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Buddhadeva Bose | |
|---|---|
 Bose on a 2008 stamp of India | |
| Native name | বুদ্ধদেব বসু |
| Born | 2 September 1908 Tipperah,Eastern Bengal and Assam,British India |
| Died | 14 August 1974(1974-08-14) (aged 65) Calcutta,West Bengal, India |
| Occupation |
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| Nationality | Indian |
| Spouse | Pratibha Bose |
| Children | 3, includingMinakshi Datta |
Buddhadeva Bose (Bengali:বুদ্ধদেব বসু;2 September 1908 – 14 August 1974),[2] also speltBuddhadeb Bosu, was anIndian Bengali writer of the 20th century. Frequently referred to as a poet, he was a versatile writer who wrote novels, short stories, plays and essays in addition to poetry. He was an influential critic and editor of his time. He is recognised as one of the five poets who moved to introduce modernity intoBengali poetry. It is said that sinceRabindranath Tagore, there has not been a more versatile talent in Bengali literature.[3][4]
Bose studied English language and literature at theUniversity of Dhaka. He was a resident ofJagannath Hall. As a student of Dhaka University, he, along with fellow studentNurul Momen (who later became theNatyaguru), obtained the highest possible marks in the first Binnet Intelligence Test (which later came to be known as IQ test). Only the two of them were able to achieve that distinction. After completing his MA in English there, with distinction marks that remain unsurpassed as of 2007[update], he moved toCalcutta in 1931. Initially he had no regular job and offered private lessons to earn his livelihood.
While a student he became associated with the famous poetry magazineKallol (কল্লোল). The modernist literary movement of the 1930s is often referred to as theKallol era. He also worked as an editor of the literary magazinePragati (started 1926).
He marriedPratibha Basu (née Shome) in 1934. They had three children,Minakshi Dutta (b. 1936), Damayanti Basu Singh (b. 1940) and Suddhashil Bose (1945–1987). Pratibha Basu was an accomplished singer in her teens but later concentrated on literature and became a distinguished writer in her own right.
Buddhadeva Bose taught at the Ripon College (nowSurendranath College) an affiliated college of theUniversity of Calcutta. In 1956 he set up the Department ofComparative literature inJadavpur University,[5] and was on its faculty for a number of years. He was also a visiting professor at many universities in the United States.
One of his most important contributions to theBengali literary scene was the establishment of theKavita (কবিতা, tr. Poetry) – the flagship poetry magazine inBengali, which he edited and published for 25 years.
BB has been described as a disciplined, almost obsessed, worker byNabaneeta Dev Sen.[6] After meeting Buddhadeva Bose,Clinton B. Seely remarked that Buddhadeva was a very intense person. He spoke quickly, with emotion. He laughed wonderfully. He was interested in everything ... He was what I would come to refer to as "jyanto," "alive," "vibrant," "energetic." Conversations were often at fever pitch. He was bubbling over with things to say.[7]
BB who grew up almost as an orphan showed deep love and care for his children. In a letter to his daughterDamayanti Basu Singh who just flew to the US for studies he wrote:
Rumi, since this morning, I am really worried. Have you kept your money and traveler's cheques in a safe and handy place? I should've checked everything at the airport, but just didn't remember to do so. Exchange the pounds I gave you in England. For your small expenditures spend the loose change that you have in dollars. With the money I gave you and the first installment of your scholarship, open an account in Bloomington. Don't deposit the traveler's cheques in the account. You'll need those for your trips across the country. And make sure you don't lose the slip with the cheque numbers written on it. ...Baba.
Damayanti wrote that, '... And I remember that Dad used to write late into the night. He used to place books beside the table lamp to block the light so that it wouldn't disturb our sleep.'[8]
His first book of poetry, namely,Bandir Bandana (বন্দীর বন্দনা) was published when he was only seventeen years old. Although he worked as a teacher at different colleges and universities, he devoted his whole life to literature. This is symbolized by the name of his residence inCalcutta which wasKavita Bhavan (tr. 'The House of Poetry'). His first novel,Saara (সাড়া), was published when he was 18, in 1930. He wrote more than 40 novels, but his epic novelTithidore (তিথিডোর), published in 1949, became his most admired novel and is now considered a classic. He published more than 160 titles during his lifetime. So far 200 books have been published.[9] However, many pieces remain to be anthologized as yet. He was a hard worker and writing was his life. He began his day at 9 in the morning and would regularly work until 10 at night. Work, for him, meant writing.[10]
Buddhadeva Bose wrote poetry essentially under the influence of Western literature, although in his early works he showed the clear influence ofRabindranath Tagore. But both in terms of theme and style, he reflected the marked influence of renowned Western poets, especiallyBaudelaire. He was also influenced byEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats, Rilke andT. S. Eliot. Allegedly, he believed in "art for art's sake". He was a perfectionist as a writer and emphasized technical perfection in his works. Although he mostly wrote in free verse, his command of rhyme and rhythm was great. As an editor of his historical magazineKavita (Poetry), the first magazine in India devoted only to the cause of modern Bengali poetry, he demonstrated his ability to identify the best talents of 20th century Bengal.His prose style was also established on a diction developed by himself. His novels remain modern even by the standards of the 21st century. He established a style of appreciative literary criticism that remains unparalleled. Also, his verse plays, written at the end phase of his life, created a poetic style all his own.
