C. E. M. Joad | |
|---|---|
 Joad in 1944 | |
| Born | Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad (1891-08-12)12 August 1891 Durham, England |
| Died | 9 April 1953(1953-04-09) (aged 61) Hampstead, England |
| Alma mater | Balliol College,Oxford |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad (12 August 1891 – 9 April 1953) was an Englishphilosopher, author, teacher and broadcasting personality. He appeared onThe Brains Trust, aBBC Radio wartime discussion programme. He popularised philosophy and became a celebrity, before his downfall in a scandal over an unpaid train fare in 1948.[1]
Joad was born inDurham, the only son of Edwin and Mary Joad (née Smith). In 1892 his father became an Inspector of Schools and the family moved toSouthampton, where he received a very strict Christian upbringing. Joad started school at the age of five in 1896, attending Oxford Preparatory School (later called theDragon School) until 1906, and thenBlundell's School, Tiverton, Devon, until 1910.
In 1910 Joad went up toBalliol College,Oxford. Here he developed his skills as a philosopher and debater. By 1912 he was a first class sportsman andOxford Union debater. He also became aSyndicalist, aGuild Socialist, and then aFabian. In 1913 he heard aboutGeorge Bernard Shaw through the newly founded magazine theNew Statesman. This developed his study of philosophy, one of the building blocks for his career as a teacher and broadcaster. After completing his course at Balliol, achieving a first in Honour Moderations inLiterae Humaniores (1912),[2] a first in Greats (a combination of philosophy and ancient history, 1914) andJohn Locke scholarship in mental philosophy (1914), Joad entered thecivil service.[3]
Joad began at theBoard of Trade in 1914 after attending a Fabian Summer School. His aim was to infuse the civil service with a socialist ethos. Joad socialised with other Fabians likeAgnes Harben and her husband, and was quoted on the experience of meetingsuffragettes recovering fromhunger strike mixing with the 'county set'.[4] He worked in the Labour Exchanges Department of the Board of Trade, the department becoming the newMinistry of Labour in 1916. In the months leading up to theFirst World War he displayed "ardent"pacifism, which resulted in political controversy.[5] Joad, along with George Bernard Shaw andBertrand Russell, became unpopular with many who were trying to encourage men to enlist as soldiers to fight for their country.
In May 1915 Joad married Mary White, and they bought a home inWesthumble, nearDorking, inSurrey. The village, formerly home toFanny Burney, was near to the founder of theFabian Society,Beatrice Webb. Joad evadedconscription by fleeing toSnowdonia,Wales. After the birth of three children, Joad's marriage ended in separation in 1921. Joad later said that his separation had caused him to abandon hisfeminism and instead adopt a belief in the "inferior mind" of women.[5]
After the separation Joad moved toHampstead in London with a student teacher, Marjorie Thomson. She was the first of manymistresses, all of whom were introduced as 'Mrs Joad'. He described sexual desire as "a buzzingbluebottle that needed to be swatted promptly before it distracted a man of intellect from higher things." He believed that female minds lacked objectivity, and he had no interest in women without sexual congress. Joad was "short and rotund, with bright little eyes, round, rosy cheeks, and a stiff, bristly beard."[6]
Job interviews proved a great difficulty for Joad, due to his flippancy. In 1930, he left the civil service to become Head of the Department of Philosophy and Psychology atBirkbeck College,University of London. The department was small and he made full use of his great teaching skills. He popularised philosophy, and many otherphilosophers were beginning to take him seriously. With his two books,Guide to Modern Thought (1933) andGuide to Philosophy (1936), he became a well-known figure.
In his early life Joad very much shared the desire for the destruction of theCapitalist system. He was expelled from theFabian Society in 1925 because of sexual misbehaviour at its summer school, and did not rejoin until 1943. In 1931, disenchanted with Labour in office, Joad became Director of Propaganda for theNew Party. Owing to the rise ofOswald Mosley's pro-Fascist sympathies, Joad resigned, along withJohn Strachey. Soon afterwards he became bitterly opposed toNazism, but he continued to oppose militarism and gave his support topacifist organisations, including theNo More War Movement and thePeace Pledge Union.
