The story takes place in the year of 2011 when a radical leader has executed the president of an unnamed country in theMiddle East, and anultranationalist movement ignites acivil war inRussia. The conflicts are seen from the perspectives of aU.S. Marine Force Recon sergeant and aBritish SAS commando and are set in various locales, such as theUnited Kingdom, the Middle East,Azerbaijan, Russia, andUkraine. Themultiplayer portion of the game features numerousgame modes and contains a leveling system that allows the player to unlock additional weapons, weapon attachments, and camouflage schemes as they advance.
The game was praised by critics, especially for its gameplay and storyline, winning numerous "Game of the Year" titles and twoBAFTA Video Games Awards. It was the top-selling game worldwide in 2007, selling around sevenmillion copies by January 2008 and almost sixteenmillion by November 2013. Retrospective reviewers consider it one of the best, if not the best, games in the series, and one of thegreatest video games ever made for its influential campaign and multiplayer. It was followed by two sequels that continue the storyline:Modern Warfare 2 (2009) andModern Warfare 3 (2011).
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is afirst-person shooter. A character can be positioned in one of three stances: standing, kneeling, or prone; each affecting the character's rate of movement, accuracy, and stealth. Using cover helps the player avoid enemy fire or recover health after taking significant damage, as there is no armor or health powerups. When the character has taken damage, the edges of the screen glow red and the character's heartbeat increases. If the character stays out of fire, the character can recover. When the character is within the blast radius of a live grenade, a marker indicates the direction of the grenade, helping the player to either flee or toss it back to the enemy.[1]
The game is the first in theCall of Duty series to feature modern equipment. The game also introduces new features, particularly multiplayer mechanics such as "killstreaks," where the player gains access to special abilities for killing enemies without dying.[citation needed]
Campaign
The player takes on the role of various characters during a single-player campaign. The characters' involvement in the plot occurs simultaneously and overlaps the events in the game. As such, the player's perspective changes from one character to another between missions. Each mission features a series of objectives; the player is led to each objective with theheads-up display, which marks its direction and distance. Some objectives require that the player arrives at a checkpoint, while other objectives require the player to eliminate enemies in a specified location, stand their ground to defend an objective, or plant explosive charges on an enemy installation. After completing the campaign, a special epilogue mission is unlocked for play. The mission itself has no bearing on the campaign plot and focuses on a SAS squad fighting terrorists that have hijacked an airplane and taken a VIP hostage. The main campaign features 30 collectible pieces of intel that award the player with game cheats and visual filters such as infinite ammunition, cluster grenades, and increasedcontrast.[1]
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare features team-based anddeathmatch-basedmultiplayer modes on various maps. Eachmode has an objective that requires unique strategies to complete.[2] Players can call inUAVreconnaissance scans, airstrikes, and attack helicopters when they achieve three-, five-, and seven-enemy kill streaks respectively.[1] A game ends when either a team or player has reached a predefined number of points, or the allotted time expires in which case the team or player with the most points wins. If the points are even when the time expires, Sudden Death mode is activated in which there is no re-spawning, and the team that either has the last man standing or achieves the objective first is the winner. If the player is in either of the two matches, then there is an Overtime match, in which the next team to win is rewarded the victory.[2]
The player's performance in the multiplayer mode is tracked withexperience points, which can be earned by killing opposing players, completing challenges, completing objectives, or by completing a round or match. As the player gains experience, they advance in level, unlocking new weapons, perks, challenges, and gameplay modes. The highest obtainable level is 55, but on the console versions of the game, the player has the option to enter "Prestige" mode, which returns their level to one and removes all accumulated unlockables. This process can be repeated up to 10 times with a different insignia being given each time.[3]
As the player advances in levels and goes up higher in prestige, they earn the ability to customize their classes; this includes selecting their main weapon, sidearm, and special grenade type. Additionally, the player can select 3 perks, one from each of the three "Tiers", that can customize their character further. Perk effects include, but are not limited to, extra ammunition, increasing bullet damage by the player, or dropping a livegrenade when the player is killed. The player is also given the choice to complete challenges to receive even more experience points; challenges include achieving a certain number of kills with a specific weapon, shooting down a helicopter, or performing several headshots. Additionally, when the player attains a certain number of headshots with a specific weapon, excluding sidearms, the player unlocks extra weapon "camos", or camouflage, to use for that specific weapon.[1]
Campaign
Characters
"Khaled Al-Asad" redirects here. Not to be confused withKhaled al-Asaad, a Syrian archaeologist beheaded by theIslamic State in August 2015.
