Cape Adare is a prominentcape of blackbasalt forming the northern tip of theAdare Peninsula and the north-easternmost extremity ofVictoria Land,East Antarctica.[1]
It is the site of thefirst confirmed landing on the Antarctic mainland—undertaken fromAntarctic in 1895—and the firstbase on the Antarctic mainland—established bySouthern Cross in1899. On both occasions an important role was played byCarstens Borchgrevink.
Marking the north end ofBorchgrevink Coast and the west end ofPennell Coast, the cape separates theRoss Sea to the east from theSouthern Ocean to the west, and is backed by the highAdmiralty Mountains. Cape Adare was an important landing site and base camp during earlyAntarctic exploration. Off the coast to the northeast are theAdare Seamounts and theAdare Trough.
CaptainJames Ross discovered Cape Adare in January 1841 and named it after his friend theViscount Adare (the title is derived fromAdare,Ireland).
In January 1895,Norwegian explorersHenrik Bull andCarsten Borchgrevink from the shipAntarctic landed at Cape Adare as the first documented landing on Antarctica, collectinggeological specimens. Borchgrevink returned to the cape leading his own expedition in 1899 and erected two huts, the first human structures built in Antarctica. The expedition members overwintered and the survivors were picked up in January 1900. This was the first expedition party ever to winter over on the Antarctic continent.ZoologistNicolai Hanson died during the winter and was buried at Cape Adare.
The closest research station in modern times wasHallett Station, the jointNew Zealand/United States station atCape Hallett, 63 miles (101 km) to the south. This base was in use from 1957 to 1973.
The Australian Bicentennial Antarctic Expedition set out from Cape Adare for their successful assault onMount Minto in 1988. The expedition's support vessel was moored to the ice shelf in the bay and maintained radio contact with the climbers during their ascent.
In February 2007, theJapanesewhaling shipNisshin Maru experienced a fire below decks while in the Ross Sea.[2] The vessel drifted without power for days until its engines were repaired, raising concern among New Zealand authorities due to its proximity to the world's largestAdélie penguinrookery at Cape Adare.[3]
The first buildings erected by Carsten Borchgrevink at Cape Adare were prefabricated of pine by the Norwegian factory Strømmen Trævarefabrikk. These huts are still standing, and the site is recognized internationally as a significant historic site. Members of the Northern Party ofScott'sTerra Nova Expedition over-wintered at Cape Adare in 1911 and 1912. They erected one hut, which has fallen into ruin today.
As a result of initiatives by the Antarctic Heritage Trust the site (with the buildings) is registered in the Antarctic Treaty System as anAntarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 159) the highest level of protection available under the terms of the Treaty.[4][5]
The remains of twoBorchgrevink's Hut, as well as those of the Terra Nova Expedition's hut, have also been designated aHistoric Site or Monument (HSM 22), following a proposal by New Zealand and the United Kingdom to theAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting. The grave of Nicolai Hanson has been similarly but separately designated (HSM 23).[6]
Studies suggests that Cape Adare was covered in ice during theLast glacial period, anddeglaciated around 16.2 thousand years ago. And the results suggest that it took several thousand years until penguin colonies formed, after ice free surfaces became available.[7]
Submarine shoals on the narrow continental shelf to the east of Cape Adare are the site of unusually frequent submarine collisions with large current-mobilized icebergs transiting northward out of the Ross Sea. Notably, this process led to the sudden breakup ofIceberg B15 in October 2007, as well as a number of other large icebergs. These collisions are energetic enough to be recorded by seismographs in Antarctica and the southern Pacific Ocean region.[8]
Cape Adare is the site of the largestAdélie penguinrookery in the world.[9] The only study of this particular colony was done byGeorge Murray Levick,[9] who was a member of the 1910–13Scott Antarctic Expedition and observed it for an entirebreeding cycle in 1911 and 1912.[10] He was reluctant to publish it due to the unusual mating habits of penguins that he recorded, among themhomosexuality,sexual andphysical abuse of chicks, andmating with dead female penguins, nowadays ascribed to the lack of experience of young penguins.[10] He described it as "depraved". The report was considered too shocking for public release at the time, and was suppressed. The only copies that were made available privately to researchers were translated intoGreek, to prevent this knowledge becoming more widely known. After it became lost, it was rediscovered and published in the journalPolar Record only in 2012. The discovery significantly illuminates the behaviour of the species that some researchers[11] believe to be an indicator ofclimate change.[10]
Over four seasons, sampled between 1981 and 2012, the Adélie colony at Cape Adare had a mean count of 227,000 breeding pairs, making it (along with that atCape Crozier) among the largest in theRoss Sea. It occupiesRidley Beach and part of the western slopes of the Cape Adare peninsula. A 294 ha site encompassing the colony has been designated anImportant Bird Area byBirdLife International. A colony of about 300 pairs ofsouth polar skuas is also present.[12]
In 1901,Carsten Borchgrevink, part of theBritish Antarctic Expedition 1898–1900, published the book, ‘First on the Antarctic continent’. He wrote ca. 1900, in the chapter dedicated to Adélie penguins:
We all watched the life of the penguins with the utmost interest, and I believe and hope that some of us learnt something from their habits and characteristics.[13]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from"Cape Adare".Geographic Names Information System.United States Geological Survey.
