Blackpool was originally a small hamlet; it began to grow in the mid-eighteenth century, when sea bathing for health purposes became fashionable. Blackpool's beach was suitable for this activity, and by 1781 several hotels had been built. The opening of a railway station in 1846 allowed more visitors to reach the resort, which continued to grow for the remainder of the nineteenth century. In 1876, the town became a borough. Blackpool's development was closely tied to the Lancashirecotton-mill practice of annual factory maintenance shutdowns, known aswakes weeks, when many workers chose to visit the seaside. The town saw large growth during the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. By 1951 its population had reached 147,000.
In the late 20th century, changing holiday preferences and increased overseas travel impacted Blackpool's standing as a leading resort. Despite economic challenges, the town's urban fabric and economy remain centred around tourism. Today, Blackpool's seafront, featuring landmarks such asBlackpool Tower,Illuminations,Pleasure Beach, and theWinter Gardens, continue to draw millions of visitors annually.[1] The town is home to football clubBlackpool F.C.. The population of Blackpool at the2021 census was 141,000, a decrease of 1,100 since the2011 census.[2]
In 1970, a 13,500-year-oldelk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points. Now displayed in theHarris Museum this provided the first evidence ofhumans living onthe Fylde.[3] The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, theSetantii (the "dwellers in the water") a sub-tribe of theBrigantes. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in theDomesday Book in 1086.[citation needed]
Inmedieval times Blackpool emerged as a few farmsteads on the coast within Layton-with-Warbreck, the name coming from "le pull", a stream that drainedMarton Mere and Marton Moss into the sea. The stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became "Black Poole". In the 15th century the area was just calledPul, and a 1532 map calls the area "the pole howsys alias the north howsys".[citation needed]
In 1602, entries inBispham Parish Church baptismal register include bothPoole and for the first timeblackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built by the Tyldesley family ofMyerscough Lodge and existed in the latter part of the 17th century. By the end of that century it was occupied by squire and diaristThomas Tyldesley, grandson of theRoyalistSir Thomas Tyldesley. AnAct of Parliament in 1767 enclosed acommon, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards (seeMain Dyke).[citation needed]
In the 18th century,sea bathing gained popularity for health benefits, drawing visitors to Blackpool as atourist resort. By 1788, there were about 50 houses on the sea bank. Of these around six accommodated wealthy visitors while a number of other private dwellings lodged the "inferior class whose sole motive for visiting this airy region was health".[4] In 1781, The town's amenities, including hotels, archery stall, and bowling greens, slowly expanded. By 1801, the population reached 473. Henry Banks, instrumental in Blackpool's growth, purchased Lane Ends estate in 1819, building the first holiday cottages in 1837.[5][6]
By the early 19th century, small purpose-built facilities began catering for amiddle-class market, although substantial numbers of working people from manufacturing towns were "being drawn to Blackpool's charms".[7] In 1846, a pivotal event marked the early growth of the town: the completion of a railway branch line to Blackpool from Poulton. This spurred development as visitors flocked in by rail, boosting the town's economy. Blackpool prospered with the construction of accommodations and attractions, fostering rapid growth in the 1850s and 1860s. A Board of Health was established in 1851, gas lighting in 1852, and piped water in 1864. The town's population exceeded 2,500 by 1851.
North Pier opened in 1863, designed byEugenius Birch for Blackpool's "better classes", and always retained its unique qualities of being a quieter, more reflective place compared with Blackpool's other two piers.[8] The following half century included the construction of two further piers – South Pier (nowCentral Pier) in 1868 andVictoria (now South Pier) in 1893 – theWinter Gardens (1878),Blackpool Tower (1894) and the earliest surviving rides atBlackpool Pleasure Beach (founded in 1896).
Blackpool's Royal Palace Gardens at Raikes Hall was a world-famous destination for variety andmusic hall stars from the mid-18th century. It boasted a Grand Opera House, Indian Room for theatrical and variety performances, a Niagara café withcyclorama, a skating rink and fern house, an elaborateconservatory, monkey house,aviary and outside dancing platform for several thousand people. The gardens also had carriage drives and walkways with Grecian and Roman statues for promenaders to enjoy. There was also aboating lake and a racing track withgrandstand for several thousand. More than 40,000 visitors passed through its gates during the opening week in 1872.[9]
Working-class tourists dominated the heart of the resort, which was the go-to destination for workers from the industrial north and their families. Entire towns would close down their industries duringWakes weeks between June and September, with a different town on holiday each week. Communities would travel to Blackpool together, first bycharabanc and later by train.[10] But Blackpool still catered for a "significant middle-class market during the spring and autumn" favouring the residential area of North Shore.[7]
Blackpool's growth since the 1870s was shaped by its pioneering use of electrical power. Electric lighting came to Blackpool in 1879, as it became the world's first municipality with electric street lighting along the promenade, setting the stage for theBlackpool Illuminations. 100,000 people congregated to see the promenade illuminated on the evening of 19 September 1879.
Work started in Blackpool on the UK's first electric public tramway on 24 February 1884 and theBlackpool Tramway officially opened on 29 September 1885.[11] It established one of the world's earliest electric tramways, initially operated by theBlackpool Electric Tramway Company. By 1899, the tramway expanded, and the conduit system was replaced by overhead wires. The system still remains in service. Blackpool became one of the first towns to mark important civic events with illuminated tram-cars when five Corporation trams were decorated with coloured lights to mark the Diamond Jubilee ofQueen Victoria in 1897.[12]
Holiday makers from Yorkshire, c. 1930
By the 1890s, Blackpool had a population of 35,000 and could host 250,000 holidaymakers. Notable structures, like the Grand Theatre (1894) and Blackpool Tower, emerged. The Grand Theatre was among Britain's first all-electric theatres. The Victorian and Edwardian period saw a significant construction of hotels and other accommodation, including theGrand Metropole Hotel (1873 but incorporating an earlier hotel that had opened in 1785), theImperial Hotel (1867) and theNorbreck Castle Hotel (1912).[13] These hotels remain extant.[13]
In 1897,Blackpool Corporation prohibited "phrenologists, "quack" doctors,palmists, mock auctions and cheap jacks" hawking on Blackpool sands. The outliers moved onto Central Promenade where they erected stalls in front gardens. The stretch became known as theGolden Mile andsideshows became one of its key features until the 1960s.[14]
In 1911, the town's Central Station was the busiest in the world, and in July 1936, 650 trains came and went in a single day.[15] In May 1912Princess Louise officially opened a new section of North Promenade – Princess Parade – and lights were erected to mark the occasion.[12] TheFirst World War called a temporary halt to the display in 1914 but by 1925 the lights were back with giant animated tableaux being added and extending theBlackpool Illuminations to almost six miles from Squires Gate to Red Bank Road.[16]
The Golden Mile in 1972Blackpool's North PierPromenade steps at high tide in 2017
The inter-war period saw Blackpool develop and mature as a holiday destination.[17] By 1920 Blackpool had around eight million visitors per year, still drawn largely from the mill towns of EastLancashire and theWest Riding of Yorkshire.[citation needed] Blackpool's population boom was complete by 1951, by which time some 147,000 people were living in the town – compared with 47,000 in 1901 and 14,000 in 1881.[18] In the 1920s and 1930s, Blackpool was Britain's most popular resort, whichJB Priestley referred to as "the great, roaring, spangled beast".[7] It provided visitors with entertainment and accommodation on an industrial scale. At its height it hosted more than 10 million visitors a year and its entertainment venues could seat more than 60,000 people.[citation needed] During the Second World War, the illuminations were again suspended from 1939, not resuming until 1948.[16]
Blackpool remained a popular resort through much of the 20th century and, in contrast to most resorts, increased in size duringWorld War II – remaining open while others closed and with many civil servants and military personnel sent to live and work there.[7] The town continued to attract more visitors in the decade after the war, reaching a peak of 17 million per year.[citation needed]
By the 1960s the UK tourism industry was undergoing radical changes. The increasing popularity ofpackage holidays took many of Blackpool's traditional visitors abroad. The construction of theM55 motorway in 1975 made Blackpool more feasible as a day trip rather than an overnight stay. The modern economy, however, remains relatively undiversified and firmly rooted in the tourism sector.[citation needed]
Many seaside resorts fell from grace during the latter half of the 20th century as mobility, wealth, visitor aspirations and competition were in a state of flux, but Blackpool managed to retain its popular/working-class appeal as the "Las Vegas of the North".[19]
Despite economic restructuring, increased competition and other challenges, Blackpool continues as a seaside visitor destination.[20] Tourism in the town supports 25,000 full-time equivalent jobs – one in five of the workforce. In 2023 the town was named the nation's best-value holiday destination. In 2021 18.8 million visitors contributed £1.5 billion to the local economy, making Blackpool the nation's biggest seaside resort.[15][21] In 2022 the resort attracted a further 1.5 million visitors – a total figure of 20.33 million, contributing £1.7bn to the local economy and supporting more than 22,000 jobs.[22]
Blackpool rests in the middle of the western edge ofThe Fylde, which is acoastal plain atop apeninsula. The seafront consists of a 7-mile sandy beach,[23] with a flat coastline in the south of the district, which rises once past the North Pier to become the North Cliffs, with the highest point nearby at theBispham Rock Gardens at around 34 metres (112 ft).[24][25] The majority of the town district is built up, with very little semi-rural space such as at Marton Mere. Due to the low-lying terrain, Blackpool experiences occasional flooding,[26] with a large-scale project completed in 2017 to rebuild the seawall and promenade to mitigate this.[27]
The minimum temperature recorded was −15.1 °C (4.8 °F),[28] recorded during December 1981, however −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) was recorded in January 1881.[29]
The absolute maximum temperature recorded in Blackpool was 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) during a2022 United Kingdom heat wave. During an average summer, the warmest temperature reached 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) between 1991 and 2020.[30]