While the literary circles ofBengal did not hesitate to recognize him as a leading post-Tagore literary personality, Buddhadeva Bose achieved mass popularity when his novelRaat Bho're Brishti (রাত ভ'রে বৃষ্টি) was banned by the government on charges of obscenity. It depicted a love triangle which explicitly allowed sex to play a critical role in human relationships. Eventually, the High Court absolved the novel of the charges of obscenity.Raat Bho're Brishti has been translated by Clinton B. Seely[11] with the titleRain through the Night.[12]
In his school days BB took various literary initiatives. He was the editor, principal contributor and scriptor of thePataka, a hand-written literary magazine published by the school students.[13] Since then he was continuously engaged and involved in many literary organizations including publications of literary journals and books. While studying at the Dhaka University he was elected as the literary secretary of the students' association of his hall of residence, namely theJagannath Hall. In this capacity he edited theBasantika (বাসন্তিকা), the annual literary magazine of the Jagannath Hall. BB published one of his memorable poems, namely, 'Kankaboti' in theBasantika.
BB actively participated in the Progressive Writers' Association in the late 1930s. He also joined the Anti-Fascist Writers and Artists' Association in the early 1940s.[5]
ThePragati (প্রগতি) was first published as an occasional hand-written literary journal. The print-version was launched as a literary monthly in 1929 when BB received a monthly scholarship of 20 rupees for distinctive result in thepre-university examination. The first issue was the June–July issue of 1927. Cost of publishing a literary magazine was estimated to be 100 rupees per month. So, BB organized a group of ten like-minded fellows who agreed to pay ten rupees a month for publishing thePragati. ThePragati was published from Dhaka. At that time BB was residing at 47 Purana Paltan which became the office of thePragati. BB distinguished himself by his commitment to modernity as reflected in the post-first-World Warwestern literature. At the same time he firmly asked his colleagues to refrain from followingRabindranath Tagore and to cultivate their own creativity. He published a number of poems of the poetJibanananda Das inPragati. Also, he published a highly appreciative article on this promising poet to draw attention of the literary circle. ThePragati was continued for about two years. The last issue was published in 1929.
Four years after migrating from Dhaka to Calcutta in 1931, BB again embarked upon publishing a literary magazine. He was then living in Golam Mohammad Mansion in Calcutta city. The first issue of theKavita (কবিতা) was published from there in the month of October 1935. For the first two years,Kavita was co-edited by Bose andPremendra Mitra while poetSamar Sen worked as an assistant editor. Kavita was a poetry magazine styled after thePoetry published byHarriet Monroe from Chicago. While discussingBengali poetry,Edward Thompson referred to the first issue ofKavita in theTimes Literary Supplement of 1 February 1936.Kavita continued for twenty-five long years. Its last issue was brought out in March 1961.[14]
LiterallyKavita Bhavan (tr. 'The House of Poetry') is the name of the house at 202 Rasbehari Avenue where BB lived for a long time since 1937 (till 1966). 'Kavita Bhavan' which soon became a coveted hang-out for literary personalities including poets, novelists, magazine editors, publishers, intellectuals and professors, eventually emerged as a publishing house. After settling in Calcutta in 1931 Bose realized there was hardly any publishing house that was eager to publish a book of poetry. He himself published two poetry books, one of his own and the other ofAchintyakumar Sengupta. Then he introduced a publishing house styledGranthakar Mandali. However, books published later on by BB carried the nameKavita Bhavan as the publishing house.[14] Books published from Kavita Bhavan included BB'sKankaboti (কঙ্কাবতী),Padatik (পদাতিক) ofSubhas Mukhopadhyay,Koyekti Kobita (কয়েকটি কবিতা) ofSamar Sen andAvijnan Basanta (অভিজ্ঞান বসন্ত) by poetAmiya Chakravarty. While Kavita Bhavan published many other books, the most remarkable was the slim poetry books of the 'Ek Poyshay Ekti' (এক পয়সায় একটি) series. These were 16-page poetry books, the price being 1 rupee (16 poysha). The series continued for three years from 1942 to 1944 and published as many as 18 poetry books. The first version ofBanalata Sen (বনলতা সেন) byJibanananda Das belonged to this series, sponsored by Bose.
