Бойки | |
|---|---|
 Boyko family ofManiava, late 19th century | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Ukraine | 131(2001)[1] |
 Poland | 258(2011)[2] |
| Languages | |
| Rusyn Slovak Ukrainian | |
| Religion | |
| Eastern Catholic,Orthodox Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Lemkos · Hutsuls | |
TheBoykos orBoikos (Rusyn:бойки;Ukrainian:бойки,romanized: boiky;Polish:Bojkowie;Slovak:Pujďáci), or simplyHighlanders (Ukrainian:верховинці,romanized: verkhovyntsi;Rusyn:ґоралы,romanized: goraly), are an ethnolinguistic group located in theCarpathian Mountains ofUkraine,Slovakia,Hungary, andPoland. Along with the neighbouringLemkos andHutsuls, the Boykos are considered a sub-group ofRusyns and speak a distinctEast Slavic dialect.[3] Within Ukraine, the Boykos and other Rusyns are seen as a sub-group of ethnic Ukrainians.[4][5] Boykos differ from their neighbors in dialect, dress, folk architecture, and customs.
Regarding the origin of the name Boyko there exist several etymological hypotheses,[6] but it is generally considered, as explained by priestJoseph Levytsky in hisHramatyka (1831), that it derives from the particleboiie.[7] Specifically, it derives from the exclamation "бой!, бойє!" (< bo-i-je >), meaning "it is really so!", which is often used by the population.[8] The 19th-century scholarPavel Jozef Šafárik, with whomFranjo Rački andHenry Hoyle Howorth agreed, argued a direct connection of the Boykos with the region ofBoiki mentioned in the 10th centuryDe Administrando Imperio,[7][9] but this thesis is outdated and rejected,[8] as most scholars,Mykhailo Hrushevsky among them, already dismissed it in the 19th century becauseBoiki is a clear reference toBohemia, which in turn derives from the Celtic tribe ofBoii.[10][11][12] The derivation from Boii,[6] is also disputed because there is not enough evidence.[7] They are also calledVrchovints (Highlanders).[13] As in the case ofHutsuls andLemkos, they are recorded in historical and ethnographic sources since the 18th and 19th century.[14]
Some people otherwise identifiable as Boykos regard that name as derogatory and call themselves highlanders (verkhovyntsi).[7]
Boykos are either considered one of the descendants ofEast Slavic tribes, specificallyWhite Croats who lived in the region,[6][7][15] possibly alsoUlichs who arrived from the East,[16] orVlach shepherds who later immigrated from Transylvania.[15]
In the Boyko Region (Polish: Bojkowszczyzna,Ukrainian/Boyko: Boikivshchyna), there lived up to 400,000 people of whom most were Boykos.[7][17] They also lived inSanok,Lesko andPrzemyśl County of thePodkarpackie Voivodeship in Poland, before thePopulation exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine and theforced relocation of Rusyns and Ukrainians in Poland in 1947.[18] In commemoration of Boykos, Ukraine's national parliament, theVerkhovna Rada, in 2016 renamedTelmanove Raion into Boykivske Raion where Boykos were deported fromCzarna, Bieszczady County (today in Poland) after the1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange. It is estimated from the evidence available that in 1970 there lived 230,000 people of Boyko origin.[18]
In Ukraine, the classification of Boykos as an ethnicity distinct fromUkrainians is controversial.[19][20][21] The deprecated and archaic termRuthenian, while also derived fromRus', is ambiguous, as it technically may refer to Rusyns andUkrainians, as well asBelarusians and in some casesRussians, depending on the historical period. According to the 2001 Ukraine census, only 131 people identified themselves as Boykos, separate from Ukrainians.[1] This is also on top of many attempts within theUSSR and modern day Ukraine to assimilate the Rusyn people into the modern Ukraine state. In the Polish census of 2011, 258 people stated Boyko as a national-ethnic identity, with 14 of those people listing it as their only national-ethnic identity.[2]
To the west of Boykos liveLemkos, east or southeastHutsuls, northward Dnistrovyans,Opolyans.
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Most Boykos belong to theUkrainian Greek Catholic Church, with a minority belonging to theUkrainian Orthodox Church. The distinctive wooden church architecture of the Boyko region is a three-domed church, with the domes arranged in one line, and the middle dome slightly larger than the others.
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To their west are the Lemkos, and to the east, the Hutsuls. All three groups of Slavs,who speak distinct dialects, are among the people known as Rusyns, or Carpartho-Rusyns.