During the single-player campaign, the player controls six different characters from afirst-person perspective. The player assumes the role of a recent recruit to the BritishSpecial Air Service (SAS),John "Soap" MacTavish for most of the game, starting with his induction into the22nd SAS Regiment.[4]Sergeant Paul Jackson is a member of theU.S. Marine Corps1st Force Recon Company deployed to an unnamed Middle Eastern country.CaptainJohn Price (Billy Murray) is a SAS officer who is playable in two flashback missions from 1996 in which he is alieutenant. The player also assumes the role of an American TV operator aboard aLockheed AC-130 gunship during one level and an unnamed SAS operative infiltrating a hijacked airliner to save a VIP in a secret level titled "Mile High Club." Finally, the player briefly controls Yasir Al-Fulani, the president of an unnamed Middle Eastern country, although the player has no freedom of action beyond turning his head.[2][4][5]
The game'snon-playable characters (NPCs) feature prominently in the story: Captain Price and his second-in-command, Gaz (Craig Fairbrass), serve as mentors to Soap. Jackson's platoon is led by Lieutenant Vasquez (David Sobolov) andStaff Sergeant Griggs (voiced by and modeled after Infinity Ward lead animator Mark Grigsby); Griggs later accompanies the SAS. Sergeant Kamarov (Mark Ivanir) leads the Russian loyalists that aid the SAS and USMC forces. "Nikolai" (Sven Holmberg) is a Russian loyalist informant who helps the SAS. Captain MacMillan (Zach Hanks) is Price's mentor andcommanding officer during a flashback.
The antagonists in the story include Imran Zakhaev (Yevgeni Lazarev), the leader of the RussianUltranationalist party and the main antagonist of the game; Khaled Al-Asad, the commander of the revolutionary forces in the unnamed Middle Eastern country and an ally of Imran Zakhaev; and Victor Zakhaev, the son of Imran Zakhaev and a priority figure in the Ultranationalist party.[2]
The level "All Ghillied Up" takes place inPripyat, Ukraine, featuring several iconic aspects of the abandoned city, such as this square.
In 2011, a civil war breaks out in Russia between government loyalists and Ultranationalists seeking to return Russia to itsSoviet-era glory. Meanwhile, a separatist group led by Khaled Al-Asad, who holdsanti-Western views, seizes power in an unnamed country in theMiddle East through acoup d'état. In response, theUnited States invades the country. Aplatoon of U.S. Marines from1st Force Recon Co, led by Lieutenant Vasquez, fail to capture Al-Asad and later engage inurban combat in a nearby city with support from anM1 Abrams tank.
Meanwhile, new BritishSpecial Air Service operator Sergeant John "Soap" MacTavish is recruited into Captain Price's team, which conducts two operations; the first leads them to infiltrate a cargo ship in theBering Strait. Neutralizing the armed Russians on board, the team secure anuclear device labeled in Arabic. UltranationalistMiG-29sscuttle the ship, but the SAS escapes by helicopter.
The second operation tasks the SAS with rescuing an ally, a Russianinformant named Nikolai working within the Ultranationalist party. Assisted by Russian loyalist forces, Price's team extracts Nikolai. However, their helicopter is brought down, forcing the team to make their way through enemy territory with support from anAC-130 gunship before they are extracted.Intelligence gathered from these two missions indicates that Al-Asad may be in possession of a Russian nuclear device.
The U.S. launches a full-scale assault on Al-Asad's presidential palace, aware of the possible nuclear device. AsSEAL Team 6 raids the palace, the USMC engage Al-Asad's ground forces. However, the assault ends in catastrophe when the nuclear device suddenlydetonates, wiping out most of the city along with everyone in it.