Precipitation averages slightly less than 900 mm (35 in), with over 1 mm of precipitation occurring on 147 days of the year.[31]
Climate data for Blackpool (BLK),[a] elevation: 10 m (33 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present
Blackpool is within agreen belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties. It is in place to reduceurban sprawl, prevent the towns in theBlackpool urban area and other nearby conurbations in Lancashire from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encouragebrownfield reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting development deemed as inappropriate within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on the permitted building.[34]
As the town's urban area is highly built up, only 70 hectares (0.70 km2; 0.27 sq mi) (2017)[35] of green belt exists within the borough, covering the cemetery, its grounds and nearby academy/college playing fields by Carleton, as well as the football grounds near the airport by St Annes.[36] Further afield, portions are dispersed around the wider Blackpool urban area into the surrounding Lancashire districts of Fylde and Wyre, helping to keep the settlements of Lytham St Annes, Poulton-le-Fylde, Warton/Freckleton and Kirkham separated.[37]
Blackpool's population was approximately 141,000 in 2021 according to census figures – a fall of 0.7 per cent from the2011 census.[2] It is one of five North West local authority areas to have recorded a fall in this period, during which the figure for England as a whole rose by 6.6 per cent. Blackpool is the third most densely populated local authority in the North West, with 4,046 people per square kilometre, compared with 4,773 in Manchester and 4,347 in Liverpool.[38]
In 2021, 41 per cent of Blackpool residents reported having 'No religion', up from 24.5 per cent in 2011. Across England the percentage increased from 24.8 per cent to 36.7 per cent. However, because the census question about religion was voluntary and has varying response rates, the ONS warns that 'caution is needed when comparing figures between different areas or between censuses'.[citation needed]
According to the 2021 census, 49.5 per cent of residents aged 16 years and over were employed (excluding full-time students), with 3.8 per cent unemployed (a drop from 5.4 per cent in 2011). The proportion of retired residents was 23.8 per cent. Just over a tenth of people aged 16 and over worked 15 hours or less a week.[citation needed]
Blackpool's population is forecast to rise slightly to 141,500 by 2044, with the 45-64-year-old group showing the greatest decrease. The number of residents over 65 years old is projected to rise to almost 36,000, making up 26 per cent of the total population.[38]
In 1876 the district was elevated to become amunicipal borough, governed by a body formally called the "mayor, aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Blackpool", but generally known as the corporation or town council.[42] The borough was enlarged several times, notably in 1879, when it took in parts of the neighbouring parishes ofMarton andBispham with Norbreck,[43] in 1918, when it absorbed the rest of Bispham with Norbreck, and in 1934, when it absorbed the rest of Marton.[44]
In 1904 Blackpool was made acounty borough, taking over county-level functions fromLancashire County Council.[45] This was reverted in 1974 when Blackpool became a lower-tiernon-metropolitan district with the county council once more providing services in the town.[46] Blackpool regained its independence from the county council in 1998 when it was made a unitary authority.[47]
Until 1945, the area was represented by just one constituency, namedBlackpool. This was replaced by the new Blackpool North and Blackpool South constituencies. Blackpool North became Blackpool North and Cleveleys for the 2010 general election, when ConservativePaul Maynard became MP. Another Conservative,Scott Benton, won Blackpool South from longstanding Labour MPGordon Marsden in 2019. Benton resigned on 25 March 2024, however, after theParliamentary Commissioner for Standards investigated a fake lobbying role he was offered by undercover reporters fromThe Times.[49]
The constituencies were reorganised for the 2024 general election, following recommendations from theBoundary Commission for England that aim to make the number of voters in the country's seats more equal.[50] Blackpool South was expanded to take in new wards near the north of the constituency. The Blackpool North and Cleveleys constituency incorporated Fleetwood and five wards from the Blackpool Council area, and was renamed Blackpool North and Fleetwood – as a similar seat was known between 1997 and 2010. In 2022 Maynard told theBlackpool Gazette: "I am sure that residents of Fleetwood will be glad to be reunited with the rest of the Fylde coast, as they are geographically."[51]
As a local authority area, Blackpool's gross domestic product (GDP) was approximately £3.2 billion in 2020 – 0.2 per cent of the English economy. GDP fell by 2.2 per cent between 2019 and 2020.[52]
Seventy-five per cent of people of working age in Blackpool were economically active in 2021, with 51,600 in full-time employment and 7,900 self-employed. The average for the North West is 72.9 per cent and for England is 74.8 per cent.[53]
Twenty-five per cent of jobs were in human health and social work – compared with 13.6 per cent nationally. Reflecting Blackpool's strong tourism industry, 10.9 per cent were in accommodation and food services. With aerospace companyBAE situated in the wider area and theCivil Service one of its major employers, the proportion of people working in public administration, defence and compulsory social security is also higher than the national average – 12.5 per cent compared with 4.6 per cent.[54]
In a survey of the UK's 63 largest cities and towns – using primary urban areas, a measure of the built-up area rather than local authority boundaries – the think tankCentre for Cities said Blackpool's gross value added (GVA) was £5.2 billion in 2020, with GVA per hour of £32.7. That placed it at 53rd and 40th place in the survey respectively. It was also in the lower half of the rankings for business start-ups, closures and overall stock, as well as the proportion of new economy firms.[55]
Blackpool is the third lowest local authority area in the UK for gross median weekly pay. Its growth rates were forecast to be among the lowest localities in the UK Competitiveness Index 2023 - along withBlaenau Gwent (Wales),Burnley (North West),Torbay (South West), andMerthyr Tydfil (Wales).[56]
Blackpool is also the main centre of the wider Fylde Coast sub-regional economy, containing other coastal towns, includingLytham, market towns, an agricultural hinterland and some industry.[57] Polymers companyVictrex, in Thornton and formerly part ofICI, is one of the major private sector companies headquartered in the area. Sports car manufacturerTVR was based in Blackpool until 2006, and national jewellery chainBeaverbrooks, founded in 1919, relocated its head office to St Annes in 1946.[citation needed]
Economic development officials highlight Blackpool's role in industry sectors including aerospace and advanced engineering, advanced materials technologies, regional energy, and food manufacturing. As well as BAE, leading aerospace companies in the area includeMagellan Aerospace and Force Technology. In advanced materials, AGC and Victrex are significant companies. In energy, nuclear fuel manufacturerWestinghouse, theNational Nuclear Laboratory and offshore energy companiesOrsted, NVH and Helispeed all have operations in the area. Blackpool's travel to work area has 2.5 times the Great Britain-average concentration of food manufacturing workers.[58]
During the second half of the 20th century and up to 2007, Blackpool was one of the country's leading locations for political conferences, with the three main parties as well as bodies such as the TUC holding events at theWinter Gardens.
With the Winter Gardens in need of refurbishment at the time and parties preferring inland city locations to coastal resorts, Blackpool held no major political conferences between 2008 and 2021. The Conservatives returned for their spring event in 2022 in the newly rebuilt Winter Gardens Conference and Exhibition Centre.[59]
Like most UK coastal resorts, Blackpool declined from the 1960s onwards with the rise of overseas holidays. This coincided with a lack of investment in the town and its facilities for both residents and tourists.[60]
Fulfilment of a 1965 masterplan to remodel the town centre was "limited and piecemeal", according to Historic England.[61] Ambitious plans to redevelop the centre "stuttered to a halt in the early 1970s". Large numbers of homes were deemed unfit for human habitation and by 1993, almost 30 per cent of households did not have central heating, compared with the national average of 8.5 per cent. A new masterplan in 2003 was a response to this decline and the growing threat from coastal erosion. It was described by English Heritage as a "bold attempt to ensure the future of the town".
Blackpool had looked at regeneration possibilities that would include an Atlantic City– or Las Vegas–style resort casino that Leisure Parcs, then owner of Blackpool Tower and the Winter Gardens, unveiled £1 billion plans for in 2002.[62] By 2007, Blackpool and Greenwich in London were considered frontrunners among the seven bidders for Britain's first and onlysupercasino licence;[63] however, nearby Manchester won the bidding process. The Casino Advisory Panel ruled that the "regeneration benefits of the supercasino for Blackpool are unproven and more limited geographically than other proposals". The government later abandoned the supercasino licence altogether following a legislative defeat in theHouse of Lords.[64]
Blackpool's revamped promenade
In response to Blackpool losing the supercasino bid and lobbying from the town's disappointed leaders, ministers increased its regeneration spending,[65] coordinated by anUrban Regeneration Company ReBlackpool, set up in 2005.[66] Before being wound up in 2010, ReBlackpool led on Central Seafront, a £73 million coastal protection scheme that brought new promenades and seawalls for the town, funded by Government, the North West Development Agency and the European Regional Development Fund.[67] ReBlackpool also prepared the Talbot Gateway scheme, appointing Muse Developments to develop 160,000 sq m of office and business space, as well as retail and hotel units, on a 10ha plot nearBlackpool North Station. Blackpool Council agreed to relocate its offices to the development and there were plans for a new public transport interchange.[68]
In 2010, Blackpool Council bought landmarksBlackpool Tower, theWinter Gardens and the Golden Mile Centre from leisure entrepreneurTrevor Hemmings, aiming to refurbish them in a "last-ditch effort to arrest Blackpool's economic decline".[69] Public ownership enabled significant further investment in the facilities.[70] The restoration of the Tower's stained glass windows was carried out by local specialist Aaron Whiteside, who was given a Blackpool Council conservation award for the work.[71]
Refurbishment of the Winter Gardens conference centre was completed in time to host theConservative Party spring conference in 2022, with further work announced in 2023.[72]
Blackpool Council was one of four local authorities in the Blackpool Fylde and Wyre Economic Development Company – the others beingLancashire County Council,Fylde Borough Council andWyre Borough Council. It oversaw the development of theBlackpool Airport Development Zone, which came into existence in 2016.[73] It offers tax breaks and simplified planning to employers.