Стосовно походження та етимології назви "Б." існує кілька гіпотез. Одні пов'язують її з особливостями психічного складу певної групи людей, ін. – з особливостями їхніх мовнодіалектичних ознак (бойківський говір – одна з пд.-зх. карпатських говірок – зберіг чимало архаїчних рис, переважно фонетичних та морфологічних). Достатньо обґрунтованою є гіпотеза, що пов'язує цю назву з етнонімом кельтських племен – "бойї", які мігрували у 6 ст. на Балкани і в Карпати. Подекуди Б. називають себе верховинцями. На Закарпатті назва "Б." мало поширена ... Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі
The name Boiko is thought to be derived from the frequent use of the particle boiie by the population. The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kievan Rus' state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs. Some of the early Slav specialists, such as Pavel Šafařík and F. Rački, interpreted the remark of the Byzantine king Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (10th century) that the 'Boiky' locality situated beyond Turkia (i.e., Hungary) was the homeland of the White Serbs as a reference to the present Boiko region. This hypothesis is possibly true, but unproved. Likewise, no evidence exists to establish a connection between the name of the Boikos and the Celtic tribe of Boii, according to Yaroslav Pasternak.
The second detail in Constantine's account, which supposedly points to the eastern Carpathians, is his reference to a 'place called Boiki (Boiki)' on the border with the White Serbs; for a long time this was considered — and some consider it still – to be a reference to the Ukrainian Boikos. That is very unlikely, however, because the location is too far east for the Serbs, nor is there any indication that the name of the Boikos was ever in such wide usage. So all we are left with to suggest the existence of a Rus' Croatia in the Carpathians is the Primary Chronicle ... Published by H. Jireiek, the Karten zur Geschichte (1897) also show the 'Boiki' on the Dnister (map 4). It is more likely that Boiki is a distorted variant of the name Boiohem, or Bohemia, as most scholars now believe...
...should be modern Saxony, where remnants of Serbs (Sorbs) are still living. The name 'Boiki' has been much disputed over by specialists ... has proved that the 'place called Boiki' can only be Bohemia. Grégoire (L'Origine, 98) rejects Skok's proposal to read 'Boioi', and suggests 'Boimi'. C.'s account contains one serious inexactitude: namely, the statement that the Serbs lived 'in a place called by them Boiki'. Although we have documentary proof of the existence of Croats in Bohemia, we have none to suggest that Serbs lived there. Bohemia was in fact another neighbour of White Serbia
The Boykos: an ethnic group using a local dialect of the Carpathian Ruthenian language inhabiting the Western Carpathians. The Boykos – also called the Vrchovints – were descendants of pastoralists who had come from the south and assimilated with the local society.
Історико-етнографічні джерела кін. 18 – поч. 19 ст. фіксують наявність у К.У. субетнічних груп українців: бойків, лемків, гуцулів.
The purpose of this somewhat extended discussion of early history is to emphasize the complex origins of the Carpatho-Rusyns. They were not, as is often asserted, exclusively associated with Kievan Rus', from which it is said their name Rusyn derives. Rather, the ancestors of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns are descendants of: (1) early Slavic peoples who came to the Danubian Basin with the Huns; (2) the White Croats; (3) the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia; and (4) the Vlachs of Transylvania.
Говорячи про Україну, слід брати до уваги такі доісторичні слов'янські племена, перелічені та/або згадані в Київському Початковому літописі, як деревляни (Середнє Полісся), сіверяни (Східне Полісся), поляни (Київщина, цебто ядро Русі), бужани (називані також волинянами або дулібами), уличі або улучі, тиверці (Подністров'я) та хорвати (Карпати? Перемищина?). Дуліби востаннє згадуються в записі за 907 р., уличі за 922 р., поляни й тиверці за 944 р., деревляни за 990 р., хорвати за 992 р., сіверяни за 1024 р. Дивлячись суто географічно, середньополіські говірки можуть бути виведені від деревлян, східнополіські від сіверян, західноволинські від дулібів; висловлено також гіпотезу, обстоювану — з індивідуальними нюансами — низкою вчених (Шахматовим, Лєр-Сплавінським, Зілинським, Нідерле, Кобилянським та ін.), що гуцули, а можливо й бойки, є нащадками уличів, які під тиском печенігів залишили свої рідні землі над Богом, переселившися до цієї частини карпатського реґіону. Проте нам нічого не відомо про мовні особливості, якими відрізнялися між собою доісторичні слов'янські племена на Україні, а отже будь-які спроби пов'язати сучасні говірки зі згаданими племенами ані довести, ані, навпаки, спростувати незмога.
До насильственного переселения 1947 жили также в Саноцком, Леском и Перемышльском поветах Подкарпатского воеводства в Польше. В 1970 насчитывалось ок. 230 тыс. чел. (оценка).
| East Slavs | .svg) | |
|---|---|---|
| West Slavs | ||
| South Slavs | ||