In 1961, BB published a carefully selected collection of poems of the French poetCharles Baudelaire translated by him into Bengali. It was titledCharles Baudelaire O Taar Kobita. In the introduction to the translations, BB made a notable analysis of modernism in Western literature.
It may sound bizarre that a scholar like BB could write a book on Bengali gastronomy. In fact it was a long essay that BB wrote in theAnanda Bazar Patrika, serialised in 1971 (1–4 January) under the titleBhojan Rasik Bangali (ভোজন রসিক বাঙালি). It is his daughterDamayanti Basu Singh who in 2005 published the essay in the form a small book and herself provided recipes of the dishes referred to by Bose.[15] Damayanti said, "My father, Buddhadeva Bose, was a small man and a frugal eater. He was never greedy for food, but used to be upset if there wasn't a generous spread on the dining table." Quoting Goethe, BB would say, "my eyes are larger than my appetite". So there was always both variety and excess of food even for the daily meals.[16] The essay was translated by BB himself into English and was published inHindustan Standard, published fromCalcutta.[15]
In his early days in the school in Noakhali, BB with his fellow mates had formed a 'drama group'. No wonder that he took special interest in writing plays. He wrote more than five plays. However, recognition as a playwright came late, after the death of the playwright in 1974. It is Salil Bandyopadhyay of Theatron Theatre Group, Calcutta, who produced some of BB's plays likeTapaswi-O-Tarangini (তপস্বী ও তরঙ্গিণী),Kolkatar Electra (কলকাতার ইলেক্ট্রা) andAnamni Angana (অনাম্নী অঙ্গনা) and drew attention of people to Bose as a playwright. TheHindi translation of BB'sPratham Partha, (প্রথম পার্থ) produced by Circle Theatre Company, has been described to be one of the best presentations on theDelhi theatre.[9] Bose'sKolkatar Electra has been translated into English asKolkata's Elektra: A Play in Three Acts by Sreejata Guha.[17]
Apart from formal recognition mentioned below, BB remains one of the most important literary personalities of the 20th centuryBengali literature. Buddhdaeb became the central figure in a cluster of poets who came to embody Bengalimodernism in early 20th century. In emphasizing BB's importance,Ashok Mitra commented, 'These days we buy tickets to hear a poet. There was a time 60–70 years ago when a poet was considered to be unemployed and mad. If Buddhadeva Bose had not come up with a poetry magazine, things would not have been the same. There would have been noJibanananda Das but for Buddhadeva Bose.'[18]
Buddhadeva Bose received theSahitya Akademi Award in 1967 for his verse playTapaswi-O-Tarangini, received theRabindra Puraskar in 1974 forSwagato Biday (poetry) and was honoured with aPadma Bhushan in 1970.[19]
So far about 200 titles have been published, including 'collected works' in several volumes. Some of them are mentioned below.
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Ovinoy, Ovinoy Noy, Rekhachitro, Era Ar Ora, Abong Aro Oneke, Odrisho Satru, Misses Gupta, Premer Bichitra Goti, Ghorete Bhromro Elo, Notun Nesha, Feriwala O Onnano Golpo, Khatar Shhesh Pata, Ekti Sokal O Ekti Shyandhya, Golpo Songkolon, Shreshtho Golpo, Hridoyer Joyogan, Vashao Amar Vela.
Mayamalancha, Taposhi O Torongini, Kalshandhya (from Mahabharat), Punormilon, Kolkatar Electra, Anamni Angana, Pratham Partha.
Hothat Alor Jhalkani, Uttor Tirish, Kaler Putul, Sahityacharcha,Rabindranath: Kotha Sahitya, Sanga Nishangata Rabindranath, Prabandha Sonkolon, Mohavarater Kotha, An acre of green grass — a review of modern Bengali literature, Tagore — portrait of a poet.
Kalidasa'sMeghdut,Charles Baudelaire O Tar Kobita.Bose also translated works byFriedrich Hölderlin, andRilke into Bengali.