Blackpool Council, once again owner of the airport since it acquired it from Balfour Beatty in 2017, is seeking outline planning consent to build five new hangars and a commercial unit. The masterplan for the Blackpool Airport Enterprise Zone then envisages a new digital and technology quarter called Silicon Sands.[74][75]
In 2018, Blackpool Council announced plans for the 7-acre Blackpool Central development, on the site ofBlackpool Central Station, which was closed in 1964. The council agreed to provide the land for the scheme – which had earlier been earmarked for the supercasino – but it was to be private-sector funded, led by developer Nikal.[76] It aims to provide a new public square, hotels, restaurants, a food market and car park.[77]
The first phase of Talbot Gateway was completed in 2014 with the opening of the Number One Bickerstaffe Square council office, a supermarket and a refurbished multi-storey car park, and public spaces.[78]
Phase two, including a new Holiday Inn and a tram terminal for the extended tramway between North Pier and North Station, began in 2021 and was due to be completed by 2022 but was delayed and it opened in May 2024.[79][80] But new ground floor retail units were released in July 2023.[81]
Construction started in February 2023 on new government offices as part of phase three of Talbot Gateway, and 3,000Department for Work and Pensions staff are due to be relocated to the town after an expected completion date of March 2025.[82]
In January 2023, Blackpool and Wyre councils were awarded £40 million from the government's Levelling-Up Fund for a new education campus as part of phase four of Talbot Gateway. The campus will provide a new carbon-neutral base forBlackpool and The Fylde College.[83] This will involve "relocating" the existing Park Road campus which is considered to present challenges including dated infrastructure.[84] The future of the 1937 building on Palatine Road – designed by civic architect JC Robinson for Blackpool Technical College and School of Art – is unknown.
Plans for Blackpool Central's multi-storey car park and Heritage Quarter were approved in October 2021, and construction of the car park began in 2022.[77] But the £300 million development was stalled because of a lack of funding to move the Magistrates and County Courts from the site. In November 2022, Levelling-Up SecretaryMichael Gove said his department would award £40 million of funding to enable that relocation and "revitalise this great town by delivering much-needed homes, more jobs and new opportunities for local people".[85]
The Blackpool Heritage Action Zone (HAZ) aims to bring new uses to the town centre by restoring buildings and promoting creative activities. Blackpool is one of more than 60 locations in the UK to have Heritage Action Zones, and its initial funding of £532,575 was secured in 2020.[86]
Restoration of buildings is taking place on Topping Street, Edward Street and Deansgate, while the largest part of the scheme is the Church Street frontage of the Winter Gardens. The Art Deco building of 28 Topping Street has become a community creative hub run by Aunty Social, a voluntary arts organisation focussing on socially engaged work in gentle spaces and directed by Catherine Mugonyi[87] and a building on Edward Street is to be converted into live/work for local artists and creatives.[88]
Abingdon Street Market was partially reopened to the public in May 2023 after a three-year closure due to urgent maintenance works.[89] The Edward Street side of the market was redesigned as a food hall and space for live entertainment and community events. The retail side of the market – located via the Abingdon Street entrance – was due to open in Winter 2023. The market was purchased by the council with £3.6 million of government funding through the Getting Building Fund. Renovations were funded with further government money – £315,000 from the UK Shared Prosperity Fund and £90,000 from the HAZ. The market is operated by Little Blackpool Leisure which comprises local directors.[90]
The HAZ cultural programme has included artist-led workshops and activities, and pop up creative markets.[91]
Blackpool's first pier designed by the leading pier engineerEugenius Birch. Its pierhead was enlarged to house the Indian Pavilion of 1800 and the pier was doubled in width in 1897. Today it houses TheJoe Longthorne Theatre, five bars, amusements and rides including a Venetian carousel.
Designed by John Isaac Mawson for a more popular market than the North Pier, it was used for outdoor dancing originally, followed by roller skating and fairground rides in the mid-20th century. Today it has shops, bars, amusements, games and rides including a big wheel.
Designed by T P Worthington and known as the Victoria Pier until 1930, it had an elaborate oriental-influenced pavilion by J D Harker,[7] shops, a bandstand and photograph stalls, and catered for more upmarket visitors. Today it has bars and food outlets, amusements and rides including a 38mbungee jump.
Originally boasting an exotic, glass-roofed Floral Hall for promenading, indoor and outdoor skating rinks, and the Pavilion Hall for special events. The following half century included the addition of the Empress Ballroom (1896), Olympia (1930), several themed rooms including the Spanish Hall (1931), and the Opera House (1939).[7] In 2022 the new Conference & Exhibition Centre was opened.[92]
Inspired by theEiffel Tower Blackpool Tower was the tallest manmade structure in theBritish Empire when built – 518 feet (158 metres). Dr. Cocker's Aquarium, Aviary and Menagerie had existed on the site from 1873 and was incorporated into the structure – replaced by the Tower Dungeons in 2011.[93] TheTower Circus is one of four circus arenas worldwide that features a water finale, with a ring floor which lowers to reveal 42,000 gallons of water. The Tower Pavilion opened in 1894 and was replaced by the Tower Ballroom in 1898. Today the Tower attractions are the Tower Eye, Ballroom, Circus, Dungeon, Fifth Floor entertainment suite and Dino Mini Golf.
Dubbed 'Matcham's masterpiece' the theatre has a flamboyant freeBaroque exterior and lavish interiors.[7] The theatre opened with a production ofHamlet withWilson Barrett in the starring role. The theatre closed in 1972 and reopened in 1981. Today it hosts a mix of popular and high culture shows including a programme of ballet each January.
Founded in 1896 by W G Bean in an area populated byRomani Gypsies, the Pleasure Beachamusement park is still owned by Bean's descendants. Sir Hiram Maxim's Captive Flying Machine, a large rotated swing ride, was erected in 1904 and still survives today.[7] When it opened in 1994,The Big One was the tallest roller coaster in the world. In 2011 the park opened Nickelodeon Land.
Louis Tussaud, the great-grandson ofMarie Tussaud, moved to Blackpool in 1900 and opened waxworks in Blackpool in the basement of the Hippodrome Theatre, Church Street. In 1929 the Louis Tussaud's Waxworks opened on Central Promenade. It was closed in 2010 and re-opened as Madame Tussauds, operated byMerlin Entertainments, in 2011.[94]
Launched to celebrate the opening of Princess Parade on North Promenade, today the Illuminations stretch 6.2 miles (10 km) between Starr Gate andBispham and use over one million bulbs. The illuminations usually ran for 66 nights during autumn but have been extended into the winter months since theCovid pandemic.[95] The lights areswitched on annually by a celebrity, over the years includingJayne Mansfield,Gracie Fields,David Tennant,Tim Burton andKermit the Frog. Lightworks is the illuminations depot where manufacture and maintenance of all of the Blackpool Illuminations takes place. It is not open to the public but operates occasional heritage tours.
An American franchise, the 'odditorium' is based on the extensive collection ofRobert Ripley (1890–1949). Ripley's was originally on theGolden Mile but moved close to thePleasure Beach in 1991. Blackpool's collection includes animal oddities such as the two-headed calf and the world's smallest production car.
The zoo opened in 1972 on a site of the formerStanley Park Aerodrome and housed two Asian elephants, three white rhinos, two giraffes, sea lions,gorillas,chimpanzees,orangutans, lions and two giant tortoises including Darwin, who died aged 105 in the year of the zoo's 50th anniversary, 2022.[96] Today it houses over 1,000 animals and includes a wolf enclosure. In 2023 it opened a new big cat enclosure and a new £100k facility for its Magellanic penguin colony.[97] In summer 2023 it welcomed its first critically endangeredBornean orangutan baby for more than two decades after first-time mother Jingga gave birth.[98]
The Sandcastle was built on the site of the former South Shore Open Air Baths, which opened in 1923 and were modelled on theColosseum in Rome.[99] In 1986 it had two water slides and awave pool as well as decorative flamingos, palm trees, terraces and a constant temperature of 84 degrees. It also had a nightclub.[100] Many original features remain but today it claims to be the UK's biggest indoor waterpark with 18 slides.
Located on Central Promenade and opened byFirst Leisure as the Sea Life Centre, the aquarium featured a transparent viewing "tunnel of fear" through a 500-million gallon tank holding ten species of predators.[101] Now operated byMerlin Entertainments, today it holds 2,500 aquatic creatures across 50 displays.
Operated byMerlin Entertainments, located on Central Promenade and based onBeatrix Potter's storybook character, the interactive multi-sensory family attraction features challenges in themed zones including Jeremy Fisher's Sensory Pond, Mr McGregor's Garden, The Burrow and Mr. Bouncer's Invention Workshop.
Adapted from children's stories byJulia Donaldson andAxel Scheffler, this attraction features play zones inspired byThe Gruffalo,The Gruffalo's Child,Zog,The Snail and the Whale,Room on the Broom andThe Highway Rat.
Showtown
2024
Blackpool's museum of entertainment opened in 2024. Exhibits will highlight Blackpool's entertainment heritage and include circus, shows, magic, Illuminations and dance. The museum will be on the first floor of the new Sands Venue Resort Hotel and Spa on Central Promenade. Items expected in the museum's collection are the famous bowler hat worn byStan Laurel, a prop used by the comedic magicianTommy Cooper, and various mementos from the Tower Circus.[102]
The name given to the stretch of Promenade between the North and Southpiers. The promenade is actually 1.6 miles (2.6 kilometres) in length. It developed from traders who were prohibited from hawking on the sands and was home to sideshows until the 1960s.[14] Today it features many of the main attractions, including the Tower, as well as amusements and souvenir shops.