Refusing to assume Al-Asad is dead, Price's team, supported by Russian loyalists, raids a safe house in Azerbaijan where they locate and capture Al-Asad. During theinterrogation, Price answers Al-Asad's phone before executing him, revealing that the caller was the leader of the Ultranationalists: Imran Zakhaev. Price reveals that in the aftermath of theChernobyl disaster andthe collapse of the Soviet Union, Zakhaev profited fromnuclear proliferation and used his new wealth to lure ex-Soviet military personnel to form his Ultranationalist party. Price and his superior, Captain MacMillan were ordered toassassinate Zakhaev inPripyat, Ukraine in 1996, where Price fired upon Zakhaev with a sniper rifle from a hotel; however, the shot only severed Zakhaev's arm. Price and MacMillan barely escaped Zakhaev's forces.
Following Al-Asad's death, Price's team hold off against Ultranationalist forces who arrive to avenge him. A joint task force composed of the SAS, Force Recon, and the loyalists then attempt to capture Zakhaev's son, Victor, to learn Zakhaev's whereabouts. After ambushing him, Victor flees but is cornered on the roof of an apartment building. Refusing to surrender, he commits suicide. Enraged, Zakhaev retaliates by taking control of a nuclearlaunch facility.
An operation is launched by the task force to take back the site. However, Zakhaev promptly launches nuclearintercontinental ballistic missiles at theU.S. Eastern Seaboard, with the potential of causing 41 million casualties. The SAS and Force Recon manage to breach the facility andremotely destroy the missiles over theAtlantic Ocean. They escape in military trucks with Zakhaev's forces in pursuit.
An UltranationalistMi-24 Hind helicopter destroys a bridge and traps the joint force. In the ensuing fight, a tanker explodes, and many of the group are either killed or injured. Zakhaev himself arrives and begins killing wounded soldiers when arriving loyalists in aMi-28 Havoc destroy his Mi-24 Hind. Distracted, Zakhaev turns to the loyalists and Price gives a pistol to Soap, who kills Zakhaev and his escort. Loyalist forces start tending to the wounded immediately.
In the epilogue, the missile incident and the Ultranationalists' support of Al-Asad are covered up, prompting the events inCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.
Development
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare was developed by a team of a hundred people, over the course of two years. AfterCall of Duty 2, theInfinity Ward team decided to move away from theWorld War II environment of previous games in the series. This resulted in three game concepts:Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare,Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 andCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 3. While developing the story forCall of Duty 4, Infinity Ward chose to avoid referencing current, real-life wars, and keep the series' common theme of two opposing forces of similar strength. To enhance the realistic feel of the game, the development team attended a live-fire exercise atMarine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, a training facility in the California desert. This helped the developers to simulate the effects of being near anAbrams tank when it fires. The team also talked withU.S. Marines who were recently in combat to get a feel for the background, emotions, and attitude of Marines in combat. Veterans were also recruited to supervisemotion capture sessions and theartificial intelligence design of the game.[6]
The development team designed the online multiplayer component to be balanced and rewarding for new players while still offering something for experienced players. An early idea to implement air support (air strikes and attack helicopters) involved players fighting over special zones to access a trigger for air support against enemies. This idea was discarded because it discouraged the type of deathmatch gameplay they intended. The killstreak reward system was put in its place to encourage the improvement of player skills. Players were allowed to select weapons before matches to get accustomed to weapons more easily and minimize weapon hunting. Maps were designed primarily for deathmatch games—the developers felt such designs suited other types of gameplay as well. Map layouts were designed to minimize locations players could hide from enemy gunfire.[7]
Most of the music forCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare was written by British composerStephen Barton, who had also contributed tofilm scores byHarry Gregson-Williams, to whom, composed the main theme of the game. Several music tracks from the game are available on Infinity Ward's "7 Days of Modern Warfare" website, and some are available at Barton's own web site.[8] The rap song played during the end credits is performed by Infinity Ward lead animator, Mark Grigsby.[9]
Game engine
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare runs on theIW engine, specifically IW 3.0, featuring true world-dynamic lighting,HDR lighting effects, dynamic shadows anddepth of field.[10][11] Bullet penetration is calculated by the engine, taking into account factors such as surface type and entity thickness. The game runs in anative resolution of 600p on the Xbox 360 and PS3.[12]