While at Birkbeck College Joad played a leading role inThe King and Country debate. The motion, devised by David Graham and debated on Thursday 9 February 1933, was "that this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country.” The debate was often interpreted as illustrating both the attitude of Oxford undergraduates and the state of Europe at the time; Adolf Hitler had become Chancellor of Germany just ten days prior to the debate. Joad was the principal speaker in favour of the proposition, which passed by a vote of 275 to 153. Joad's speech was described as “well-organized and well-received, and probably the single most important reason for the outcome of the debate.”[7] Joad's part in the debate caused him to gain a public reputation as an absolute pacifist.[5] Joad was also involved in theNational Peace Council, which he chaired, 1937–38.
Joad was an outspoken controversialist; he declared his main intellectual influences wereGeorge Bernard Shaw andH. G. Wells.[5] He was strongly critical of contemporary philosophical trends such asMarxism,Behaviorism andPsychoanalysis.[5] He was also repeatedly referred to as "theMencken of England", although, as Kunitz and Haycraft pointed out, Joad and Mencken "would be at sword's point on most issues".[5] Onaesthetics he was incurablyplatonic: on listening to the "lowering effect" ofDebussy's music, he felt his "vitality and zest for life draining away";[8]jazz andswing music are "sounds which do not strictly belong to the class of music at all";[9]Dylan Thomas's "A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London" was partly "meaningless... some of the allusions baffle the intellect";[10]symbolism in art is "often used as a device... for disguising the fact that there is nothing to communicate",[11] citingDenton Welch's "Narcissus Bay" as an example; and in her "persistent refusal to grade, to give moral marks or to assign values", he foundVirginia Woolf's work leaving him feeling that "nothing seems to be very much worth while".[12]
Joad's autobiography,Under the Fifth Rib included "The dominating interest of my University career, an interest which has largely shaped my subsequent outlook on life, was Socialism. And my Socialism was by no means the mere undergraduate pose which what I have said hitherto may have suggested. Admittedly I and my Socialist contemporaries talked a good deal of inflated nonsense; admittedly we played with theories as a child plays with toys from sheer intellectual exuberance. But we also did a considerable amount of hard thinking."[13]
Joad crusaded to preserve the English countryside against industrial exploitation,ribbon development, overhead cables and destructive tourism. He wrote letters and articles in protest against decisions being made to increase Britain's wealth and status, as he believed the short term status would bring long-term problems. He organised rambles and rode recklessly through the countryside. Joad was also associated with the fledglingnaturist movement in England.[14][15][16] He also had a passion for hunting.
Hating the idea of nothing to do, Joad organised on average nine lectures per week and two books per year. His popularity soared and he was invited to give many lectures and lead discussions. He also involved himself in sporting activities such as tennis andhockey, and recreational activities such asbridge,chess and theplayer piano. He was a great conversationalist, and enjoyed entertaining distinguished members of society.
After the outbreak of theSecond World War he became disgusted at the lack ofliberty being shown (he was a founding vice-president of theNational Council for Civil Liberties from 1934). He went as far as to beg theMinistry of Information to make use of him. In January 1940 Joad was selected for a BBC Home Service wartime discussion programme,The Brains Trust, which was an immediate success, attracting millions of listeners. Shortly afterwards Joad abandoned his pacifism and placed his support behind the British war effort.[17] Although Joad never reverted to pacifism, he actively supported at least oneconscientious objector during the war, leading to a pamphlet,The Present Position of Conscientious Objection, published by the Central Board for Conscientious Objectors, 1944. Joad also opposed the continuation of conscription into peacetime, writing the pamphletThe Rational Approach to Conscription, published by the No Conscription Council, 1947.
