The first trace of a settlement in the canton dates from approximately 14,000 BC, with additional finds from thePaleolithic (12,400-9250 BC) and theMesolithic (9250-5500 BC). During theNeolithic (5500-2200 BC) and theBronze Age (2200-850 BC) about 50 differentstilt house villages were built in 33 locations aroundLake Zug.[4] Some of these sites are part of theUNESCOWorld Heritage SitePrehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps. Prehistoric sites around the lake and throughout the canton include examples from the Neolithic Egolzwiler,Cortaillod,Pfyn andHorgen cultures. Traces of the later NeolithicBell Beaker andCorded Ware cultures as well as the early Bronze Age are less common. There were several large later Bronze Age andIron Age settlements. On the Baarburg the ruins of an Iron Ageceltic prince's castle from about 500 BC contained Greek ceramics andetruscan metal vessels. Some of the names around the canton are possibly celtic in origin includingBaar,Cham,Lorze,Sihl and possiblyReuss.[4]
After theRoman conquest the area was home to as many as tenVilla rustica. In addition to a number ofcoin hoards, graves and ruins, a collection of 23terracotta religious statues were discovered in Cham. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the area was incorporated into theFrankish Empire in 536/37. During theEarly Middle Ages a number ofparish churches were founded in the canton as the population grew. A settlement existed near the present location ofZug Castle and Cham by the 9th or 10th century. The city of Zug was founded in the first half of the 13th century.[4]
Near the southern shore of thelake of Ägeri is the site of theBattle of Morgarten, won by the Swiss in 1315.[5] In this battle the powerfulHabsburgs were defeated. Thehamlet of Morgarten (Municipality ofOberägeri) borders the canton of Schwyz and is home to the Morgarten Battle Monument (German:Morgarten Denkmal). The actual battlefield is just across the border in the hamlet of Schornen (Municipality ofSattel) in thecanton of Schwyz.
Figure 1 wears a traditional costume of the canton of Zug.
In 1803, under theAct of Mediation, the canton of Zug regained its independence as a separate canton. The constitution of 1814 abolished public assemblies (Landsgemeinde), which had existed in the canton since 1376. In 1845 the canton of Zug became a member of theSonderbund and participated in the war of 1847 which was lost to theSwiss Confederation. In 1848 the remaining functions of theLandsgemeinde were abolished. Both in 1848 and in 1874 the canton voted against the federal constitutions. The constitution of 1876 was amended in 1881, and replaced by a new one in 1894.[5]
The canton of Zug is located in central Switzerland and covers an area of 239 square kilometres (92 sq mi). The cantons ofLucerne andAargau lie to its west. To the north, the canton is bounded by thecanton of Zürich, whereas to the east and south lies thecanton of Schwyz.
Most of the land is considered productive. TheLake of Zug (German:Zugersee) andLake Ägeri (German:Ägerisee) make up a considerable part of the canton's area. Lake Ägeri is wholly within the canton, whereas the Zugersee is shared with the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz.
The canton is located on a hilly plateau. TheHöhronen (nearHöhboden) is the highest elevation (1,229 m) in the east of the canton. TheZugerberg (1,039 m) in the south is another notable elevation. It connects in the south with theRossberg massif which rises to theWildspitz (1,583 m) east of the Zugersee. This massif separates the Zugersee from the basin and Ägerisee. It also separates the hilly district ofMenzingen from the Zugersee.
The riverLorze is the principal drainage in the canton. It originates in Ägerisee, from where it flows northward through moraine deposits in a deep gorge with fine stalactite caverns.[5] The river eventually enters the Zugersee, before flowing back out of the lake through the town of Cham, and joining theReuss in the northern corner of the canton. The Reuss forms the boundary of the canton in the north west.
Canton Zug's borders were mainly established by nature itself: the riversSihl andBiber, and the Höhronen ridge in the east; the Rossberg mountain in the south, and theRooterberg mountain, and the Reuss in the west. Only the 87.5 km-long border between the cantons of Zürich and Zug is not naturally defined. With its 1580 m peak, the Wildspitz is the highest point in the canton. The lowest point in the north of the canton is at 388 m, atRüssspitz (German:Reussspitz) on the border, the confluence of the rivers Lorzen and Reuss.
The canton of Zug is multi-faceted, despite its small size. In rough terms, there are two zones, divided by the north-south axis of Lake Zug: the western part withEnnetsee and the plateau of Zug,Steinhausen andBaar; and the eastern part consisting of the hilly and mountainous zone. In the latter is the Zugerberg with the Rossberg mountain chain, the valley ofOberägeri andUnterägeri, with Lake Ägeri, and the mountain ridge of Höhronen and the countryside ofMenzingen andNeuheim.
The power of the glaciers in the ice ages is impressively shown in the lateral moraines of the mountainsWalchwilerberg and Zugerberg. These are the remaining traces of theReuss Glacier. The moraine and drumlin landscape of Menzingen and Neuheim are the result of the convergence of the Reuss Glacier and theLinth Glacier. The Swiss geologistAlbert Heim (1849–1937) once noted that "this must be the most impressive moraine landscape in Switzerland".[citation needed] The glaciation of the Zug mountains stopped in around 15,000 BCE.