Certain objects, such as cars and some buildings, are destructible. This makes distinguishing cover from concealment important, as the protection provided by objects such as wooden fences and thin walls do not completely protect players from harm. Bullet stopping power is decreased after penetrating an object, and the decrease is dependent on the thickness and surface type of the object. The game makes use of a dynamicphysics engine, not implemented in previousCall of Duty titles. Death animations are a combination of pre-set animations andragdoll physics. Console versions ofCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare run at a consistent 60frames per second, and the Wii version runs at 30 frames per second.[10] Code was included to determinespawning points based on the nearby weapons and the relationship between enemy positions andline of sight to the points. The various criteria are meant to minimize players dying immediately after rejoining a match, or being "spawn-killed" due to players simply waiting for others to "respawn".[7] However, enemies may still respawn infinitely, a notable feature in Call of Duty game engines.[13]
The game engine has also been used for the development of two otherActivision games. An enhanced version of the original engine was used inCall of Duty: World at War, the fifth installment in theCall of Duty series afterCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare,[14] while a slightly altered version has been used for theJames Bond video gameQuantum of Solace, as well asGoldenEye 007 using a heavily modified version.[15]
Marketing and release
Call of Duty 4's modern-day setting was first leaked toJoystiq in March 2006.[16] On April 27, 2007, the day before the release of the game's trailer, Infinity Ward launched a website called "Charlie Oscar Delta" to provide information on the game. Charlie Oscar Delta features a ranking system that allows users to complete missions to increase their rank and compete for prizes. Charlie Oscar Delta is derived from theNATO phonetic alphabet and the initials ofCall of Duty.[17] The firstCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare trailer featuring game footage was released on April 28.[18] An Xbox 360Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare publicbeta test was announced on August 30. The beta test was designed to test the servers, find glitches, and help balance out the weapons. It was originally only for residents of the U.S., but was later available to other countries. The beta concluded on September 30.[19] The maximum rank for the beta was initially level 16,[20] but was increased to level 25 towards the end of the beta. Three multiplayer maps were available for play: "Crash", "Vacant", and "Overgrown".[21] A single-player demo for the PC was released on October 11 as aYahoo! download. The demo includes one level, "The Bog", which showcases the advanced night vision and associated graphics capabilities.[22]
Retail versions
The game was released as a standard version and a collector's edition. The Collector's Edition contains the standard retail game and a DVD containing a documentary film entitled "Great SAS Missions", which consists of archive footage of the SAS in action and accounts from former SAS members. The DVD contains a "making-of" featurette and a level walkthrough by the developers. Also included is a limited edition poster and a hardcover art book featuring never-before-seen concept, development, and final artwork. These elements were packaged in a larger cardboard version of the standard retail box. The collector's edition was originally only available in the U.S., but was later released in other countries.[23] A "Game of the Year" edition was later released on PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. The PlayStation 3 version included the Variety map pack on the disc, and while the Xbox 360 Game of the Year edition initially included an insert in the packaging which could be redeemed on Xbox Live Marketplace to download the Variety map pack, later releases did not contain the inserts, and so were no different from the original release of the game.[24]
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare was released for consoles and Windows in North America on November 5, 2007, in Australia on November 7, 2007, and in Europe on November 9, 2007.[25] TheMac OS X version of the game was developed byAspyr and released on September 26, 2008.[26] It was released on the Mac App Store on January 16, 2011. It was rated 15 by theBBFC,[27] M for Mature by theESRB, MA 15+ by theOFLC,[28] 16+ by thePEGI,[29] and 18 by theUSK.[30]TheWiiport of the game, titledCall of Duty: Modern Warfare – Reflex Edition, was developed byTreyarch and released on November 10, 2009, alongsideCall of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 andCall of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized.[31][unreliable source?]