The oldest purpose-built ice theatre in the world,[103] it opened in 1937 as the Ice Drome. The rink was home toBlackpool Seagulls ice hockey team. TheHot Ice Show is performed here annually and the Arena is open to public skating.
The Casino
1940
Built in 1913 in an oriental style reminiscent of continental casinos, the venue was never actually a casino but contained a restaurant, bar, shops, billiard tables and theatre.[7] Today it features the Paradise Room and Horseshoe theatres, which host regular magic shows and hypnotists as well as other variety shows. It also contains the White Tower restaurant. The 850-seat Globe Theatre, originally a custom-built circus,[104] was a later addition built next to the Casino.
Brooks Collectables
1947
A family run collectables shop for three generations with free entry to their first floor museum on South Promenade. The museum features vintage toy collections and Blackpool memorabilia.[105]
Princess Parade Crazy Golf Course
1957
Located in the seafront sunken garden near Blackpool North Pier, the course became derelict before reopening in 2021. The two-year restoration was funded by the National Lottery Community Fund and carried out by volunteers from the Fulfilling Lives programme, which supports people struggling with homelessness, substance abuse and mental health issues. There are two storyboards at either end of the course that document the history of the site going back to the 1700s.[106]
A cabaret drag bar founded byBasil Newby, the venue initially opened on Queen Street and now occupies the Art Deco former Odeon cinema on Dixon Road. Choreographer Betty Legs Diamond and compere DJ Zoe are the original Funny Girls. In 2022 Ava King Cynosure became the firstAFAB drag queen to become a resident performer.[107]
An interactive walk-through horror attraction featuring scare actors in the basement of the Pleasure Beach Casino building.
Spitfire Visitor Centre
2009
Based in Hangar 42 at Blackpool Airport, which was constructed in 1939 for the RAF, the collection here included five Spitfire replicas and a Hawker Hurricane MKI. Visitors can sit in the cockpit or operate a flight simulator.
Comedy Carpet
2011
Constructed on the headland opposite Blackpool Tower, the 'carpet' is made of granite and concrete, and features catchphrases and jokes from hundreds of comedians, includingKenn Dodd,Frankie Howerd,Tommy Cooper andMorecambe and Wise.[108]
Viva Blackpool
2012
Built on the site of the Alhambra Theatre and laterLewis's department store and Mecca Bingo, the cabaret showbar hosts a variety of year-round acts and shows.
Tramtown
2015
Until 2011, the current heritage trams operated the main Blackpool tram service. After the multi-million pound upgrade put them out of service, plans were made to retain a core selection of trams from the original system and return them to passenger carrying duties.[109] The Heritage Tram Centre offers tours of tram sheds and engineering workshops as well as heritage tram journeys including an illuminated tour, a fish and chips tour and ghost tours. In 2023 it announced its vision for Tramtown – a tram heritage centre to be developed at the current depot.[1]
House of Secrets
2021
The first dedicated family magic bar in Blackpool,[110] located in the historic Winter Gardens complex and owned by local magician Russ Brown. Brown formerly held residencies at Blackpool Tower and Blackpool Pleasure Beach, and compered and directedBlackpool Magic Convention – the world's largest – which takes place at the Winter Gardens each February.[111]
Hole in Wand
2022
A wizard-themed golf course located in the former Woolworths building on Blackpool Promenade. The attraction is owned by the Potions Cauldron, which also operates a drink emporium and similar mini golf attraction in York.[112]
Blackpool boasts "seven miles of golden sands" which in 2016 were named the second best shoreline in the world and the best in the UK.[114] The same year Blackpool South beach was awardedBlue Flag status.[115] EU environmental protection laws are credited with the improvement of the beaches, which in the 1990s were covered in raw sewage and other waste.[116] Just six of 29 waters surveyed around the Blackpool region in 1988 met the EU's bathing water guidelines but, by 2014, all of the resort's beaches passed the EU test, after some £1bn was spent on clean water improvements.[117] In 2023 eight beaches on theFylde Coast were awarded Seaside Awards by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy, including Blackpool South, Blackpool Central and Bispham. However theEnvironment Agency classified the bathing water quality in Blackpool South as 'sufficient' in 2022, rather than 'good', as in the previous three years,[118] and 'poor' in Blackpool North rather than 'sufficient' or 'good', as in previous years.[119] On 12 June 2023United Utilities discharged raw sewage into the sea from its water treatment plant in Fleetwood leading to 'no swim' warnings, which were lifted by the end of June.[120]
A 260-acre park featuring a boating lake,Art Deco café,amphitheatre and bandstand, sports and recreational facilities, golf course andcricket club. To accommodate a growing population, in 1921 the Corporation of Blackpool commissionedT H Mawson to plan a comprehensive park and recreational centre. Stanley Park was opened on 2 October 1926 byEdward George Villiers Stanley – 17th Earl of Derby.[121] The park is listed as Grade II* on the Historic England Register of Parks and Gardens and, along with surrounding streets, was designated aconservation area in January 1984. In 2005 a £5.5mHeritage Lottery Fund-aided programme of repair, conservation and enhancement was undertaken to help restore the park to its former glory.[122] In 2022 a new masterplan was developed for the park, which will celebrate its centenary in 2026.[123] In May 2022 a new skate park was opened after local skaters secured £200,000 of funding.[124] In 2023 facilities including the athletics track, tennis courts, football pitches and toilets were refurbished.[125][126][127][128] The park is maintained with support from the Friends of Stanley Park, who dedicate time to gardening, wildlife conservation, organising and hosting events including weekly live music at the bandstand throughout the summer.[129] The park has been voted the UK's favourite by the Fields in Trust three times – in 2017, 2019 and 2022.[130]
Blackpool Art Society was formed in 1884 by George Dearden as Blackpool Sketching Club. The first exhibition was at the YMCA Rooms in Church Street.[131] In 1886 the club hosted an exhibition of 226 exhibits in the Victoria Street schoolrooms. The Grundy brothers were prominent members, and in 1913 the society was granted the use of the new Grundy Art Gallery for its annual exhibition, where it still exhibits today.[131][better source needed] Grundy art gallery includes the work "Blackpool Stands Between Us and Revolution2, which was displayed temporarily outside on the roof of the gallery in 2022 before moving inside. It is an illuminated text-based artwork byTom Ireland that is based on a quote by a local businessman to architect Thomas H Mawson in the 1920s to explain the town's importance to working-class people.[132]
Blackpool School of Arts, part ofBlackpool and The Fylde College, opened in 1937 on Park Road in a building designed by civic architect JC Robinson. The building houses a gallery space which hosts a range of exhibitions. Alumni visual artists includeJeffrey Hammond,Adrian Wilson,Sarah Myerscough andCraig McDean.[133] Plans for a new town centre 'multiversity' are set to replace the current Park Road campus in 2026.[134]
Established in 2011 and named after its former use for the production of Blackpool rock, the Old Rock Factory consists of studios housing printmakers and other artists in Blackpool. Residents include printmaker and painter Suzanne Pinder[135] and its founder, screen printer Robin Ross who brought the building back into use.[136] Ross, a former radio DJ,[137] also foundedSand, Sea and Spraystreet art festival. Running between 2011 and 2016, the festival featured live street art by international artist produced on walls and billboards in various locations throughout central Blackpool.[138]
Opened in 2014, Abingdon Studios is a contemporary visual art project space and artist studios curated and directed by Garth Gratrix, who championsworking-class andqueer artists.[139][140] In 2021 he and artist Harry Clayton-Wright producedWe're Still Here, the first permanent collection ofLGBTQIA+ heritage in Blackpool, supported by theNational Lottery Heritage Fund.[141]
Co-founder and directed by local artists, HIVEArts is a gallery space andgrassroots arts collective that hosts regular exhibitions.[142] Exhibitions have includedThe Art Of Forgery by Peter Sinclair (2022),[143] the Gallery Space open exhibition (2022) andThe Air That A Breathe, a group exhibition raising money for the Aspergillosis Trust (2023).[144] In 2022 the gallery hosted an art auction of 250 original paintings, photos and sculptures donated by local artists raising £8,000+to help victims of theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[145]
Tea Amantes is a tearoom and gallery established in 2021 which hosts monthly art exhibitions by local emerging artists.[146] Exhibitions have includedThe Main Resort, featuring Blackpool street photography,[147] andGolden Energies by Katarzyna Nowak.[148]
Left Coast is an arts organisation that was established in 2013, as part of the UK Creative People and Places Programme to produce socially-engaged creative and cultural activities in Blackpool and Wyre.[149] Left Coast projects have included a National Community Lottery fundedReal Estates programme in which artists were given residencies on localhousing association estates to test whether they could become embedded in the community rather than being seen as visitors. An independent evaluation by theUniversity of Central Lancashire stated that the project "made a real difference to local communities through the use of arts as a catalyst for the development of a sense of confidence and self-worth, developing or rediscovering skills, and increasing social connections."[149]
In response to a November 2017Financial Times articleLeft Behind: Can anyone save the towns the economy forgot?,[150] Left Coast commissioned a series of artists to provide "a nuanced and thoughtful counter position". PhotographerCraig Easton photographed the Williams family who he had first met in 1992 for a commission by French newspaperLibération to document the British 'underclass'. His images of the Williams's, titledThatcher's Children, "came to symbolise the deprivation that was a legacy of the Conservative government of the day". Revisiting them for Left Coast, Easton created a project entitledIs Anybody Listening?.[151]
Left Coast helped raise finance for the ArtB&B project which opened in 2019. Among the 18 different themed rooms were TheNow You See it, Now You Don't suite created by artist and writer professorTim Etchells, and theWilly Little suite by artist Mel Brimfield, which celebrated the career of a fictional entertainer and his performances at The Ocean Hotel – the original name of Art B&B.[152] The B&B closed in October 2022 claiming there were not enough future bookings to sustain the business.[153]
In 2022, Left Coast openedWash Your Words: Langdale Library & Laundry Room onsocial housing estate Mereside. It provides somewhere for people to wash clothes, read, learn and create art. In January 2023 it was nominated for theRIBA Journal MacEwen Award, celebrating architecture for the common good. Judges praised its "joyful design [that] raises expectations of the quality of architecture people should demand of social housing estates".[154][155]
Established in 2011, Aunty Social is a voluntary-run community arts organisation in Topping Street.[156] In 2013 it registered as aCommunity interest company (CIC) and opened Charabanc, a shop selling products made by local artists and designers.[157] Aunty Social runs the online arts and culture magazine Blackpool Social Club, theWinter Gardens Film Festival andBFI Film Club. Facilities include a community darkroom and library. A Queer Craft Club andHeritage Craft workshops are hosted.
