The coat of arms of a cardinal (who is a bishop or archbishop) is indicated by a redgalero (wide-brimmed hat) with 15 tassels on each side (themotto andescutcheon are proper to the individual cardinal).
Acardinal (Latin:Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis,lit. 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of theclergy of theCatholic Church. As titular members of the clergy of theDiocese of Rome, they serve as advisors to thepope, who is the bishop of Rome. Cardinals are chosen and formally created by the pope, and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute theCollege of Cardinals. The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in aconclave, almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when theHoly See isvacant. During the period between a pope's death or resignation and the election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs.[1] In addition, cardinals collectively participate inpapal consistories, in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeingdicasteries of theRoman Curia, the central administration of the Catholic Church.
Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals arebishops andarchbishops leadingdioceses andarchdioceses around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others aretitular bishops who are current or former officials within the Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; canon law requires them to be generallyconsecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals,[2] but some are granted a papal dispensation.[a] There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917, a potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope, and tradition is his only guide.
There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus is that theLatincardinalis comes from the termcardo (meaning 'pivot' or 'hinge'), and was first used inlate antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. InRome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean 'principal', 'eminent', or 'superior'. The name was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree ofa synod of 769, only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted the privilege of wearing the red hat by PopeInnocent IV in 1244.[4]
In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent byPope Zacharias in 747 toPippin the Younger, ruler of theFranks, in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests ofParis to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of the word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 byPius V.
In 1059 (five years after theEast-West Schism), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the sevensuburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as histitular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]
The termcardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned orincardinated to a church,[5] or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on the Latincardo ('hinge'), meaning 'pivotal' as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of thetituli (parishes) of thediocese of Rome.[5]
In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by PopePius IV, wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that the holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our LordJesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through the evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office."[6]
The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably thekings of France, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called "crown-cardinal".[7]
Inearly modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. InHenry VIII's England, his chief minister was for some timeCardinal Wolsey.Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France.[8] Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal,Jules Mazarin.Guillaume Dubois andAndré-Hercule de Fleury complete the list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France.[7] In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal,Henry of Portugal, was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (althoughJohn II Casimir Vasa was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively).[9]
While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal byconcordat (usually earning either itsprimate or the metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is apatriarch: the notable exception is thePatriarch of Lisbon who, byPope Clement XII's 1737 bullInter praecipuas apostolici ministerii, is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment.[10]
In 1586,Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70:[12] six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing the need to staff church offices.[13] In November 1970, inIngravescentem aetatem,Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of 80 years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave.[14] In October 1975 inRomano Pontifici eligendo, he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of the college.[15]
Popes canset aside church laws[16][17] and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 withPope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001[18] and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in aconclave, but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate.[19][b]
Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of theEastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals.[20][21] In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave.
Each cardinal is assigned atitular church upon his creation, which is always a church in thecity of Rome. Through the process of opting (optazione), a cardinal can rise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop – in which case he obtains one of thesuburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome.[22] The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.[23] Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches.[24] They are allowed to celebrateMass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches.
In 1630,Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to beEminence (previously, it had beenillustrissimo andreverendissimo)[c] and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs.[d][e]
In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviatedCard.) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, inLatin, "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan,[26] hold that, in the case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as theCatholic News Service,[27] say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church.[28][29][30][31] This style is also generally followed on the websites of the Holy See andepiscopal conferences.[32] Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily useSanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis as their full title,[33] probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy.[23]
The "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]" order is used in theLatinproclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon,[f] if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been the case since 1389.
The titlePrince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic Church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected byPope Francis, who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him."[35] The title is still applied contemporarily, both officially and other times in criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals.[36][37]
Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order;Latin:cardinales episcopi) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are alsobishops orarchbishops, few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of the sevensuburbicarian sees around Rome:Ostia,Albano,Porto and Santa Rufina,Palestrina,Sabina and Mentana,Frascati, andVelletri.[38][clarification needed] Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, whenPope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop becameDean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with the result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops.[39] Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only atitular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separateordinary.[40]
Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in theCollege of Cardinals. When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim the see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops.[41][g]Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope.[43][h]
In 1965,Pope Paul VI decreed in hismotu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium thatpatriarchs of theEastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after the six Latin Church cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees.[46] (Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals arecardinal priests, not cardinal bishops: for exampleAngelo Scola was madePatriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest ofSanti XII Apostoli in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry).
