" in comparison to the national average. The statistics shown are for the number of crimes committed per 100,000 people. Since 1999, the overall crime rate in Charleston has declined markedly. Charleston's total crime index rate in 1999 was 597.1 crimes committed per 100,000 people, while in 2011, the total crime index rate was 236.4 per 100,000.[153]
The City of Charleston is served by theCharleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 mi (19 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA:CHS,ICAO:KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacentCharleston Air Force Base.Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in Charleston's John's Island section and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority. As of April 2019,British Airways does seasonal non-stop flights from Charleston toLondon-Heathrow.
Charleston is served by two dailyAmtrak trains:The Palmetto andSilver Meteor atthe Amtrak station, located at 4565 Gaynor Avenue in the City of North Charleston, which is approximately 7.5 miles from downtown Charleston.
I-26 begins in Downtown Charleston, with exits to the Septima Clark Expressway, theArthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge and Meeting Street. Heading northwest, it connects the city toNorth Charleston, theCharleston International Airport,I-95, and Columbia. The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge and Septima Clark Expressway are part ofUS 17, which travels east–west through Charleston and Mount Pleasant. The Mark Clark Expressway, orI-526, is thebypass around the city and begins and ends at US 17.US 52 is Meeting Street and itsspur is East Bay Street, which becomes Morrison Drive after leaving the east side. This highway merges with King Street in the city's Neck area (industrial district).US 78 is King Street in the downtown merging with Meeting Street.
TheArthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge across theCooper River opened on July 16, 2005, and was thelongestcable-stayed bridge in the Americas at the time of its construction.[154] The bridge links downtown Charleston with Mount Pleasant, and has eight lanes plus a 12-foot lane shared by pedestrians and bicycles. The bridge's height varies but is estimated at 573 feet. It replaced theGrace Memorial Bridge (built in 1929) and theSilas N. Pearman Bridge (built in 1966). They were considered two of the more dangerous bridges in America and were demolished after the Ravenel Bridge opened.
The city is also served by a bus system operated by theCharleston Area Regional Transportation Authority (CARTA). Most of the urban area is served by regional fixed-route buses equipped with bike racks as part of the system's Rack and Ride program. CARTA offers connectivity to historic downtown attractions and accommodations with the Downtown Area Shuttle trolley buses, and it offers curbside pickup for disabled passengers with its Tel-A-Ride buses. Abus rapid transit system is in development, calledLowcountry Rapid Transit, that will connect Charleston to Summerville through North Charleston.
Rural parts of the city and metropolitan area are served by a different bus system operated by the Berkeley-Charleston-Dorchester Rural Transportation Management Association. The system is also commonly called the TriCounty Link.[155]
The Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South Carolina Ports Authority, is one of the largest ports in the United States, ranked seventh in the top 25 bycontainerized cargo volume in 2018.[133] It consists of six terminals, with the sixth opening in April 2021.[156] Port activity at the two terminals located in the city of Charleston is one of the city's leading sources of revenue, behind tourism.
Today, the Port of Charleston boasts the deepest water in the southeast region and regularly handles ships too big to transit through thePanama Canal. A harbor-deepening project was completed,[157] which makes the Port of Charleston's entrance channel a depth of 54 feet (16 m) and harbor channel 52 feet at mean low tide. With an average high tide of 6 feet (1.8 m), the depth clearances will become 60 feet (18 m) and 58 feet, respectively. At 52 feet (16 m), the Port of Charleston is the deepest harbor on the East Coast.[158]
Part of Union Pier Terminal in Charleston is a cruise ship passenger terminal hosting numerous cruise departures annually through 2019. Beginning in May 2019, until cruise operations were interrupted in April 2020, theCarnivalSunshine was permanently stationed in Charleston, offering 4, 5, and 7-day cruises to theCaribbean.[159]
With the closure of the Naval Base and theCharleston Naval Shipyard in 1996, Detyens, Inc. signed a long-term lease. Detyens Shipyard, Inc. is one of the East Coast's most extensive commercial marine repair facilities, with three dry docks, one floating dock, and six piers. Projects include military, commercial, and cruise ships.
Because most of the city of Charleston is located in Charleston County, it is served by theCharleston County School District, which covers all of Charleston County.[160] Part of the city, however, is served by theBerkeley County School District, which covers all of Berkeley County.[161] This Berkeley County section includes northern portions of the city, such as the Cainhoy Industrial District, Cainhoy Historical District, and Daniel Island.
Charleston is also served by a large number of independent schools, includingPorter-Gaud School (K-12),Charleston Collegiate School (K-12),Ashley Hall (Pre K-12), Charleston Day School (K-8), First Baptist Church School (K-12), Palmetto Christian Academy (K-12), Coastal Christian Preparatory School (K-12), Mason Preparatory School[162] (K-8), and Addlestone Hebrew Academy (K-8).