Local textiles group Knittaz With Attitude is an Aunty Social project which has carried out severalyarn bombing projects in public spaces. In 2022 the group responded to reports ofsexual harassment recorded by Reclaim Blackpool which maps incidents that take place in public places. Over 20 participants createdcraftivist works highlighting the precarious safety of women and using methods includingcross stitch,crochet,appliqué andembroidery under the bannerWe're Sew Done. The pieces were placed in locations plotted on the map before being exhibited inBlackpool Central Library. The exhibition featured in local singerRae Morris's video for her single No Woman Is An Island.[158]
A pair of lions modelled on theMedici Lions in Rome stand inStanley Park. The original lead lions were made in 1790 and sold in 1922 to John Magee who gifted them to Blackpool Corporation. They were removed in 2013 and loaned toStowe House, where they originally stood. Replicas were installed in the park in 2013.[159] Stanley Park also features a number of nature-inspired sculptures in its Italian Gardens, andWe Love You To The Moon, a stone carving memorial to Jane Tweedle from Blackpool who was killed in theManchester Arena bombing in 2017.[160] A statue ofCharlie Cairoli was installed in the Rose Garden in 2008 but was later moved toBlackpool Tower and replaced with a plaque.[161]
Ballet Dancers
Installed in the 1990s
Designed by artists Phil Bew and Diane Gorvin, two bronze ballet dancers standing on stainless steel plinths at either end of Clifton Street in the town centre.[159]
Great Promenade Show
Commissioned from 2001 to 2005
They Shoot Horses, Don't They
A collection of 10 artworks commissioned over a period of four years from 2001 to 2005 forming an 'outdoor' contemporary art gallery along 2 km of New South Promenade from Squires Gate toSouth Pier.[159] Some of the artworks have since been removed, including theHigh Tide Organ by Liam Curtin and John Gooding, which made music from the swell of the tide.[162] Alluding to the town's ballroom culture,They Shoot Horses, Don't They is a giant mirror ball by artist Michael Trainor. At six metres in diameter and weighing six tonnes it was the world's largest dance hall mirror ball at the time, covered in 47,000 mirrors that gently rotate and catch the light.[163]
Choir Loft
Installed in 2008
Located next to the Cenotaph war memorial, artist Ruth Barker's work consists of letters carved into granite blocks and treated with gold leaf reading 'Sing softly. Be still. Cease'. The memorial is dedicated 'to those who struggle for freedom in all conflicts, and those who remember them'.[164]
The Wave
Installed in 2009
Installed in St John's Square and by Lucy Glendinning the 10.5m high x 2.5m wide stainless steel wave structure has internal lighting that shines through a laser cut pattern with transparent blue resin insets. It features a figure in clear blue and resin blue pebble sculptures at the base which act as seats.[159]
Soldier Sculpture (and Salisbury Woodlands)
Installed in 2009
Designed byThompson Dagnall in Salisbury Woodlands, the figure of a soldier with metal helmet and rifle is carved from Lancashire Mill stone and sits atop a WWIIpillbox. The woodlands also house a number of wooden carved sculptures including an archway entrance carvings of a bat, wood pecker and leaves.[159]
Sand Sea & Spray
A number of large scale graffiti artworks feature throughout the town in locations including Talbot Road, Cookson Street and Palatine Road.[159] They were created by a number of international artists as part of Sand, Sea & Spray street art festival which ran between 2011 and 2016.[165]
The 999 statue
Installed in 2013
A 2.5m monument by Matt Titherington installed at Jubilee Gardens to honour police officers and a member of the public who died trying to rescue a man who had gone into the sea to save his dog in 1983.[166]
Lightpool
Started in 2016
Lightpool is an annual light festival held over October half term that sees artistic light installations throughout the town centre and various fringe events. It was awarded the Arts Council's National Portfolio Organisation status for 2023–2026, securing funding worth nearly £700,000.[167]
Fancie Benches
Installed in:
2020 (1st bench)
2022 (2nd)
Artist Tina Dempsey installed her firstFancie Bench in Blackpool's King's Square and a second bench was installed in Edward Street. Fabricated by Lightworks – Blackpool Illuminations Depot – out of fibreglass, the colourful abstract designs were part of the Quality Corridors Scheme to improve the appearance of key streets in the town.[168]
Tram Benches
Installed in: 2020
Part of the Quality Corridors Scheme, artist Andy Hazell installed two stainless steel benches in the shape of trams in Talbot Square. They depict heritage trams – a Blackpool OMO, built in the mid-1930s, and the Brush, built originally in 1937.[169]
The Call of the Sea
Installed in 2021
A life-sized bronze painted sculpture by artist Laurence Payot in Talbot Square. It was designed in consultations with fashion students from Blackpool and The Fylde College, pupils from Blackpool Gateway Academy and the council's beach patrol team, and was modelled after a local girl. It cost £35,000, funded by the Quality Corridors Scheme.[170]
Storytrails: Queercoaster
Created in 2022
By Joseph Doubtfire, as part of the government-fundedUnboxed festival. An augmented reality walking tour, it allowed participants to experience and learn about queer history in Blackpool through fragments of archive footage of news reports and stories collected from locals.[171]
At its peak in the 1930s Blackpool's numerous theatres and cinemas could seat more than 60,000 people.[7]
The Theatre Royal on Clifton Street first opened as the Assembly Rooms and Arcade in 1868. It later became the Tivoli Electric Theatre and eventually Yates's Wine Lodge before it was destroyed by fire in 2009.[172][173]
In 1874 the Indian Pavilion was built onNorth Pier to host regular concert performances. After being damaged by fire in 1921 and destroyed by another in 1938[174] it was replaced by theArt Deco Pavilion Theatre (now the Joe Longthorne Theatre) in 1939. One of few remaining pier theatres in the country, it hosts variety acts during the summer season. The theatre is Grade IIlisted but has been on the Theatres At Risk Register since 2014.[175]
The Borough Theatre (later Queens Theatre) opened in September 1877 on Bank Hey Street. A blue Plaque marks the location of the building which was demolished in 1972/73.[176]
Her Majesty's Opera House, part of theWinter Gardens complex, was built in 1889 and designed by architectFrank Matcham.[177] The 2,500 capacity was soon deemed insufficient and was redesigned by architects Mangnall and Littlewood in 1910. In October 1938 the old Opera House was demolished and the third and currentOpera House, with a classicArt Deco design, replaced it. Seating 3,000, it was the largest theatre in the country when it opened.[7] The firstRoyal Variety Performance to be held outside London was staged there in 1955.[178] The Opera House is one of only three remaining historic theatres in Blackpool still in operation, regularly staging touringmusicals.[179][180]
The Empire Theatre and Opera House on Church Street opened in 1895 and by 1900 it had been converted into a circus venue and renamed Hippodrome. In 1929 it became the ABC cinema but continued to host stage shows, including in the 1960s TV variety show Blackpool Night Out in which the Beatles appeared on 19 July 1964. The theatre becameThe Syndicate superclub in 2002 until it was demolished in 2014.[181]
The Prince of Wales Theatre was built in 1879 next to the site ofBlackpool Tower. It was replaced in 1900 with the grandAlhambra complex but, unable to compete with the neighbouring Tower hit financial difficulties in 1902. ArchitectFrank Matcham remodelled the building and it became the Palace Theatre in 1904. It was demolished in 1961.[182]
The Old Electric on Springfield Road
The Grand Theatre was built in 1894 and dubbed Frank Matcham's masterpiece.[7] It hosts a mix of local, mainstream and high brow performances as well as an annual pantomime.[183] In the 1990s the theatre was annexed to provided a Studio Theatre.[184] Supported by the Friends of the Grand Theatre, it is a registered charity and in 2022 receivedArts Council England National Portfolio Organisation status – a three-year investment of more than £1.5m.[185] In September 2023 Blackpool Council committed £500,000 to carry out urgent repairs to the theatre.[186] The Grand has had a youth theatre company since 1996[187] and has partnered with the Royal Shakespeare Company to engage school children with theatre and performance.[188]
TheRegent Cinema, built in Neo-Baroque style, opened in 1921. From the 1970s it was a bingo hall; after renovation in the 2010s it re-opened as a cinema and venue for live performances.[189]
The Old Electric is Blackpool's newest theatre, opening in 2021 on Springfield Road in the former Princess Electric Cinema. Founded by creative director Melanie Whitehead, it became the home of The Electric Sunshine Project CIC, a community theatre company she established in 2016, as well as a community arts space. The renovation of the building, which had been a string of nightclubs prior, wasNational Lottery funded and carried out during lockdown.[190]
Dance has been central to Blackpool culture for 150 years. One of the first places visitors could dance was on the open air on the piers and its popularity led to ballrooms opening across the town.The Tower Ballroom came first in 1894, quickly followed by theEmpress Ballroom and the Alhambra.[191]
The original Tower Ballroom was a smaller pavilion but the facility posed a threat to theWinter Gardens whose management responded in 1896 by improving its facilities. The Empress Ballroom – much grander and larger than its rival – was built on the site of a roller rink and designed by Mangnall and Littlewood with a capacity of 3,000.[7] Towards the end of theFirst World War, in 1918, the Empress Ballroom was taken over by theAdmiralty as a space to assemble Gas Envelopes for their R33 Airship. Renovations in 1934 included a new sprung dance floor with 10,000 strips of oak, mahogany, walnut, and greenwood, on top of 1,320 four inch springs, covering 12,500 foot.