Joad was interested in theparanormal, and partnered withHarry Price on a number ofghost-hunting expeditions, also joiningthe Ghost Club, of which Price became the president. He involved himself in psychical research, travelling to theHarz Mountains to help Price to test whether the 'Bloksberg Tryst' would turn a male goat into a handsome prince at the behest of a maiden pure in heart; it did not.[18] In 1934 he became Chairman of theUniversity of London Council for Psychical Investigation, an unofficial committee formed by Price as a successor body to hisNational Laboratory of Psychical Research.[19] In 1939, Joad's publications on psychical research were severely criticised in theProceedings of theSociety for Psychical Research. It was discovered that Joad was not present atséances he had claimed to have attended.[20] Price later suspended the operations of the council.[21]
Joad opposed the spiritualist hypothesis ofmediumship. He debated the psychical researcher Shaw Desmond on spiritualism. He argued against immortality and spirit communication, preferring his "mindlet" hypothesis which held thatbundle of ideas which were formerly regarded as the mind of the dead person may survive death for a temporal period of time.[22][23] During the later years of his life he published articles on howextrasensory perception may fit into a Christian framework.[24]
Joad's prominence came fromThe Brains Trust, which featured a small group including CommanderA. B. Campbell andJulian Huxley. His developed and matured discussion techniques, his fund of anecdotes and mild humour brought him to the attention of the general public.
The programme came to deal with difficult questions posed by listeners, and the panellists would discuss the question in great detail, and render a philosophical opinion. Examples of the questions ranged from "What is the meaning of life?" to "How can a fly land upside-down on the ceiling?" Joad became a star of the show, his voice being the most heard on radio except for the news. Joad nearly always opened with the catchphrase "It all depends on what you mean by…" when responding to a question. Although there wasopposition fromConservatives, who complained about political bias, the general public considered him the greatest British philosopher of the day and celebrity status followed.
As Joad had become so well known, he was invited to give after-dinner speeches, openbazaars, even advertise tea, and his book sales soared. He stood as aLabour candidate at aby-election in November 1946 for theCombined Scottish Universities constituency but lost.
Joad once boasted in print, "I cheat the railway company whenever I can."[25] On 12 April 1948 Joad was caught travelling on a Waterloo to Exeter train without a valid ticket. When he failed to give a satisfactory explanation, he was convicted of fare dodging and fined £2 (equivalent to £92 in 2023). This made front-page headlines in the national newspapers, destroyed his hopes of apeerage and resulted in his dismissal from the BBC.[26] The humiliation of this had a severe effect on Joad's health, and he soon became confined to bed at his home in Hampstead.[citation needed] Joad renounced his agnosticism and returned to the Christianity of the Church of England, which he detailed in his bookThe Recovery of Belief, published in 1952.[27]
After the bed-confiningthrombosis following his dismissal from the BBC in 1948, Joad developed terminal cancer. He died on 9 April 1953[28][29] at his home, 4 East Heath Road, Hampstead, aged 61, and was buried atSaint John's-at-Hampstead Church in London.
Joad was one of the best known British intellectuals of his time, as well known asGeorge Bernard Shaw andBertrand Russell in his lifetime. He popularised philosophy, both in his books and by the spoken word. In spite of this, he was loathed by most academic philosophers, including Russell. Cambridge philosopherLudwig Wittgenstein once said, in a meeting where Joad had delivered a paper criticising the form of analytical philosophy popular at Cambridge, that "naturally a slum landlord would object to slum clearance".[30]
Quotes from Joad appear inVirginia Woolf's monographThree Guineas.For example:
"If it is, then the sooner they give up the pretence of playing with public affairs and return to private life the better. If they cannot make a job of the House of Commons, let them at least make something of their own houses. If they cannot learn to save men from the destruction which incurable male mischievousness bids fair to bring upon them, let women at least learn to feed them, before they destroy themselves."[31]
Joad was invited to appear at theSocratic Club, an undergraduate society at Oxford University, where he spoke on 24 January 1944, on the subject "On Being Reviewed by Christians", an event attended by more than 250 students. This was a stepping-stone in Joad's life, particularly at a time when he was re-examining his convictions. This re-examination eventually led to his return to the Christian faith of his youth, an event he mentioned inThe Recovery of Belief.C. S. Lewis, President of the Socratic Club, is mentioned twice in this book, once as an influence on Joad through Lewis' bookThe Abolition of Man. Part of his legacy, then, was to return to the faith that he had set aside as an Oxford undergraduate and to defend that faith in his writings.
Joad is also mentioned inStephen Potter's bookGamesmanship, as his partner in a tennis match in which the two men were up against two younger and fitter players who were outplaying them fairly comfortably, until Joad asked his opponent whether a ball that had clearly landed way behind the line was in or out; an event which Potter says made him start thinking about the concept of gamesmanship.
Joad wrote, introduced or edited over 100 books, pamphlets, articles and essays including the following.