At the June 2018 consistory,Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting theirtitular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rankpro hac vice (temporarily)[47] and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of the three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80.[48] Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020,[49][50] bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to 11.
TheDean of the College of Cardinals, the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise the Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean isGiovanni Battista Re and the Vice-Dean isLeonardo Sandri.
Cardinal priests (Latin:cardinales presbyteri) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops.[51] Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally alsobishops of importantdioceses throughout the world, though some holdCurial positions.
In modern times, the termcardinal priest is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of theDiocese of Rome, who were recognized as thecardinal priests – the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties asBishop ofRome. Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome, the pope.
While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy andRoman Curia, every cardinal priest has atitular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of thesuburbicarian dioceses around Rome.Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though the cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome.
While the number of cardinals was small from the times of theRoman Empire to theRenaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587,Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximumsize of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. WhenPope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which PopesPaul VI andJohn Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.
The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titledcardinalprotopriest. He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest isMichael Michai Kitbunchu ofThailand.
The cardinal deacons (Latin:cardinales diaconi) are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of theRoman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it (since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave). While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons.
Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in thePapal Household who supervised the church's works in the14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages, when church administration was effectively thegovernment of Rome and provided allsocial services. They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the decree of 769.[52]
Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of theRoman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied.[53] Under the 1587 decree ofPope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio.[53]
As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "title" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order).
When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannualUrbi et Orbipapal blessing, somePapal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by thedalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre (so calledmitra simplex).
The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, heannounces a new pope's election and name[i] from the central balcony ofSt. Peter's Basilica inVatican City. The protodeacon also bestows thepallium on the new pope and crowns him with thepapal tiara, although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978.[55] The current cardinal protodeacon isDominique Mamberti.
The CardinalCamerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and the other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period ofsede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for thepapal conclave.[57]
Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest.
Until 1918, any cleric, even one only inminor orders, could be created a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century,Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests,[58] and, in 1962,Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated asbishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment.[59] As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order ofpriesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtaineddispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop.[k] These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, butRoberto Tucci andAlbert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in apapal conclave since the 1962 rule change.
A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and otherpontificalia (episcopal regalia:mitre,crozier,zucchetto,pectoral cross, and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform the sacrament ofordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops.
At various times, there have been cardinals who had only receivedfirst tonsure andminor orders but not yet beenordained asdeacons or priests. Thoughclerics, they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals".Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of theCode of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 byPope Benedict XV, only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals.[60] Since the time ofPope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation.[61]
In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinalsin pectore (Latin for 'in the breast'). During theWestern Schism, many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign ofPope Martin V,[5] cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termedcreati et reservati in pectore.[62] A cardinal namedin pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinalsin pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change, the pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of hisin pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of anin pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinalin pectore isPope John Paul II, who named four, including one whose identity was never revealed.[l]
Cardinal Bertone in dress for hot tropical countries (white cassock with scarlet piping and buttons).
When inchoir dress, aLatin Church cardinal wearsscarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith.[64][65] Excluding therochet—which is always white—the scarlet garments include thecassock,mozzetta, andbiretta (over the usual scarletzucchetto). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for the fact that it does not have a pompom or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear aviolet orblue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarletpiping and a scarletfascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarletferraiolo which is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it.[66] It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such.[citation needed]
Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet.[67]
In previous times, at theconsistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called agalero. This custom was discontinued in 1969[66] and the investiture now takes place with the scarletbiretta. Inecclesiastical heraldry, however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal'scoat of arms. Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when a cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel.[68][69]
To symbolize their bond with thepapacy, the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring,[70] which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside.[71] There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: underPope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, withMary andJohn to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside.[72]
Cardinals have incanon law a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and the appropriateecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, noecclesiastical court, even theRoman Rota, is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal.[73]
Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by the local bishop.[74]
Gregorio Barbarigo (16 September 1625 – 18 June 1697),Bishop of Padua who distinguished himself for his diplomatic and scholastic service, canonized on 26 May 1960.
Giuseppe Guarino (6 March 1827 – 21 September 1897),Archbishop of Messina and founder of the Apostles of the Holy Family, declared as a Servant of God on 20 January 1986.
Josef Beran (29 December 1888 - 17 May 1969), Archbishop of Prague, declared as a Servant of God on 9 February 1998.
Émile Biayenda (c. 1927 – 23 March 1977), CongoleseArchbishop of Brazzaville whose cause of murder is still undetermined, declared as a Servant of God on 20 March 1995.