The firstBlackpool Dance Festival was held in the Empress Ballroom during Easter week in 1920. The idea is credited to either Harry Wood, the musical director of the Winter Gardens, or Nelson Sharples, a music publisher in Blackpool.[192] The festival was devoted to three competitions to find three newsequence dances in three tempos –waltz,two step andfoxtrot. There was one competition per day and, on the fourth, one dance was chosen as the winner. In 1931 the dance festival hosted the inaugural British Professional and Amateur Ballroom Championships and in 1953 the competitions included the North of England Amateur and Professional Championships, a Ballroom Formation Dancing Competition, the British Amateur and Professional Ballroom Championships, plus a Professional Exhibition Dancing Competition. In 1961, a British Amateur Latin American Tournament was held, followed by a Professional event in 1962. These two events were upgraded to Championship status in 1964. 1968 saw the introduction of the Professional Invitation Team Match and in 1975 the first British Closed Dance Festival was held – now the British National Championships. In modern times around 50 countries are represented across eight annual festivals in the Empress Ballroom and Blackpool Dance Festival is considered ‘the world's first and foremost festival of dancing’.[192]
Blackpool Tower Ballroom, designed by Frank Matcham, opened in 1899
The present Tower Ballroom was designed byFrank Matcham and opened in 1899 to rival the Empress Ballroom, matching its capacity of 3,000. Its sprung dance floor measures 120 feet by 102 feet and consists of 30,602 separate blocks of mahogany, oak and walnut. The inscription above the Ballroom stage, 'Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear', is fromShakespeare's Venus and Adonissonnet. Among the Ballroom's one-time strict rules were 'gentlemen may not dance unless with a lady' and 'disorderly conduct means immediate expulsion'. Originally, dancing was not permitted on Sundays when an evening of sacred music was performed instead. In December 1956, the ballroom was badly damaged by fire and the dance floor was destroyed. It took two years and £500,000 to restore.[193] TheBBC seriesCome Dancing – aired between 1950 and 1998 – was broadcast from the Tower Ballroom and featured professional dancers competing against each other. Its reinvention asStrictly Come Dancing launched in 2004 and includes an annual Blackpool week, when the show is broadcast from the Tower Ballroom.[194] The Tower Ballroom remains a popular venue for dancing and its celebrated Wurlitzer organ still rises from below the stage.[7] In 2022 it featuring on the BBC's interactive map of 100 Places for 100 Years of the BBC.[195]
During the 20th century, ballroom bandleaders created new novelty dances including The Blackpool Walk, the dance craze of the 1938 summer season. The music was composed byLawrence Wright, a prominent music publisher, under the pen name Horatio Nicholls, and choreographed by 1937 Blackpool Dance Festival Champions, Cyril Farmer and Adela Roscoe. Inspired by the Blackpool Walk, in 2020 local dance company House of Wingz created a new social dance, The Blackpool Way, as part of a community project called Get Dancing. Music was composed by Callum Harvey and dance steps and moves were submitted by people from across the world.[191]
Based on Back Reeds Road, House of Wingz was founded by married couple Samantha and Aishley Docherty Bell. Using knowledge and education in hip hop culture, the company aims to create a legacy or 'scene' for dance artists and musicians in Blackpool, who will contribute to a growing cultural landscape in the town.[196] House of Wingz is the Blackpool partner forBreakin' Convention, a festival celebrating the best in UK hip hop talent founded by pioneer Jonzi D.[197] In 2022 members of House of Wingz collected seven trophies in the UDO World Street Dance Championships including two first place prizes.[198] Although dance is at the heart of House of Wingz, it is also home to a collective of musicians, artists and performers who stage their own productions and collaborate on creative projects.[199] Skool of Street is House of Wingz' charitable arm, providing free access to classes for children who do not have the means to pay as well as delivering the Government's Holiday Activities and Food programme.[200]
Other dance schools in Blackpool include Phil Winstone's Theatreworks, Whittaker Dance & Drama Centre and Langley Dance Centre.
There are a number of notable amateur and community theatre companies in Blackpool.
Junction Four Productions, formed in 1904 as Lytham Amateur Operatic Society (LAOS), is one of the original musical theatre groups on the Fylde Coast. A registered charity, it changed its name in 2018 to reflect its varied canon.[201] Blackpool & Fylde Light Opera Company (BFLOC) is an amateur musical comedy society that has hosted annual productions since 1950. [202] Blackpool Operatic Players (BOP) has been presenting musical theatre productions in Blackpool and the surrounding areas since 1953.[203]
On 14 January 2022, a blue plaque was unveiled on Michael Hall Theatre School (formerly Marton Parish Church Hall) on Preston New Road recording that, from 1930 to 2002, Marton Operatic Society performed Gilbert and Sullivan and other operas there.[204] Founded as Marton Parish Church Choral and Operatic Society in 1930 by Reverend Charles Macready and William Hogarth, their first production was Cupid and the Ogre. In 2021, following a decline exacerbated by COVID-19, members voted to wind the society up. A final concert version of The Mikado was held on 29 October.[205][206]
Michael Hall Theatre School is a small theatre space and school in the former Marton Parish Church Hall. Founded in 2003, it is run by Michael Hall who studied at the Royal Academy of Music and whose past pupils includeJodie Prenger andAiden Grimshaw.[207] Hall also runs Musica Lirica Opera Company which aims to make opera accessible.[208]
Founded in 2005, TramShed is an inclusive theatre company and charity offering inclusive performing arts to all children, young people and adults many of whom have additional needs. In 2021 it was named a National Diversity Awards finalist.[209] Cou-Cou Theatre Productions is a Community Interest Company founded in 2018 by sisters Sophie and Nikita Coulon.[210]
Blackpool has a rich musical heritage associated with its tourist industry alongside a number of popular music scenes and artists that have emerged there. The first registered venue offering musical entertainment in Blackpool was the original Uncle Tom's Cabin, situated on the cliffs at North Shore, from the early 1860s.[211]
The Wurlitzer organ at Blackpool Tower Ballroom was played byReginald Dixon from March 1930 until March 1970, with live broadcasts of his performances being aired each week during the summer season on the BBC Light Programme.[212]Phil Kalsall has been principle organist at the venue since 1977.[213]
Lawrence Wright was a successful music publisher and songwriter who moved to Blackpool in the 1920s and opened 20 song booths, hiring musicians to play his sheet music inside which passers-by would purchase after entering to listen and sing along.[214]
Blackpool was instrumental in the music of big bands who performed jazz and swing music in its dancehalls and ballrooms from the 1930s-1950s. Frequent performers from 1946 to 1959 wereTed Heath,Joe Loss andJack Parnell.[215]
In thepost-war period Blackpool was the centre of live entertainment outsideLondon and there was a proliferation of musical talent coming from and discovered in the town. The town hosted three or fourvariety shows per night during tourist seasons, each featuring popular music includingThe Shadows,Tom Jones,Engelbert Humperdinck and American stars includingFrank Sinatra who performed twice in the early 1950s.[216]
The heyday of Blackpool's musical history to date and the golden era was the 1960s when live music was offered in the town's many pubs, clubs, theatres and concert venues to accommodate its millions of visitors.[211] All the top Britishbeat groups played in Blackpool, forging a tradition at theWinter Gardens Empress Ballroom of staging of rock, alternative and indie music with visiting bands through the decades includingQueen,the Stone Roses,Blur andNew Order.[216]
Smaller music venues of note include The Galleon bar on Adelaide Street which opened in 1954 and was a magnet for musicians[217] and Mama & Papa Jenks on Talbot Road, which attracted emerging acts of the 1970s including theEurythmics and theBuzzcocks and evolved into a punk music venue hosting bands such asthe Fits andthe Membranes.[211]
John Lennon spent a short time living in Blackpool as a child and would often visit family there and watch musical acts includingGeorge Formby andDickie Valentine.[218]The Beatles were booked to perform onSouth Pier throughout the summer of 1962 but their fame saw them outgrow the venue before they could fulfil their residency. They did go on to play a series of dates in the ABC Theatre and later the Opera House in August 1963 and 1964.[211]
The Rolling Stones gig at the Empress Ballroom on 24 July 1964 resulted in ariot. The venue was left badly damaged, with fans smashing two chandeliers, tearing up seats and breaking aSteinway grand piano. Two people were hospitalised and around 50 treated for minor injuries.Blackpool Council banned the Rolling Stones from performing in the town again, lifting the ban 44 years later, although the band is yet to return.[211]
Jimi Hendrix supportedCat Stevens at the Odeon complex on 15 April 1967. There are claims Hendrix was refused entry to his hotel after the show due to intoxication. Pink Floyd played the Empress Ballroom a month later, on 26 May 1967. Hendrix and Pink Floyd both returned later that year to perform on the same bill at Blackpool Opera House on 25 November 1967. Pink Floyd returned to Blackpool on 21 March 1969 to play the Blackpool Technical College Arts Ball on 21 March 1969.[211][219]