TheRoman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education also operates out of the city and oversees several K-8 parochial schools, such as Blessed Sacrament School, Christ Our King School, Charleston Catholic School, Nativity School, and Divine Redeemer School, all of which are "feeder" schools intoBishop England High School, a diocesan high school within the city.Bishop England,Porter-Gaud School, andAshley Hall are the city's oldest and most prominent private schools and are a significant part of Charleston's history, dating back some 150 years.
Charleston is the nation's 89th-largestDesignated market area (DMA), with 332,770 households and 0.27% of the U.S. TV population.[164] These stations are licensed in Charleston and have significant operations or viewers in the city:[165]
The relationship with Spoleto began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composerGian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."[110]
Sister city relation with Panama City was described as follows:[168]
As you may be aware, the city of Charleston, like the city of Panama City, is a historic port City that shares a proud and prosperous history. Our stories are very similar as reflected by our citizens of European, African, Caribbean, native descent, our cuisine, our architecture, and our mutual modern growth in meritime commerce. As Panama City is enjoying a global surge of interest so is Charleston, being ranked as a top destination for travellers, commerce, technology, education, culture and fashion.
— The Honorable Joseph P. Riley Jr., Mayor, City of Charleston 1974–2016
Charleston is also twinned with Speightstown. The first colonists to settle in the region designed the original parts of Charlestown based on the plans of Barbados's capital city,Bridgetown.[169] Many indigo, tobacco, and cotton planters relocated their plantation operations and the people they enslaved from Speightstown to Charleston after the sugarcane industry came to dominate agricultural production in Barbados.[170]
^The female figure is sometimes glossed asAthena,[3] although the official explanation is that she is apersonification of Charleston itself.[4] Similarly, althoughaedes properly refers to temples and originally referred to the churches depicted on the seal, the official gloss is that it intends the city's "buildings".
^A monument to Vesey as a freedom fighter was long opposed by Charleston's white community but was finally begun in 2010 after a compromise placed it inHampton Park, out of the historic district and far from the original proposed site inMarion Square.[50]
^Lewis, J.D. (2007)."Carolina – The Barbadian Settlers, et.al".www.carolana.com.Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2018.Charles Town and surrounding areas were first settled by folks from Barbados and Bermuda
^Wilson, Thomas D.The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. p. 12.
^Gallay, Alan (2002),The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717, New Haven: Yale University Press,ISBN0-300-10193-7
^McCandless, Peter (2006). Edgar, Walter B. (ed.).Malaria. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. RetrievedOctober 9, 2016.
^D. Moore. (1997) "A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate, the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Adventure". InTributaries, Volume VII, 1997. pp. 31–35. (North Carolina Maritime History Council)
^Sullivan, Mark, ed. (2015),"Building Boom",Charleston, with Hilton Head and the Lowcountry,4th ed., New York: Fodor's Travel, p. 59,archived from the original on June 17, 2022, retrievedAugust 25, 2017
^Collector, Senator Ernest F. Hollings-- (2000)."Dock Street Theatre".lcweb2.loc.gov. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
^Butler, Nic (August 9, 2019)."The Evolution of Charleston's Name".Charleston Time Machine (Podcast). Charleston County Public Library. Archived fromthe original on July 11, 2022. RetrievedJuly 11, 2022.
^Doyle W. Boggs, "Charleston Politics, 1900–1930: An Overview,"Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 49 (1979) 1–13.
^Simons, Albert; Lapham, Samuel VI (1927),Charleston, S.C., The OctagonLibrary of Early American Architecture, Vol. I, Press of the American Institute of Architects.
^Horton, Tom (2014), "Touring Charleston Back in 1912",History's Lost Moments,Vol. V, Trafford, p. 182
^abMean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^"Charleston Provincialisms" (1887), Pub. Modern Language Association of America, Vol. iii, Internet Archive and Early Journal Content on JSTOR, accessed November 5, 2014
^Gilbreth, Edward M. (May 25, 2016). "Research says 'Holy City' term not church-based".Post and Courier. Charleston, South Carolina.
^Adams, Rhett A. (May 17, 2016)."Freemasonry".South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies.Archived from the original on November 9, 2019. RetrievedNovember 9, 2019.
^Barth, Jack (1991).Roadside Hollywood: The Movie Lover's State-By-State Guide to Film Locations, Celebrity Hangouts, Celluloid Tourist Attractions, and More. Contemporary Books. Page 177.ISBN9780809243266.