Downloadable content
As part of an exclusivity deal betweenMicrosoft and Activision, multiplayer map packs for theCall of Duty franchise, beginning withModern Warfare, were released first onXbox 360. The deal would ultimately last untilBlack Ops III in 2015, which introduces a new deal withSony and PlayStation platforms.[32]
Infinity Ward released the Variety Map Pack for the Xbox 360 on April 4, 2008. It includes the multiplayer maps "Killhouse", "Creek", "Chinatown", and "Broadcast". The same map pack was released for the PlayStation 3 on April 24, 2008. The Variety Map Pack was downloaded by over one million people in its first nine days of release, a record for paid Xbox Live downloadable content, valued atUS$10 million.[33] It was released as a free download for Windows on June 5, 2008, sponsored byNvidia, along with patch 1.6.[34] A further patch for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game was announced over a year later in August 2009; the patch primarily addressed online multiplayer exploits.[35] Patch 1.7 was released in June 2008. This patch can be applied to the Game of the Year edition directly with no prior patches. Earlier versions must have patch 1.6 applied first.[36]
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare received "universal acclaim" on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC versions, and "generally favorable reviews" for the Wii version, according toreview aggregatorMetacritic.[37][38][39][40] The gameplay has been cited by reviewers to have brought the genre to "a new level of immersion and intensity that we had never seen before."[66]GameSpot gave a favorable review forCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, saying that the "high quality of that campaign and its terrific multiplayer options makeCall of Duty 4 a fantastic package."[44]Official Xbox Magazine praised the single player campaign, with even greater praise for the multiplayer mode which makes the game an "instant-classic".[67]X-Play commented that "It may not revolutionize the shooter genre, but it comes damn close to perfecting it."[48]GamePro claims that "the amazingly deep multiplayer rivals Halo 3's in terms of reach and scope."[43]
The game's story has received a considerable amount of praise from reviewers.GamePro notes that "the intense single-player campaign offers up an action packed experience that features a tremendously compelling narrative; there are moments in the game that will send chills down your spine."[43]GameSpot mentioned that the fact the "single-player campaign is over in a flash" as the only major flaw.[44] WhileIGN described the campaign as "still very linear" like that of its predecessors, "eschewing the concept ofsandbox gameplay", it noted that this resulted in "a much richer, more focused experience" with "beautifully scripted set pieces."[68]IGN's Voodoo Extreme similarly remarked that it "virtually playson a rail, but that's part of its charm."[69]
Xbox World 360 stated "It's smoke and mirrors and a host of cheap tricks", commenting on the notion that the game did not revolutionize the genre.[70]Pelit also remarked that "the structure of the single player game should ... have been updated" and that "barging from one invisible checkpoint to the next throughout the whole campaign just isn't good enough anymore."[71]
Wii version
Modern Warfare – Reflex Edition was ported byTreyarch. The Wii version ofCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare has fewer features than the other console versions. It does not support split-screen multiplayer, and the graphics are not as developed. However, it supports co-operative gameplay in the campaign on a single screen. At any moment, a second Wii remote can be activated giving the second player their own aiming crosshairs. The game received an aggregated score of 76% on Metacritic.[72]IGN gave the Wii version of the game a score of 7.0, saying the visuals and pointer controls are not as polished as the Wii version ofWorld at War, though they did mention the customization options and multiplayer are impressive.[73]Official Nintendo Magazine gave it 80%, praising it for packing everything from its next-gen counterpart, but again criticizing the visuals.[74]GameTrailers gave the game an 8.8, saying that despite some sacrifices, it retains everything good from its original version.[75]Game Informer scored the game at a 6.5, stating that while the game was rather poor graphically, even by Wii standards, the bigger problem was the Wii remote, stating that it did not have enough buttons to supportModern Warfare's control scheme, and also that it was quite imprecise, contrasting it with the dual analog system used by the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, and the mouse and keyboard system on theWindows version of the game.GameSpot gave the game an 8.5, stating that the online was as addictive as the other versions, they also said that the controls "are precise and customizable enough to let you be all you can be".[76]
Sales
