| Woodpeckers | |
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| Hispaniolan woodpecker | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Piciformes |
| Family: | Picidae |
| Subfamily: | Picinae Bonaparte 1838 |
| Genera | |
Several, see text | |
Picinae containing the truewoodpeckers is one of foursubfamilies that make up the woodpeckerfamilyPicidae. True woodpeckers are found over much of the world, but do not occur in Madagascar orAustralasia.
Woodpeckers gained their English name because of the habit of some species of tapping and pecking noisily ontree trunks with their beaks and heads. This is both a means of communication to signal possession of territory to their rivals, and a method of locating and accessing insect larvae found under the bark or in long winding tunnels in the tree or upright log.
Some woodpeckers andwrynecks in the order Piciformes havezygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backward. These feet, though adapted for clinging to a vertical surface, can be used for grasping or perching. Several species have only three toes. The woodpecker's longtongue, in many cases as long as the woodpecker itself, can be darted forward to capture insects. The tongue is not attached to the woodpecker's head in the same way as it is in most birds, but instead it curls back up around its skull, which allows it to be so long.
The woodpecker first locates atunnel by tapping on the trunk with its head. Once a tunnel is found, the woodpeckerchisels out wood until it makes an opening into the tunnel. Then it worms itstongue into the tunnel to try to locate thegrub. The tongue of the woodpecker is long and ends in a barb. With its tongue the woodpecker skewers the grub and draws it out of the trunk.
Woodpeckers also use their beaks to create larger holes for their nests which are 15–45 cm (6–18 inches) below the opening. These nests are lined only with wood chips and hold 2–8 white eggs. Because the nests are out of sight, they are not visible to predators and eggs do not need to be camouflaged. Cavities created by woodpeckers are also reused as nests by other birds, such asgrackles,starlings, someducks andowls, and mammals, such astree squirrels.
Several adaptations combine to protect the woodpecker's brain from the substantial pounding that the pecking behaviour causes: it has a relatively thick skull with relatively spongy bone to cushion the brain; there is very littlecerebrospinal fluid in its smallsubarachnoid space; the bird contractsmandibular muscles just before impact, thus transmitting the impact past the brain and allowing its whole body to help absorb the shock; its relatively small brain is less prone to concussion than other animals'.[1]
Some species have modified joints between bones in the skull and upper jaw, as well as muscles which contract to absorb the shock of the hammering. Strong neck and tail-feather muscles, and a chisel-like bill are other hammering adaptations which are seen in most species. Other species of woodpecker, such as the Flicker, uses its long tongue primarily to grab prey from the ground or from under loose bark. It has few shock-absorbing adaptations, and prefers to feed on the ground or to chip away at rotting wood and bark, habits observed in birds outside of the woodpecker family. A "continuum" in skull structures, from little- to highly specialized for pounding is seen in different genera (groups of related species) of woodpeckers alive today. In his classic "Birds of America,"John James Audubon describes the slight gradations inhyoid horn length found in different species of living woodpeckers. The slack of tongue is kept under the loose skin behind its neck. The tiny bones divide into essentially two tongues, coming back together before entering the beak.
The systematics of woodpeckers is quite convoluted. Based on an assumption of unrealistically lowconvergence in details of plumage and behavior, 5 subfamilies were distinguished. However, it has turned out that similar plumage patterns and modes of life are not reliable to determine higher phylogenetic relationships in woodpeckers, and thus only 3 subfamilies should be accepted.
For example, the generaDryocopus (Eurasia andAmericas) andCampephilus (Americas) of large woodpeckers were believed to form a distinct group. However, they are quite unrelated and instead close, respectively, to the genera,Mulleripicus andChrysocolaptes, ofSoutheast Asia. In addition, thegenus allocation of many species, e.g. therufous woodpecker, has turned out to be in error, and some taxa with unclear relationships could be placed into the phylogeny.[2][3]
In 1975 John Morony and colleagues in theirReference List of the Birds of the World divided the true woodpeckers into sixtribes: Melanerpini, Campetherini, Colaptini, Campephilini, Picini, Meiglyptini.[4] This classification was used in 1982 by Lesley Short in hisWoodpeckers of the World.[5] The introduction of molecular methods led to a substantial reorganization of the phylogeny making the earlier groups obsolete. In 2005 David Webb and William Moore divided the main woodpecker genera into three tribes: Megapicini, Malarpicini and Dendropicini.[6] These names were rapidly accepted by other ornithologists but in 2013Edward Dickinson andLeslie Christidis in the fourth edition of theHoward and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World rejected these new names on the grounds that the earlier names had precedence. Webb and Moore's Malarpicini, Megapicini and Dendropicini were replaced by Pici, Campephilini and Melanerpini. Dickinson and Christidis also introduced Nesoctitini for the Antillean piculets and Hemicircini for the two species in Hemicircus giving a total of five tribes.[7]
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| Relationships between the genera based on a phylogenetic study by Sabir Shakya and colleagues published in 2017.[8] |
The world bird list maintained byFrank Gill,Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of theInternational Ornithologists' Union recognises 208 species of true woodpecker which are split up into 33 genera.[9] The division into tribes is based on the 2017 study by Sabir Shakya and colleagues.[8]
Tribe Nesoctitini
Tribe Hemicircini
Tribe Picini
Tribe Campephilini
Tribe Melanerpini (pied woodpeckers)
Authority control databases: National |
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