Sir Cecil Spring Rice | |
|---|---|
 | |
| British Ambassador tothe United States | |
| In office 1912–1918 | |
| Monarch | George V |
| Prime Minister | H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George |
| Preceded by | James Bryce |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Reading |
| British Ambassador toSweden | |
| In office 1908–1912 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Rennell Rodd |
| Succeeded by | Esme Howard |
| British Ambassador toPersia | |
| In office 1906–1908 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Arthur Hardinge |
| Succeeded by | Sir George Barclay |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Cecil Arthur Spring Rice 27 February 1859 St George Hanover Square,London, England[1] |
| Died | 14 February 1918(1918-02-14) (aged 58) Ottawa,Ontario, Canada |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon (grandfather) |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
Sir Cecil Arthur Spring Rice,GCMG, GCVO, PC (27 February 1859 – 14 February 1918) was a Britishdiplomat who served asBritish Ambassador to the United States from 1912 to 1918, as which he was responsible for the organisation of British efforts to endAmerican neutrality during theFirst World War.
He was also a close friend ofUS PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, and served as best man at his second wedding.[2]
He is best known as the writer of the lyrics of the patriotic hymn "I Vow to Thee, My Country".
Spring Rice was born into an aristocratic and influentialAnglo-Irish family. He was the son of a diplomat,The Hon. Charles William Thomas Spring Rice, who was the second son of the prominentWhig politician and former cabinet ministerLord Monteagle of Brandon. Spring Rice's maternal grandfather wasthe politician William Marshall, and he was a cousin ofFrederick Spring. He was the great-grandson ofThe 1st Earl of Limerick,John Marshall, andGeorge Hibbert. Spring Rice's father died when he was eleven, and he was raised at his mother's family's house atWatermillock on the shore ofUllswater. During his childhood, he was often ill, and he later suffered fromGraves' disease, despite maintaining an active lifestyle.[3]
He was educated atEton and atBalliol College, Oxford, at both of which he was a contemporary and close friend ofGeorge Nathaniel Curzon, and at the latter of which he studied under the direction ofBenjamin Jowett. Spring Rice rowed for Balliol, and achieved a double first inClassical Moderations (1879) andLiterae Humaniores (1881).[4] At Oxford, he was also a contemporary and close friend ofJohn Strachey andEdward Grey. However, Spring Rice contributed, alongsideJohn William Mackail, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel about Curzon that was published inThe Balliol Masque, and, when British Ambassador to the United States, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's engagement to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married.[5] However, Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon's other friends, that Curzon would inevitably becomeSecretary of State for Foreign Affairs: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you will restore the vanished glory of England, lead the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me three months' leave instead of two'.[6]
After completing university, Spring Rice travelled in Europe, where he improved hisFrench, at the time the language of diplomacy. Uncertain about which career to pursue, he took an examination for the Foreign Office and was accepted. Although brought up as an Englishman, Spring Rice maintained a close affinity withIreland, and he later wrote a poem about his dual Rice (Irish) andSpring (English) roots.[3]
Spring Rice had four sisters and four brothers, two of whom predeceased him.Stephen Spring Rice died in 1902 and Gerald Spring Rice was killed while serving as an officer on theWestern Front in 1916.