^ab"Top 25 Water Ports by Containerized Cargo".USDOT Bureau of Transportation Statistics - Freight Facts and Figures Figure 3-11. October 13, 2020.Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. RetrievedOctober 13, 2020.
^"Monthly Indicators"(PDF). Charleston Trident Association of REALTORS. June 2017. p. 2.Archived(PDF) from the original on August 14, 2017. RetrievedJuly 25, 2017.
Bull, Kinloch Jr.The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull II and His Family. University of South Carolina Press, 1991. 415 pp.
Clarke, Peter.A Free Church in a Free Society. The Ecclesiology of John England, Bishop of Charleston, 1820–1842, a Nineteenth Century Missionary Bishop in the Southern United States. Charleston, South Carolina: Bagpipe, 1982. 561 pp.
Coker, P. C., III.Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670–1865: An Illustrated History. Charleston, South Carolina: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp.
Doyle, Don H.New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860–1910.University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 369 pp.
Fraser, Walter J. Jr.Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City. University of South Carolina, 1990. 542 pp. the standard scholarly history
Gillespie, Joanna Bowen.The Life and Times of Martha Laurens Ramsay, 1759–1811. University of South Carolina Press, 2001.
Goloboy, Jennifer L.Charleston and the Emergence of Middle-Class Culture in the Revolutionary Era. Athens, GA; University of Georgia Press, 2016.
Hagy, James William.This Happy Land: The Jews of Colonial and Antebellum Charleston.University of Alabama Press, 1993.
Hart, Emma.Building Charleston: Town and Society in the Eighteenth Century British Atlantic World (University of Virginia Press 2010, University of South Carolina Press 2015)
Jaher, Frederic Cople.The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles.University of Illinois Press, 1982. 777 pp.
Pease, William H. and Pease, Jane H.The Web of Progress: Private Values and Public Styles in Boston and Charleston, 1828–1843.Oxford University Press, 1985. 352 pp.
Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H.A Family of Women: The Carolina Petigrus in Peace and War. University of North Carolina Press, 1999. 328 pp.
Pease, Jane H. and Pease, William H.Ladies, Women, and Wenches: Choice and Constraint in Antebellum Charleston and Boston. University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 218 pp.
Phelps, W. Chris.The Bombardment of Charleston, 1863–1865. Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2002. 175 pp.
Rosen, Robert N.Confederate Charleston: An Illustrated History of the City and the People during the Civil War. University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 181 pp.
Cothran, James R.Gardens of Historic Charleston. University of South Carolina Press, 1995. 177 pp.
Greene, Harlan.Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance.University of Georgia Press, 2001. 372 pp.
Hutchisson, James M.DuBose Heyward: A Charleston Gentleman and the World of Porgy and Bess.University Press of Mississippi, 2000. 225 pp.
Jacoby, Mary Moore, ed. (1994).The Churches of Charleston and the Lowcountry (hardback). Columbia South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.ISBN0-87249-888-3.ISBN978-0-87249-888-4.
McCandless, Peter (2011).Slavery, Disease, and Suffering in the Southern Lowcountry. Cambridge University Press.ISBN9781139499149.
O'Brien, Michael and Moltke-Hansen, David, ed.Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston.University of Tennessee Press, 1986. 468 pp.
Poston, Jonathan H.The Buildings of Charleston: A Guide to the City's Architecture. University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 717 pp.
Stephens, Lester D.Science, Race, and Religion in the American South: John Bachman and the Charleston Circle of Naturalists, 1815–1895. University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 338 pp.
Yuhl, Stephanie E.A Golden Haze of Memory: The Making of Historic Charleston. University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 285 pp.
Zola, Gary Phillip.Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual. University of Alabama Press, 1994. 284 pp.
Wilson, Thomas D.The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Bellows, Barbara L.Benevolence among Slaveholders: Assisting the Poor in Charleston, 1670–1860. Baton Rouge, LA:Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
Drago, Edmund L.Initiative, Paternalism, and Race Relations: Charleston's Avery Normal Institute. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990.
Egerton, Douglas R.He Shall Go Out Free: The Lives of Denmark Vesey. Madison House, 1999.
Greene, Harlan; Hutchins, Harry S. Jr.; and Hutchins, Brian E.Slave Badges and the Slave-Hire System in Charleston, South Carolina, 1783–1865. McFarland, 2004. 194 pp.
Jenkins, Wilbert L.Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War Charleston. Bloomington, IN:Indiana University Press, 1998. 256 pp.
Johnson, Michael P. and Roark, James L.No Chariot Let Down: Charleston's Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
Kennedy, Cynthia M.Braided Relations, Entwined Lives: The Women of Charleston's Urban Slave Society. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2005.
Wilson, Thomas D.The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
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