Predictions forCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare's indicated it would gross more thanHalo 3 in September that year. It was reviewed as highly asHalo 3's but was launching on three systems as opposed to one. Demand for the game led to several retailers only having enough copies available to satisfypre-orders.[77]
It fulfilled the prediction, with theXbox 360 version became the best-selling video game in theUnited States from November 2007 to January 2008 according to theNPD Group. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions would go on to sell 1.57 million and 444,000 units, respectively, in the United States in November 2007.[78] 1.47 million units of the Xbox 360 version were sold in December 2007;[79] the game sold 331,000 copies for the Xbox 360 and 140,000 copies for the PlayStation 3 in January 2008.[80] The Xbox 360 version was the thirdbest-selling video game of 2007 in the U.S. with 3.04 million units sold, behindHalo 3, which sold 4.82 million units, according to the NPD Group.[79] By January 2008,Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare had sold more than 7 million copies worldwide, and was the best-selling game of 2007.[81] On June 3, 2008,Infinity Ward reported that the game had sold over 10 million units.[82] During a May 2009 conference call,Activision announced that the game has sold 13 million copies, surpassingSuper Mario Galaxy as the best selling game released that week of November 2007.[83] By November 2013, the game had sold 15.7 million copies.[84]
Awards
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare received awards from various gaming sites and publications. BothGameSpot andGameTrailers gave the game the Best Graphics of E3 2007 award, and the Best PlayStation 3 Game of 2007 award,[50][52][53] and later ranked it as the third best first-person shooter on its "Top 10 FPS Games Ever!" list.[85] It gained high praise from both video game magazineGamePro andGameSpy, having been named the Best Overall Game of 2007 by the former,[54] and Game of the Year by the latter.[58][59][60][61] Game Critics also named the game "Best Action Game".[49] From other authorities such asIGN andX-play, and theSpike Video Game Awards, the game won awards for areas such as Best Sound Design, Best Shooter of 2007, and Best Military Game. From theAcademy of Interactive Arts & Sciences honoring achievements in games of2007,Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare received ten nominations, and won "Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay", "Action Game of the Year", "Console Game of the Year", and "Overall Game of the Year".[64] From theBritish Academy Video Games Awards, the game also won Best Gameplay of the Year, Best Story and Character of the Year, and People's Choice Game of the Year.[86] The game was awarded with the Academy of Video Games AwardsGame of the Year 2007 Award. In 2010, the readers ofPlayStation Official Magazine voted it the 7th greatest PlayStation title ever released.[87]
Retrospective assessments rankCall of Duty 4: Modern Warfare as one of the best games in the franchise,[101][102][103][104] if not the best.[105][106][107][108][109][110] Critics have described the game as a classic,[104][109] one that changed gaming,[110] and one of thegreatest video games ever made.[111][112]Modern Warfare has received critical acclaim for its campaign, characters, missions (particularly "All Ghillied Up"), and successfully breaking away from the series' World War II roots.[105][106][107][109][104]ComicBook.com's Cade Onder arguedModern Warfare includes "some of the most jawdropping moments in gaming [...] It's a game that just builds constant momentum and leaves you on the edge of your seat start to finish, making it an all-time classic."[104] Dan Wenerowicz ofComplex said the game represented the start of the "Golden Age" ofCall of Duty.[101]
Modern Warfare's multiplayer is considered revolutionary,[105][109][108] introducing numerous conventions that become hallmarks of subsequentCall of Duty games and other first-person shooters, includingXP leveling, the "Prestige" system (allowing players to restart from rank one), the create-a-class system, perks, killstreaks, and camogrinds.[101][106][103][108]Digital Trends summarized: "Modern Warfare's competitive multiplayer put a renewed emphasis on personal performance rather than winning individual matches, with players now carefully eyeing their kill-to-death ratio as they modified their weapons with custom sights and grips.Call of Duty would no longer play second fiddle to any other series, and its reign would last for the next decade."[107] Other reviewers argued that subsequent games in the series, such asModern Warfare 2 (2009),Black Ops (2010), andBlack Ops II (2012), improved upon the conventions set byModern Warfare.[105][101][102]
Notes
^The Wii version of the game was developed byTreyarch.
^"Best Games Ever". Gameradar. Archived fromthe original on March 21, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 26, 2024. - "29. Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare" (checked source code of the page)
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