In 1904, Spring Rice married Florence Caroline Lascelles, the daughter ofSir Frank Cavendish Lascelles and a cousin of theDuke of Devonshire.[7] He had two children with Florence:
Spring Rice began his career as a clerk in theForeign Office in 1882. In 1886, he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary, theLiberal politicianLord Rosebery.[8] Spring Rice was known to be a supporter of the Liberal Party and was sympathetic to theIrish Home Rule movement so he was relieved of his post when theConservatives came to power later that year. Spring Rice subsequently made the unusual move to the diplomatic service, where he remained for the rest of his life, starting with his first posting to the British legation inWashington, D.C. in 1887.[9]
In 1892 he was posted to Japan, and undertook a tour of Korea with Curzon later that year.[10] While in Japan Spring Rice was instrumental in laying the foundations of theAnglo-Japanese Alliance, which he identified as vital to British interests if Russian expansionism in the region was to be challenged. He left Japan in October 1893 and was posted again to Washington until October 1895, when he was posted to the British embassy in Berlin.[11] During his time in Germany he fell in love with his future wife, Florence Lascelles, the daughter of the then British ambassador. He left Berlin in July 1898, and after spending several months with his family on Ullswater was posted to Constantinople.[12] In May 1899 he was given his first posting to Persia as Secretary of Legation, and he became the Britishchargé d'affaires inTehran in March 1900, when the Minister, SirMortimer Durand, left for London due to his wife's health.[13] In 1901 Spring Rice was appointed Commissioner of Public Debt inCairo, where he remained for two years. In November 1901, he had been promoted to the rank ofSecretary of Embassy.[14] He was made Chargé d'Affaires inSt. Petersburg in 1903, and in June of that year began to warn the British government that war between Russia and Japan was becoming increasingly likely.[3] He was still serving in Russia when theRusso-Japanese War began in January 1904, and he corresponded at length with his close friend and confidant President Roosevelt about the United States' mediation in the conflict and the subsequentTreaty of Portsmouth.[15] In January 1905Lord Lansdowne appointed Spring Rice as the Foreign Office's special representative to the US president.[3] Spring Rice was carrying out the duties of the British ambassador to Russia, who was unwell, during the1905 Russian Revolution and was involved in the early negotiations which resulted in theAnglo-Russian Entente of 1907.
In September 1906 Spring Rice undertook his first ambassadorial role when he was madeBritish Minister to Persia, before becomingAmbassador to Sweden in 1908.[16]
Upon being appointed ambassador, Spring Rice was instructed byEdward VII to help improve relations between Sweden and Norway following thedissolution of the Union between the two countries in 1905. The primary concern of the British government, however, was the increasingly friendly relations between Sweden and Germany, and the growing diplomatic, cultural and economic influence of Germany in Scandinavia. In a letter toLord Cranley in May 1909, Spring Rice stated "I suppose you realise that Sweden is in effect a province of Prussia [Germany], not in will but in necessity".[17] He went on to say that "in case of war I think we should regard Sweden as German in effect...". Spring Rice became irritated by what he saw as Sweden's deference toWilhelm II, and his embassy was involved in an intensifying rivalry between Germany and Britain for control of Sweden's important iron and timber resources.[18] Nonetheless, relations between Sweden and London remained amicable.
In November 1912, after four years in Sweden, it was announced that Spring Rice's next diplomatic posting was to be as ambassador to the United States.
Spring Rice had long held the ambition of being appointed ambassador to the United States. In his biography of Spring Rice,Stephen Gwynn stated that Spring Rice's main concern, throughout his diplomatic career, was to "improve relations between the two great English-speaking powers".[19] Within the diplomatic service Spring Rice had unique entrée into Washington's corridors of power, and his work alongside President Roosevelt in 1905 led the British government to regard him as a natural choice for ambassador by 1912.[3] The diplomatSir Ignatius Valentine Chirol observed that Spring Rice's "whole career seems to have been a preparation for the final struggle in Washington".[3]
Within two years of Spring Rice's posting to Washington DC, theFirst World War had broken out in Europe, and his principal task became that of ending American neutrality. The United States was the largest potential supplier of munitions, arms and food to the United Kingdom and its allies, as well as a potential ally in the war.[2] However, in 1914 public opinion in America favoured neutrality, and Spring Rice had to grapple with the strong anti-British and non-interventionist elements in American politics at the time. Spring Rice also had the complex task of justifying British policies that violated America's rights as a neutral state, such as the monitoring of mail and telegrams and the seizure of contraband at sea.[2] Furthermore, German diplomats underJohann Heinrich von Bernstorff were active in attempting to influence American political opinion against the Allies. Of particular concern to Spring Rice was liaison between German and Irish groups in America, and his embassy was closely involved in gathering intelligence regarding the actions of anti-British spies and informants.[20] He successfully engaged with his manyAtlanticist American friends, includingTheodore Roosevelt,Henry Stimson andJoseph Hodges Choate, who applied pressure onWoodrow Wilson to abandon neutrality.