Factory Records'Section 25 formed in Blackpool in 1977. Their key recordings include the US crossover club hitLooking Form a Hilltop and the albumFrom the Hip.[220] Another Blackpool band signed to the label was Tunnelvision, who recorded just one single for the label in 1981.[221]
Blackpool has been referenced within popular music for the best part of a century.[222]Stanley Holloway’s 1932 comic songThe Lion and Albert tells the story of a small child being eaten by a lion atBlackpool Zoo andGeorge Formby, one of the town's most successful regular performers in the 1930s and ‘40s, penned songs includingBlackpool Prom,Sitting on the Top of Blackpool Tower andWith My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock.[222] The George Formby Society formed at theImperial Hotel with 56 members a few months after Formby's death in 1961. Now consisting of over 800 members worldwide, many return to the same hotel quarterly to for society conventions.[223]
In the latter part of the 20th century songs inspired by Blackpool included,Blur'sThis Is a Low,Soft Cell'sSay Hello, Wave Goodbye,Manic Street Preachers'Elvis Impersonator, Blackpool Pier and The Kinks'Autumn Almanac, which has been called ‘the most British song of all time’.[216]
Up The Pool byJethro Tull, who formed as a blues-based rock band in the Blackpool in the late 1960s, was released in 1971. It differs from the band's other musical output at the time with frontmanIan Anderson, who lived in Blackpool, choosing to reflect national identity both lyrically and musically in a conscious rejection of the American music that influenced so many other British bands of the era. InBlackpool Tower Suite, Manchester indie bandWorld of Twist present a personification of theTower almost as a female deity presiding over the pleasure grounds of Blackpool.[222]
Blackpool-born singerRae Morris’s 2022 albumRachel@Fairyland pays homage to her hometown with songs referencing Blackpool Tower, childhood memories, the town's LGBTQ+ community and its deprivation. Music videos for singlesNo Woman Is An Island andGo Dancing were shot in Blackpool, as was the video for her 2021 standalone singleFish n Chips, featuring grime artist Sophie Aspin.[224][225]
Many songs about Blackpool reflect its position as a popular holiday destination for the working classes.[222] Folk singer Howard Broadbent's 1983 songBlackpool Belle was rerecorded by Bolton folk trio theHoughton Weavers in 1993 and, like the songBlackpool by indie band theDelgados, speaks of happy memories of bygone days and of the sense of comradeship. Meanwhile,Tatty Seaside Town by punk bandThe Membranes, who formed in Blackpool in the 1970s, reflects the experience of young men growing up there.The Fall, in their 2003 songIdiot Joy Showland, reflect on the town's artifice while Macclesfield-based punk band theMacc Lads, in their 1985 songBlackpool, boasts of outrageous and offensive behaviour reflective of the idea of that the town is a place to shed inhibitions.[222]
Recurring motifs in songs about Blackpool include the idea that Blackpool is an important part of English identity,[216] the distance between the glittering surface and a grimier reality of the town, and of Blackpool as a place of freedom and relative sexual freedom, as embodied by the Kiss Me Quick hat or "saucy postcard".[222] While depictions of Blackpool in popular music represent a wide range of attitudes to the town, their connection to the English working-class is inevitably a persistent seam running through them.[222]
Locarno Mecca opened on Central Drive in April 1965 attracting acts includingSlade (1972),Bob Marley and the Wailers (22 November 1973) andMartha and the Vandellas (25 February 1977).[211] The venue went on to become home to one of four legendary northern soul nights in the Highland Room, established in 1970 by local DJ, Tony Jebb along with Les Cokell, followed by Ian Levine andColin Curtis.[226] At the end of the 1970s it was renamed Tiffany's and later the Rhythm Dome, home to Federation – influential in the 1990shouse and rave scene. It was demolished in 2009.[227] Blackpool retains a strong connection to northern soul with major weekender events still taking place in the town at both the Blackpool Tower and the Winter Gardens.[226] The town also remains a frequent destination for soul weekenders, which were popular during the jazz-funk era of the mid-1980s.[216]
Blackpool's embracing of punk in the 1970s and the subsequent middle-class reaction to it has been likened to the anxieties of the middle classes during the influx of working-class visitors arriving via the railway system to Blackpool with in Victorian times.[222] Blackpool's connection with punk is also said to reflect and gains its strength from Blackpool's poor life prospects in terms of employment, recreational drug use, health, housing and antisocial behaviour.[228]
Blackpool was not initially at the forefront of the punk revolution, with its youth culture still preoccupied by northern soul throughout the ‘70s, and became more well known for its homegrown post-punk groups,The Membranes,The Fits,Section 25 and the Ceramic Hobbs.[228] But punk has held on well in Blackpool which has hosted the annualRebellion Festival since 1996, attracting international visitors and claiming to be the largest independent punk music festival in the world. Its line up regularly includes many major bands from the heyday of punk.Sham 69, who played the festival in 1996, celebrated the event and its promotion of the punk values of acceptance and solidarity with their songBlackpool, released the following year.[222][228]
In the mid-2010s a number of mostly school-aged MCs began to showcase themselves on YouTube channels including Blackpool Grime Media (BGMedia).[229] The aggressive and unapologetic branch of rap resonated with disaffected young people in Blackpool.[230] Artists on BGMedia, including Afghan Dan, Little T, Millie B and Sophie Aspin, became the subject of a 2016Vice documentaryNoisey Blackpool: The Controversial Rise of Blackpool Grime, followed by 2017'sNoisey Blackpool 2: One Year On. And in October 2019Channel 4 airedIt's Grime Up North, a documentary criticised for its "sneering derision" of children as young as 12 growing up in challenging circumstances.[230] Meanwhile, Blackpool grime's amateur approach was not taken seriously by music industry gatekeepers.[229] Millie B's 2016 trackM to the B is a viral song that sparked a ‘chav-make-up’ trend onTikTok. The song ‘sends’ for Aspin as the pair were pitted against each other although the pair are now friends. Aspin claims that at the time she was exploited and incentivised with drugs to perform. Hip hop collective House of Wingz has gone on to work with Sophie Aspin and Millie B, teaming them up with Grammy-nominated producerNat Powers.[231][232]
Alongside the Empress Ballroom, which continues to host large touring bands, there are two independent music venues in Blackpool. Opened in 2014, Bootleg Social has established itself as a regular fixture for nationally touring bands and provides a platform for local musicians.[233][234] The Waterloo Music Bar is a popular independent music venue, regularly hosting local and touring bands with a focus on thepunk,rock andmetal genres, since its reinvention in 2015.[235] In Good Company is a grassroots music collective in Blackpool that seeks out and nurtures musicians from across the Fylde Coast and provides them with regular gigs across the town's venues.[232]
The Japanese filmShall We Dance? (1996) closes with a scene at the World Ballroom Dancing Championships in Blackpool. All the hair styling for the film was completed by Blackpool-born-and-bred hairstylist Eileen Clough, who has been in the trade since the 1960s. In the Hollywoodremake of the film (2004), directed by Peter Chelsom, Blackpool is mentioned but not shown.
Blackpool is the setting forBhaji on the Beach (1993) directed byGurinder Chadha. The filmLike It Is (1998) directed by Paul Oremland was also partly filmed in Blackpool. The opening scenes were filmed in the Flamingo. The 2005 television comedy/thriller seriesFunland revolved around the fictionalised, seedier aspects of Blackpool.
In 2006 Lion Television filmedThe Great British Summer, which featured many buildings in Blackpool. The Royal Windsor Hotel was featured, with the owner talking all about the hotel seasons and industry.Bernard Manning was also shown at the hotel doing his spot through the season hosted by Blackpool Born local Entertainer & DJ Gordon Head and other local acts.The Great British Summer was narrated byAlan Titchmarsh.
Blackpool was once again featured in a Channel 5 documentary series from 26 October 2017, this time entitledBargain Loving Brits in Blackpool. The series ran for six episodes until 30 November 2017.[240]
Newspapers that cover the Blackpool area are theBlackpool Gazette, the daily newspaper covering the Fylde Coast area, known locally asThe Gazette. TheLancashire Evening Post is a daily evening newspaper covering the county ofLancashire.
Bay Trust Radio is a hospital radio station run by volunteers and broadcast throughout Blackpool Victoria Hospital, other hospitals in Lancashire and Cumbria and online. Radio Victoria, Blackpool was merged with Bay Trust Radio in October 2018.[241]
In September 2022, Fun Coast Digital, a not for profit Community Interest Company, was awarded an Ofcom licence to operate a DAB radio transmitter from the top of Blackpool Tower, allowing radio stations to broadcast across the Fylde Coast.[242]
Blackpool Social Club is an independent, volunteer-led online arts, culture and listings magazine which has been operating since 2012 (formerly as AltBlackpool) and has had various print editions.[243] It is part of Aunty Social, a Community Interest Company and community arts organisation in Blackpool.[244] Other online publications serving Blackpool include Lancs Live and The BPL Bible.
National television with local opt-outs is provided byITV Granada, the ITV franchise holder for the North West,BBC North West, the regional BBC station for the North West region.