^The rule set out inUniversi Dominici gregis is that "No Cardinal elector can be excluded from active or passive voice in the election of the Supreme Pontiff, for any reason or pretext."
^"They were formerly calledillustrissimi andreverendissimi; but Pope Urban VIII (of the Barberini family), in 1630, established the above as their title of honour." Edward Wigglesworth, Thomas Gamaliel Bradford: Encyclopædia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences. Volume 4, page 493.
^"As the exclusive electors of the pope (at least since 1179), cardinals were deemed to be the ecclesiastical equivalents of the Holy Roman Empire's 'Prince-Electors,' an extremely elite group with precedence over all other nobility (including archdukes, dukes and counts), who were tasked with the responsibility of electing Holy Roman Emperors[...] A decree of 10 June 1630, by Urban VII bestowed the title "His Eminence", historically reserved for high nobility, upon the cardinals, thus elevating them above 'His Excellency', then being used to refer to Italian princes." Guruge, Anura. The Next Pope. Alton, New Hampshire. 2010. p. 81.
^"Authoritarian, keenly conscious of his position, Urban kept business in his own hands and rarely discussed it with his cardinals: to compensate them he gave them the rank of princes of the church and a right to the title of 'eminence' (June 1630)."Oxford Dictionary of Popes, Urban VIII
^"Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum; habemus Papam: Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum [first name]Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalem [last name], ..."[34] (Meaning: "I announce to you a great joy; we have a Pope: The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord, Lord [first name] Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [last name], ...")
^In certain periods there were additional requirements. Since the 16th century, only a cardinal who was present within 25leagues of Rome when the vacancy occurred could exercise the option. When the see ofFrascati became vacant upon the death of CardinalTommaso Zigliara on 11 May 1893, CardinalFrancesco Ricci Paracciani was in Siena, which disqualified him and allowed CardinalSerafino Vannutelli to exercise the option and become cardinal bishop of Frascati.[41][42]
^He exercised his new authority later that month by appointingGiuseppe Ferretto cardinal bishop ofSabina e Poggio Mirteto on 26 March 1961.[44] Ferretto was the lowest ranking member of the order of cardinal priests and only 62. He had been a cardinal for ten weeks.[45]
^The cardinal protodeacon does not announce a new pope's name until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.[54]
^abcdefghijklmnopqrCeased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest
^Allen, John L. Jr. (2002).Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Random House. p. 107.ISBN9780385504560.Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved15 October 2020.Most canon lawyers take the opinion that the pope, in appointing more electors than anticipated byUniversi Dominici Gregis, made an exception to his own rules and hence all the cardinals under eighty, regardless of the limit of 120, are eligible to enter the conclave. (Canon lawyers ruefully joke that nobody violates canon law like a pope.) As a political matter, it seems probable that all cardinals under eighty will be admitted regardless of the wording ofUniversi Dominici Gregis because the task of trying to decide who cannot enter could paralyze the process indefinitely.
^Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965)."Ad purpuratorum Patrum". Libreria Editrice Vaticana.Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved3 December 2017.]
^Pope John XXIII (9 April 1962)."Suburbicariis sedibus" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved2 November 2017.
^ab"Le Droit d'Option des Cardinaux".Annuaire pontifical catholique (in French). Vol. XI. Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse. 1908. pp. 136–40, esp. 137–8 "Comment se fait l'option".Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved6 March 2021.
^Acta Sanctae Sedis(PDF). Vol. XXVI. 1893–94. p. 704.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved6 March 2021.
^John XXIII (10 March 1961)."Ad Suburbicarias Dioeceses" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved5 March 2021.
^Acta Apostolicae Sedis(PDF). Vol. LIII. 1961. p. 199.Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved6 March 2021.
^Pope Paul VI (11 February 1965)."Ad Purpuratorum Patrum Collegium" (in Latin). Libreria Editrice Vaticana.Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved3 December 2017.
^Applause and tears in Basilica greet Pontiff (26 November 2007)Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2008. Quote: "In a ceremony televised across the world cardinal-electSean Brady knelt before Pope Benedict XVI and pledged his allegiance to the Church before receiving his special red birretta—a symbol of a cardinal's dignity and willingness to shed blood for the increase of the Christian faith."
Salvador Miranda.The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. A digital resource consisting of the biographical entries of the cardinals from 494 to 2014 and of the events and documents concerning the origin of the Roman cardinalate and its historical evolution
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