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Bukawa (also known asBukaua, Kawac, Bugawac, Gawac) is anAustronesian language ofPapua New Guinea.

Bukawa is spoken by about 12,000 people (in 2011) on the coast of theHuon Gulf,Morobe Province,Papua New Guinea. The most common spelling of the name in both community and government usage isBukawa (Eckermann 2007:1), even though it comes from theYabem language, which served as a church and schoollingua franca in the coastal areas around the Gulf for most of the 20th century. Thisethnonym, which now designates Bukawa-speakers in general, derives from the name of a prominent village Bugawac (literally 'River Gawac', though no such river seems to exist) at Cape Arkona in the center of the north coast.

Ethnologue notes that 40% of Bukawa speakers are monolingual (or perhaps were in 1978). This claim is hard to credit unless one discounts bothTok Pisin, the national language of Papua New Guinea, andYabem, the local Lutheran mission lingua franca. The anthropologist Ian Hogbin, who did fieldwork in the large Bukawa-speaking village of Busama on the south coast shortly afterWorld War II, found that everyone was multilingual in three languages: Tok Pisin, Yabem, and their village language (Hogbin 1951).

There are four dialects.^[2] Geographical coordinates are also provided for each village.^[3]

• Central-Western dialect: Buhalu (6°41′09″S147°15′42″E / 6.685885°S 147.261538°E /-6.685885; 147.261538 (Buhalu)), Cape Arkona (7°23′59″S146°09′36″E / 7.39985°S 146.159887°E /-7.39985; 146.159887 (Akona)), Hec (6°44′20″S147°29′32″E / 6.738776°S 147.492307°E /-6.738776; 147.492307 (Ee'c)), Tikeleng (6°41′11″S147°05′40″E / 6.686364°S 147.094457°E /-6.686364; 147.094457 (Tikeleng)), Wideru (6°43′39″S147°27′18″E / 6.727518°S 147.454924°E /-6.727518; 147.454924 (Wideru)) villages
• Eastern dialect: Bukawasip (6°41′47″S147°39′55″E / 6.696392°S 147.665307°E /-6.696392; 147.665307 (Bukawasip)), Ulugidu villages
• South-Western dialect: Asini (7°01′38″S147°00′15″E / 7.027269°S 147.004275°E /-7.027269; 147.004275 (Asini)), Busamang (6°58′53″S146°58′25″E / 6.98127°S 146.97374°E /-6.98127; 146.97374 (Awasa Busamang);6°58′53″S146°58′25″E / 6.98127°S 146.97374°E /-6.98127; 146.97374 (Awasa Busamang)) villages
• Western dialect:Lae city villages

Bukawa distinguishes the eight vowel qualities:^[4]

• /ɔ/ is heard as[o] when occurring in word-final position.

Bukawa has the largest consonant inventory among the Austronesian languages of mainland New Guinea.^[4][5]

Glottal stop, written with ac as inYabem, is only distinctive at the end of syllables. The only other consonants that can occur syllable-finally are labials and nasals:p, b, m, ŋ. Syllable-structure constraints are most easily explained if labialized and prenasalized consonants are considered unit phonemes rather than clusters. The distinction between voiced and voiceless laterals and approximants is unusual forHuon Gulf languages.

• All voiceless plosives are phonemically written as/p,t,k/; however, they always are heard as aspirated[pʰ,tʰ,kʰ], with the exception of/p/ being heard as unaspirated[p] in word-final position.
• /l/ is heard as a tap[ɾ] infree variation among different speakers, but is most commonly heard as phonemic[l].

Vowels are further distinguished by high or low pitch. The latter is marked orthographically by a grave accent. These distinctions intone are thus based on register tone, not contour tone as inMandarin Chinese. Register tone contrasts are a relatively recent innovation of theNorth Huon Gulf languages. While tone is somewhat predictable inYabem, where low tone correlates with voiced obstruents and high tone with voiceless obstruents, Bukawa has lost that correlation. Nor does Bukawa tone correlate predictably with Yabem tone. Compare Yabem low-toneawê 'woman' and Bukawa high-toneawhê 'woman', both presumably from Proto-Oceanic (POc)*papine (or*tapine).

Final syllables appear to show distinctive nasal contrasts. Anticipation of final nasal consonants causes final vowels tonasalize, even when the final nasal consonant is elided in actual speech. Anticipation of nonnasal codas on final syllables, on the other hand, has caused systematic stopping (postplosion) of syllable-initial nasals, creating a class of prenasalized voiced obstruents that correspond to simple nasals in Yabem, as in the final seven examples in the following table. (See Bradshaw 2010.)

The short, underdifferentiated genitive forms are often disambiguated by adding the free pronoun in front.

Traditional counting practices started with the digits of one hand, then continued on the other hand, and then the feet to reach twenty, which translates as 'one person'. Higher numbers are multiples of 'one person'. Nowadays, most counting above five is done in Tok Pisin. As in otherHuon Gulf languages, the short form of the numeral 'one' functions as an indefinite article.

Like most of the languages around the Huon Gulf, Bukawa has a system of birth-order names (Holzknecht 1989: 43-45). The seventh son is called "No Name":se-mba 'name-none'. CompareNumbami.

• Bradshaw, Joel (1997). The population kaleidoscope: Another factor in the Melanesian diversity v. Polynesian homogeneity debate.Journal of the Polynesian Society 106:222-249.
• Bradshaw, Joel (2010). Bukawa's suprasegmental journey: A review of Eckermann (2007).Oceanic Linguistics 49:580-590.
• Eckermann, W. (2007).A descriptive grammar of the Bukawa language of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
• Hogbin, Ian (1951).Transformation scene: The changing culture of a New Guinea village. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Holzknecht, Susanne (1989).The Markham languages of Papua New Guinea. Series C-115. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

• Languages of Morobe Province
• North Huon Gulf languages
• Tonal languages in non-tonal families

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