TheCarlisle Peace Commission was a group ofBritish peace commissioners who were sent to North America in 1778 to negotiate terms with the rebelliousContinental Congress during theAmerican Revolutionary War. The commission carried an offer ofself-rule, including parliamentary representation within theBritish Empire. TheSecond Continental Congress, aware that British troops were about to be withdrawn from Philadelphia, insisted on demanding full independence, which the commission was not authorised to grant.
ThePeace Commission marked the first time that the British government formally agreed to negotiate with Congress. A previous informal attempt at negotiation, now known as theStaten Island Peace Conference, had taken place in 1776.
The first attempt at negotiation between Great Britain and the rebelliousThirteen Colonies after the outbreak in April 1775 of theAmerican War of Independence took place in September 1776, when a committee from theSecond Continental Congress agreed to meet with Admiral LordRichard Howe, who had been given limited powers to treat with colonies individually. The limited authority given to both Howe and the American negotiators made it a virtual certainty that nothing would come of the meeting.The meeting was a failure, partly because Congress had recentlydeclared independence from Britain, something that Howe was not authorised to recognise, and partly because the American commissioners had no substantive authority from Congress to negotiate.
After the British defeat atSaratoga in October 1777 and fearful of French recognition of American independence, theBritish prime minister,Lord North, had Parliament repeal such offensive measures as theTea Act and theMassachusetts Government Act and sent a commission to seek a negotiated settlement with theContinental Congress.
The commission was empowered to offer a type of self-rule thatThomas Pownall had first proposed a decade earlier and later formed the foundation ofBritish Dominion status.[1] The fact that the commission was authorised to negotiate with the Continental Congress as a body also represented a change in official British government policy, which had been to treat only with the individual states.[2]
The historian David Wilson is of the opinion that the war could have been avoided if the terms it proposed had been offered in 1775.[3] The historian Peter Whiteley, however, notes thatGeorge III would have been unlikely to agree then to make such an offer.[4]
William Eden organized and served on the commission, but it was headed by theEarl of Carlisle and includedGeorge Johnstone, who had served as Governor ofWest Florida.Walpole remarked that Carlisle, then a young man, was "very fit to make a treaty that will not be made"[5] and that he "was totally unacquainted with business and though not void of ambition, had but moderate parts and less application."[4]Richard Jackson declined to serve after it became known that the United States and France had signed aTreaty of Alliance.[6] The commissioners also learned of theFranco-American alliance before they set out in April.
One thing that the commissioners did not learn before their departure was that GeneralSir Henry Clinton had been ordered to evacuate Philadelphia even though his orders had been issued one month before they left. Carlisle was of the opinion that the administration had done so intentionally since they might not otherwise have gone at all. Carlisle wrote to his wife of the situation: "We all look grave, and perhaps we think we look wise. I fear nobody will think so when we return.... I don't see what we have to do here."[7] Upon learning of the planned withdrawal, Carlisle appealed to Clinton to delay it, but in rejecting the appeal, Clinton cited his orders to act without delay. That prompted Carlisle to observe that the administration wanted the commission to be "a mixture of ridicule, nullity, and embarrassments."[8] Eden was upset for not being told of Clinton's orders since the British intent to withdraw further stiffened American resolve.[9]
On June 13, the commissioners sent a package of proposals to Congress, which was then holding sessions inYork, Pennsylvania.[10] Congress replied by insisting for American independence to be recognised or all British forces to withdraw first from the states, terms that the commission was not authorised to accept.[4] The commission attempted to appeal to public opinion with warnings of widespread destruction but was unsuccessful.[11] Johnstone tried to bribe some congressmen, and theMarquis de Lafayette challenged Carlisle to a duel over some anti-French statements that he had made.[12][13]
Thomas Paine denounced the British proposals.[14]Gouverneur Morris wrote several essays against the proposals.[15] The commissioners circulated a manifesto,[16] which was printed in theHartford Courant on October 10, 1778.[17] TheMarquess of Rockingham, a leading opponent of the war, objected to the threats in the manifesto and moved to disavow it.[18]
Johnstone sailed to Britain in August, and the other commissioners returned in November 1778.[4] The British, being unable to bring GeneralGeorge Washington'sContinental Army to a decisive engagement, resumed the military campaign and turned to asouthern strategy as their next attempt to win the war in North America.[3] A further attempt in December 1780 to seek a diplomatic peace, in the form of theClinton-Arbuthnot peace commission, failed, and there were no further substantive peace overtures until theAmerican victory at Yorktown in 1781 and the eventualTreaty of Paris.[19][20]
Along with being passed over for promotion and the money promised him from the British to captureWest Point, the failure of that negotiation effort was a contributing cause forBenedict Arnold to abandon his comrades and switch over to the side of the British during theAmerican Revolution.[21]
Carlisle Commission.
Carlisle Peace Commission manifesto