In January 1915Arthur Balfour, the former prime minister, was sent on a mission to convince the United States Congress of Britain's friendship.[21] In a series of meetings, Spring Rice and Consul-General,Sir Courtenay Bennett, were marginalised by the delegation's representatives. Spring Rice and Bennett agreed to support the subsequentCommercial Agreement on the condition that Spring Rice's friend,J. P. Morgan Jr., was appointed as the sole purchasing agent.[22] Spring Rice was able to keep the feeble commission alive, but voiced his concerns that British finances in the United States were reaching a critical point as chaotic credit arrangements by-passed the body set up by parliament to effectuate co-ordination. Spring Rice sent daily wires to London warning that Gold runs would seriously undermine British bank facility, but these were largely ignored. Spring Rice had served as best man at J. P. Morgan's wedding and his influence over the commission was too great for him to be seen as impartial.[23]
As the war went on, Spring Rice's embassy increasingly assumed an advisory role to the many British special delegations which were sent to secure the support of the US government. Spring Rice complained about the limited part he was able to play in the 1915Anglo-French Financial Commission led byLord Reading.[24] Spring Rice was also concerned by the large number of private brokers and agents, both with and without official authority, who were operating in the United States on behalf of the government and British businesses. As a result, Spring Rice had to request for theWar Office to provide him with an official list of accredited agents, which was reluctantly compiled in late 1914.[25]
By 1916, the British government was becoming increasingly worried about theGhadar Party, a US-based political movement which was agitating for rebellion against British rule in India. The American authorities had been reluctant to check the Indian seditionist movement earlier in the war, and fear about the potential political fallout had prevented Spring Rice from pressing the matter diplomatically. However, in February 1916 Spring Rice was ordered to raise the issue with the new US Secretary of State,Robert Lansing. The subsequentHindu–German Conspiracy Trial uncovered plans to incite an armed revolt in India with German support.[26][27]
In 1916, Spring Rice constantly sought a reprieve forRoger Casement, citing the danger of protests fromIrish Americans, but he also advised political and religious leaders of Casement's "perversion" and the existence of theBlack Diaries. In January 1917 he signed the agreement of the third USWar Loan to Britain on behalf of his government. Spring Rice's efforts to end US neutrality eventually met with success when the USAentered the conflict on the side of the Allies in 1917. In mid-January 1918, following a disagreement withLord Northcliffe, the head of the British war mission to America, he was abruptly recalled to London in a one-line telegram.[28]
Spring Rice immediately travelled to Canada to begin his journey back to Britain. In Canada, Spring Rice was the guest of his wife's cousin, the Duke of Devonshire, who was at the time serving asGovernor General of Canada. Although only 58 and in reasonably good health, Spring Rice unexpectedly died at the viceregal seat,Rideau Hall in Ottawa, a mere three weeks after leaving his post.[29] It is believed that his underlying health condition (Graves' disease) had been exacerbated by exhaustion and stress. It was suggested by his family and close friends that Spring Rice had died of a broken heart following his removal from office, withHenry Cabot Lodge commenting that "the sudden cessation of his work and responsibilities in which his heart was bound up caused him the loss of the will to live".[3] He is buried inBeechwood Cemetery inOttawa. Spring Rice was replaced as ambassador by Lord Reading, who was a direct representative of Britain'swar cabinet and had been afforded additional negotiating powers, thus combining the roles previously held by Northcliffe and Spring Rice.[30]
InThe Rise of Theodore Roosevelt,Edmund Morris described Spring Rice as "a born diplomat [who] invariably picked out and cultivated the most important person in any place".[31] He was well respected in London's diplomatic circles, and had a wide network of influential friends in the United States and Britain. The diplomatSir Malcolm Robertson described Spring Rice as "one of the two or three really brilliant ambassadors whom I have met in thirty years of diplomatic life."[32]
However, Spring Rice's success in turning the earlier close links to the US administration to a relationship of use to his government is debatable. By the end of his appointment, Spring Rice had earned the enmity of his government after becoming paranoid about the threat posed by German spies, and also because of his immense dislike of the many British delegations to Washington that were not under the control of his embassy. Furthermore, Spring Rice's personal connections to many notableRepublican politicians was well known, so some members of theDemocratic administration ofWoodrow Wilson were dubious about trusting him. He was damaged by his association with Roosevelt following the former President's attacks on Wilson for his policy of neutrality and for a lack of military preparedness.[2] Spring Rice foundWilliam Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of State, hard to take seriously and disliked having to deal withEdward M. House, Wilson's confidential adviser, who held no official post in the US government. Even so, after his death the British government publicly recognised Spring Rice's extraordinary contribution to the war effort. His untiring attempts to get the United States to join theAllies were evident as well as his success in frustrating the work of the German ambassador, von Bernstorff.[33]
In a speech in theHouse of Commons in 1919,Lord Robert Cecil said:[34]
"No ambassador has ever had to discharge duties of greater delicacy or of more far reaching importance than fell to his lot. Nor has any ambassador ever fulfilled his task with more unwearied vigilance, conspicuous ability and ultimate success."