The Lorze is the only large river flowing wholly within the canton. The Sihl and Reuss both follow cantonal borders. The Lorze flows from Lake Ägeri through the deep valley of theLorzentobel to Baar and Lake Zug. InCham, the Lorze leaves Lake Zug and joins the Reuss at the aforementioned Reussspitz.
The canton forms a single administrative district, which comprises eleven municipalities. The legislature (Kantonsrat) has 80 members. The executive (Regierungsrat) has seven members. Members of both governments are elected directly by popular vote. The term of office in both cases is four years. The two members of the FederalStänderat, as well as the three members of the FederalNationalrat, are also elected by a popular vote.[5]
The population of the canton (as of 31 December 2020) is 128,794.[2] As of 2014[update], the population included 31,643 foreigners, or about 26% of the total population, up from 15.6% in 1990.[6] The largest foreign population is to be found in the municipality of Walchwil with 33.2% foreign nationals, then Zug (31.7%), Baar (28.1%), Risch (26.3%), and Oberägeri (25.3%). The lowest rate is to be found in Menzingen (18.9%) and Hünenberg (16.5%).[7]
The majority of the population (as of 2000[update]) isRoman Catholic (62%) with aProtestant minority (18%).[8] Until 1814, Zug was in theDiocese of Konstanz, but on the reconstruction of the diocese ofBasel in 1828 it was assigned to the latter.[5]
While the majority of the population understands standard German, most residents speak theSwiss German dialect of central Switzerland.
In the higher regions of the canton the population is mainly engaged in pastoral pursuits and cattle-breeding. There are 61alps (high pastures) in the canton. At Cham is a well-known factory ofcondensed milk, now united with that ofNestlé ofVevey.[5] TheAnglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. was founded in Cham in 1866. At Baar there are factories. Round the town ofZug there are great numbers of fruit trees, andKirsch (a high grade clear cherry schnapps) andcider are largely manufactured.Apiculture flourishes in the canton. A number of factories have sprung up in the new quarter of the town. The formerly important silk-weaving industry has now disappeared.[5]
Since 1910 the economy has shifted dramatically in Zug. In 2014, about 1.8% of the workers in Zug work in theprimary sector (the total for all of Switzerland is 3.3%) Of these 1.8%, in 2008, nearly two-thirds kept dairy cows.[10] However, its low tax rates and business friendly climate have brought many small and medium-sized businesses in all areas of the economy. There are over 24,300[11] registered companies and over 70,000 jobs[12] in the canton, with 12,900[13] of the registered companies based in the city of Zug.
In 2014 thesecondary sector employed 22,096 or about 20.5% of the total. Of those in the secondary sector, 28.3% worked in the manufacture of data-processing equipment, electronic and optical products. About a quarter of all secondary sector workers in the canton work in construction, with 19.7% in specialized trades such as electrician or plumber and 7% in construction management or labor. Thetertiary sector employed 83,591 or about 77.7% of the total. Of those in the tertiary sector, the largest group of employees (17% of all tertiary sector) work in wholesale business including wholesale pharmaceuticals. The next largest group category is education which makes up 6.22% of the sector. Due to Zug's status as a business center and tax haven, 5.74% of the tertiary sector is in management and business consultancy, 4.67% provide information technology services, 4% provide legal and tax consultancy and nearly 4% provide financial services.[14]
In 2016, the town of Zug began acceptingdigital currency for small payments of municipal fees. Then, in 2021, the canton started accepting bitcoin or Ethereum for personal and company taxes up to CHF100,000. To reduce risk, Zug converts the cryptocurrency into Swiss francs. This is part of a strategy to associate Zug with new technologies.[15][16]
Zug has also been referred to as the Crypto Valley byEthereum co-founder Mihai Alisie because of the large number of companies engaged incryptocurrency in the area.[15] By 2018, a Crypto Valley Association had been formed with Oliver Bussmann, as its president.[17]
At the end of 2019, the following were identified as the largest cryptocurrency companies in Zug:Ethereum ($14.4 billion), Dfinity ($2bn),Polkadot ($1.2bn),Bitmain ($1bn), Libra ($1bn),Tezos ($924m), Cardano ($869m) and Cosmos ($818m).[18] By 2021, the term 'Crypto Valley' was being used to cover Switzerland and Liechtenstein with 960 companies; Zug accounted for 433 companies, followed by Zurich (178). Eleven companies were described as 'unicorns' with the largest – Ethereum ($157 billion), Cardano ($41bn) and Polkadot ($29bn), all being based in the canton.[19] By 2024, there were 1,290 cryptocurrency companies in the Crypto Valley; 512 in Zug and 278 in Zurich. The largest companies – Ethereum ($273 billion),Solana ($43 billion), Cardano ($21bn) and Polkadot ($10bn), were all based in the canton. The 50 biggest companies had a valuation of $383 billion.[20]
The canton of Zug has one of the lowest tax rates in Switzerland.Bloomberg L. P. reported that trading houses with ties to Russian oligarchs are peppered all over the low tax canton of Zug. Local officials estimate that there are at least 40 companies connected to Russia that employ about 900 people in the canton. Twenty firms identified as Russian by the canton paid CHF31 million ($33 million) in cantonal and municipal taxes in 2020, but "the true scale of Russian operations in Zug is hard to determine because Swiss registration rules demand limited information from companies looking to do business there," writes Bloomberg.[21]
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