Order of sharks
Ground sharks, like thisblacknose shark , have anictitating membrane which can be drawn over the eye to protect it. Carcharhiniformes /k ɑːr k ə ˈ r aɪ n ɪ f ɔːr m iː z sharks , with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such ascatsharks ,swellsharks , andrequiem sharks .
Members of this order are characterized by the presence of anictitating membrane over the eye, twodorsal fins , ananal fin , and fivegill slits.
The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recentDNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are notmonophyletic .
The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-LateJurassic , which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to livingcatsharks .[ 1] Late Cretaceous , initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during theCenozoic .[ 2] [ 3]
Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes classifies the Carcharhiniformes into two suborders and nine families:[ 4]
SuborderScyliorhinoidei SuborderCarcharhinoidei FamilyAtelomycteridae E. G. White , 1936 FamilyPentanchidae Smith , 1912 FamilyDichichthyidae W. T. White ,Stewart ,Reuben O'Neill &Naylor , 2024 FamilyPseudotriakidae Gill, 1893 (false catsharks) FamilyProscylliidae Fowler , 1941 FamilyLeptochariidae Gray , 1851 FamilyTriakidae Gray, 1851 (houndsharks) FamilyHemigaleidae J.C.F. Hasse , 1878 FamilyCarcharhinidae D. S. Jordan &Evermann , 1896 FamilyGaleocerdonidae Poey , 1875 FamilySphyrnidae Bonaparte , 1840 The following fossil genera of Carcharhiniformes are also known:[ 5]
Genus †Altusmirus Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2017 Genus †Corysodon Saint-Seine, 1949 Genus †Platyrhizodon Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013 Genus †Vectiscyllium Duffin & Batchelor, 2024 FamilyCarcharhinidae Genus †Abdounia Cappetta, 1980 Genus †Archaeogaleus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014 Genus †Danogaleus Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Eogaleus Cappetta, 1975 Genus †Eorhincodon Li, 1997 Genus †Fornicatus Fuchs, Engelbrecht, Lukeneder & Kriwet, 2018 Genus †Kruckowlamna Laurito Mora, 1999 Genus †Misrichthys Case & Cappetta, 1990 Genus †Pseudabdounia Ebersole, Cicimurri & Stringer, 2019 Family †Florenceodontidae Cappetta, Morrison & Adnet, 2019 FamilyHemigaleidae FamilyGaleocerdonidae Family †Pseudoscyliorhinidae Stumpf, Scheer & Kriwet, 2019 FamilyPentanchidae FamilyProscyllidae FamilyScyliorhinidae Genus †Bavariscyllium Thies, 2005 Genus †Cadiera Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014 Genus †Casieria Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Crassescyliorhinus Underwood & Ward, 2008 Genus †Cretascyliorhinus Underwood & Mitchell, 1999 Genus †Foumtizia Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Megascyliorhinus Cappetta & Ward, 1977 Genus †Microscyliorhinus Case, 1994 Genus †Orthodon Coquand, 1860 Genus †Pachyscyllium Reinecke, Moths, Grant & Breitkreuz, 2005 Genus †Palaeoscyllium Wagner, 1857 Genus †Platyrhizoscyllium Adnet, 2006 Genus †Porodermoides Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Premontreia Cappetta, 1992 Genus †Prohaploblepharus Underwood & Ward, 2008 Genus †Protoscyliorhinus Herman, 1977 Genus †Pteroscyllium Cappetta, 1980 Genus †Scyliorhinotheca Kiel, Peckmann & Simon, 2013 Genus †Sigmoscyllium Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013 Genus †Stenoscyllium Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Thiesus Guinot, Cappetta & Adnet, 2014 Genus †Tingaleus Cappetta, 1993 FamilyTriakidae Genus †Archaeotriakis Case, 1978 Genus †Gomphogaleus Adnet & Cappetta, 2008 Genus †Kallodentis Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017 Genus †Khouribgaleus Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997 Genus †Meridiogaleus Engelbrecht, Mörs, Reguero & Kriwet, 2017 Genus †Pachygaleus Cappetta, 1992 Genus †Palaeogaleus Gurr, 1962 Genus †Palaeotriakis Guinot, Underwood, Cappetta & Ward, 2013 Genus †Rhaibodus Böhm, 1926 Genus †Squatigaleus Cappetta, 1989 Genus †Xystrogaleus Adnet, 2006 ^ Stumpf, Sebastian; Scheer, Udo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019-03-04)."A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany" (PDF) .Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology .39 (2): e1593185.Bibcode :2019JVPal..39E3185S .doi :10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185 ISSN 0272-4634 .S2CID 155785248 . ^ Condamine, Fabien L.; Romieu, Jules; Guinot, Guillaume (2019-10-08)."Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks" .Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences .116 (41):20584– 20590.Bibcode :2019PNAS..11620584C .doi :10.1073/pnas.1902693116 ISSN 0027-8424 .PMC 6789557 PMID 31548392 . ^ Brée, Baptiste; Condamine, Fabien L.; Guinot, Guillaume (2022-12-19)."Combining palaeontological and neontological data shows a delayed diversification burst of carcharhiniform sharks likely mediated by environmental change" .Scientific Reports .12 (1): 21906.Bibcode :2022NatSR..1221906B .doi :10.1038/s41598-022-26010-7 .ISSN 2045-2322 .PMC 9763247 PMID 36535995 . ^ "Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification" .Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes .California Academy of Sciences . Retrieved24 October 2024 .^ "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References" .shark-references.com . Retrieved2024-03-06 .