Spring Rice was a poet throughout his adult life.[3] In 1918, he rewrote the words of his most notable poem,Urbs Dei (The City of God) orThe Two Fatherlands, to become the text for thehymnI Vow to Thee My Country. The hymn was first performed in 1925, after Spring Rice's death and has since become a widely recognised British anthem. His poetry was published in the 1922 edition ofPoems of Today, and has since been published in several other poetry collections.
He became acquainted withTheodore Roosevelt on a trans-Atlantic crossing from New York in 1886, and the two men quickly became close friends and confidants. He has been described as "one of President Theodore Roosevelt's most ardent and loyal admirers"[35] and acted as Roosevelt's best man in Roosevelt's wedding toEdith Carow.[2] Roosevelt became the godfather of Spring Rice's son in 1908. Spring Rice memorably remarked about Roosevelt: "You must always remember that the president is about six".[36] The two men continued to write to each other until Spring Rice's death, and their close relationship undoubtedly added to the latter's diplomatic clout in the US.
He was a close friend ofSir Ignatius Valentine Chirol, a British journalist and later diplomat, andRonald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, with whom he corresponded for many years.[37] One of his closest political friends was the Irish nationalist,John Dillon; his unwavering sense of duty attempted to overcome his sister's very public espousal of nationalist causes and friendships within the hierarchy of Sinn Féin. The personal moral overtones and private contradictions failed to dent an overwhelming sense of obligation to the British Empire. However it may have informed his uneasy relationship with theBalfour Mission.[38]
A fluent speaker ofPersian (as well as German and French), Spring Rice was responsible for translating numerous Persian poems into English. Spring Rice's letters and poems were collected together by his daughter, Lady Arthur, and many are now held byThe National Archives. Further papers, relating to his diplomatic postings, and diaries of his travels in Japan, are held by theChurchill Archives Centre.[39]
Spring Rice was appointed a Knight Commander Cross of theOrder of St Michael and St George on 29 June 1906[40] and a Knight Grand Cross of theRoyal Victorian Order on 17 November 1908.[41] In 1906 he was made a Grand Cordon ofOrder of the Medjidie. In 1912 he was made a Commander (1st Class) of theOrder of the Polar Star and he was made a member of theImperial Privy Council on 7 March 1913.[42] Spring Rice was going to be offered apeerage upon his return to the United Kingdom, but died before the honour could be proposed.
In his will he left money to Balliol College to found the Cecil Spring Rice Memorial Fund which funds the learning of languages by students who intend to join the diplomatic service. Before his death, Spring Rice gave substantial funds for repairs to be carried out onSt Peter and St Paul's Church, Lavenham, the ancestral church of theSpring family.[43]
Shortly after his death, Spring Rice's family, friends and colleagues erected a bridge to his memory over the waterfall atAira Force, near his childhood home on Ullswater.All Saints Church, Watermillock, contains a stone memorial tablet to Spring Rice.
In July 2013 a memorial was unveiled by Cecil Spring Rice's granddaughter, Caroline Kenny, at Spring Rice's graveside in Ottawa. The grave was cleaned up and a memorial plaque and ceremony was organised by the then British Consul, Ashley Prime, working in Toronto with support from the Freeman of the City of London (North America).[7]Mount Spring-Rice inBritish Columbia was named after Spring Rice in 1918 by surveyor Arthur Wheeler.
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| Diplomatic posts | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | British Ambassador to the United States 1912–1918 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | British Ambassador to Sweden 1908–1912 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | British Ambassador to Persia 1906–1908 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