Blackpool also has a dedicated local TV news service, That's Lancashire, part of theThat's TV network, broadcast from their studio in Preston.[245]
A heritage tram decked out in rainbows for Blackpool Pride Parade 2023
Blackpool had its firstgay pride celebration in 2006.[246] Historically, seaside resorts have been able to provide niches forminority groups.[247] Blackpool, like other English resorts, has had a reputation for being a safe community for gay people.[247] DuringWorld War II, there was a proliferation of cafés, pubs and clubs where homosexual men could meet in Blackpool.[248] In the 1990s, the town began to be promoted as a gay tourist destination.[247] Blackpool contains several bars, pubs and nightclubs aimed at the LGBTQ+ community. These includeFunny Girls (aburlesquecabaret showbar), Flamingo and the Flying Handbag.[249] As of the 2021 census, 3.26% of Blackpool residents aged over 16 identified as gay men or lesbians – this is the twelfth highest proportion among the 331 local authorities in England and Wales.[250]
In 2022, We're Still Here – an oral histories project supported by Heritage Lottery Fund was established by queer-led arts organisation Abingdon Studios and artists Garth Gratrix and Harry Clayton-Wright.[251] Blackpool Pride has seen an arts and heritage strand as well as an international art project that aimed to raise awareness of sites of homophobic attack or insult reclaimed as sites beauty.[citation needed]
In October 2023 Blackpool Council launched a public survey to gather views on its vision to build on the strength of the high concentration of gay venues in the north of the town centre to create an area celebrating the resort's LGBTQ+ heritage.[252]
The annual Blackpool Marathon is staged on the Promenade each April. Thousands of competitors run on the closed Promenade, organised by Fylde Coast Runners.[256]
Blackpool Stanley, Blackpool Scorpions and Blackpool Sea Eagles are amateur rugby league clubs in the town.
The resort formerly held the now discontinuedNorthern Rail Cup Final atBloomfield Road, a Rugby League knockout competition for all clubs outside of theSuper League attracting many thousands of visitors.
Blackpool is currently home to the annual 'Summer Bash' rugby league tournament held at Bloomfield Road, where an entire round of Championship matches are played in the town to showcase the sport.
Blackpool also has a rugby union club, called Blackpool RUFC. Their home ground is Norbreck Rugby Ground.
There are three golf clubs in Blackpool. Blackpool North Shore Golf Club opened in 1904, moving to its present site on Knowle Hill in 1927; the newcourse was designed byHarry Colt.[258] In 1926, anAlister MacKenzie designed course opened within Stanley Park;[259] it is home toBlackpool Park Golf Club. The newest addition is Herons' Reach Golf Resort, which was designed byPeter Allis andClive Clark and opened in 1992.[260] Blackpool Golf Club, which opened in 1894, was located inSouth Shore; it closed at the beginning ofWorld War II, with the land subsequently becoming part ofBlackpool Airport.[261]
The Pleasure Beach's Horseshoe Show Bar was home toprofessional wrestling events throughout the season, promoted by Bobby Baron. The bar shows were home to a "wrestling booth" where members of the public could challenge the wrestlers for cash prizes for each round they survived. These challenges would be taken byshooters, wrestlers skilled in the brutal submission holds ofcatch wrestling, which they could deploy to defend the prize money even against skilledamateur wrestlers. Booths such as these had been a foundation of the professional wrestling industry since the 19th century, and Baron's booth is reputed to have been the last of its kind in the world.[262]
Numerous renowned professional wrestlers worked as carnival shooters at the booth, including futureWWE starWilliam Regal; his tag team partnerRobbie Brookside; Shak Khan, who runs a catch wrestling school in the area; Dave Duran (John Palin) and future women's championKlondyke Kate. The booth ended with Baron's death in 1994, although other promoters have since held shows in the bar.[262] Additionally, theTower Circus was a frequent venue for wrestling shows. A photograph of noted wrestlingvillainJack Pye in action at the circus was, for some time in the late 2000s, displayed by the entrance to the circus. The tradition was revived byAll Star Wrestling when they promoted a summer season at the venue in 2008, and a similar summer season in 2012 at the Winter Gardens. The Tower Ballroom hosted one date of the six show live tour of theWorld of Sport Wrestling TV show in February 2019.
WWE held a tournament at theEmpress Ballroom on 14 and 15 January 2017 to crown the inauguralWWE United Kingdom Champion. In attendance were Regal andTriple H, with the latter commenting to local journalists, "Blackpool has this reputation. It's easy to get to, a lot of people come here and when they come here they lose it and that's what we wanted. I almost feel like there wasn't really another choice."[263]Tyler Bate won the inaugural tournament to become the first WWE United Kingdom Champion.[264]
Several renowned wrestlers have invested in Blackpool.Kendo Nagasaki owns the Trades Hotel and KAOS Nightclub,[265] Rex Strong (born Barry Shearman, 1942–2017) owned the Hadley Hotel,[266][267] andJohnny Saint owned a block of holiday flats in the town.[268]Shirley "Big Daddy" Crabtree worked as a lifeguard on Central Pier. He was reunited, on a 1979 edition of ITV'sThis Is Your Life, with a woman whose life he had saved in the course of his duties.[269][better source needed]
Ramp City is an indoorskatepark in Blackpool. It is made up of wooden ramps and consists of a large street, park and transition section.[271] The park was home to a full pipe and kidney-shaped bowl but these were removed in 2016 to make way for a roller rink. It houses one of the UK's biggestvert ramps (13 ft 3in) and hosts the UK Vert Series Seaside Sessions.[272][273] In 2014, then number one UK female skater Lucy Adams named the park one of her favourites in England.[274] Ramp City also contains a branch of independent skate shop, Big Woody's, that first opened in Blackpool in June 2002.[275] In 2020 the park began hosting girl's only skate nights.[276]
The Skate Like A Girl (SLAG) collective is a group of female skaters from Blackpool who aim to reclaim the derogatory language they claim can be used towards women in the sport and create safe and inclusive skating environments for women. It works closely with Reclaim Blackpool, a project mapping sexual harassment in public spaces in the town.[277][278]
In May 2022, an all-concrete skatepark was built on Stanley Park in Blackpool following a community fundraising effort to replace an old run down skatepark.[279]
Live Like Ralph is a charity celebrating the memory of local skater Ralph Roberts who died suddenly of Sarcoidosis in 2021. It aims to provide skateboards and equipment to young skaters and build and maintain skateparks. In 2023 it collaborated with another Blackpool charity, Skool of Street, to build a safe and supportive indoor skatepark called Ralph's House at House of Wingz studio on Back Reeds Road.[280]
Disorder is a 2021 short film by the ATB Collective highlighting hidden and well-known skate spots in Blackpool.[281] Curb Culture is a skateboarding zine highlighting local skateboarding culture.[282]
There were previously two synagogues in Blackpool for its Jewish population, now down to one. TheBlackpool Reform Jewish Congregation caters to theReform population and is located on Raikes Parade with a synagogue hall and classroom facilities, a purpose-built sanctuary hall and an assembly room.Blackpool United Hebrew Congregation was anOrthodox synagogue located on Leamington Road with a synagogue hall and community centre. The synagogue closed in May 2012 due to a declining Orthodox population, with the final rabbi David Braunold having retired in 2011.[283] As of January 2022, the building which formerly housed the synagogue was awaiting new use.
Blackpool also has small communities ofBaháʼís,Hindus,Jains,Mormons, andSikhs.[286] The Blackpool Faith Forum was established in 2001 in conjunction with Blackpool Council to provideinterfaith dialogue between the various faith groups in the town, to raise awareness of the various faiths in the town and to promote amultifaith community. It is linked to the Interfaith Network of UK.[287][288] In February 2007 a youth forum was established, Blackpool Faith Forum for Youth (BIFFY).[289]
As well as 29 state primary schools and eight state secondary schools, there is also a range of activities for children and young people in the town. Some of these are delivered byBlackpool Young People Services (a part of Blackpool Council).[290]
Blackpool Airport operated regular charter and scheduled flights throughout the UK and Europe. The airport is actually just over the borough boundary intoFylde Borough, although a proposal to reorganise Blackpool's borders would see the airport incorporated into Blackpool Borough. This airport, formerly known as Blackpool Squires Gate Airport, is one of the oldest in the UK having hosted public flying meetings in 1909 and 1910. After a gap, it was active from the 1930s to mid 2014 and from December 2014 to date. Airlines that served Blackpool, before its temporary closure in late 2014, includedJet2.com andAer Arran. The airport was reopened to small aircraft after failing to find a buyer in December 2014 but scheduled flights ceased in 2017.[291] Access to the town by air is now viaLiverpool John Lennon Airport orManchester Airport, both approximately 40 miles (64 km) away by road.
In 1927 the local council announced that an airfield would be built near Stanley Park, which would becomeStanley Park Aerodrome offering flights to theIsle of Man for £1-16s–0d (£1.80).[292] The airport opened in 1929 and was officially opened by Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald in 1931.[293] However, with the opening of Squires Gate Airport a decision was announced in 1936 by theMinistry of Transport to close the Stanley Park airfield. In fact, civil operations continued until the outbreak of war with scheduled services to the Isle of Man and elsewhere.[294] During the war, Stanley Park was used as aRoyal Air Force (RAF) training station, known as No. 3 School of Technical Training.Vickers assembled manyWellington bombers here andBristol Beaufighters were repaired for the RAF. The airfield closed in 1947. The land on which the airport stood now coversBlackpool Zoo and a hotel and golf course. Thehangars from the old airport are still in use at Blackpool Zoo as the main entrance building, Playbarn, Education Academy and camel house.[293]
National Express operates the main long-distance coach services in and out of Blackpool
Facilities include:
Blackpool Talbot Road Bus Station, which was the main town centre bus station but is now a gym. Blackpool Transport stopped using the bus station in the early 2000s after a disagreement with Blackpool Council regarding the state of the bus station building. Blackpool Transport now use Market Street and Corporation Street, in the town centre, as their bus interchange. National Express have also recently stopped using this bus station, moving to the new National Express Blackpool Central Coach Station.
Blackpool Central Coach Station[295] is the main coach station for all National Express coach services. which is also used by some independent coach operators. The coach station has a booking office and toilet facilities.
Blackpool Lonsdale Road Coach Station was the main coach station forSouth Shore district of Blackpool. This was mainly used by independent coach operators. The coach station has a café, shop and toilet facilities but is in a state of disrepair.
Blackpool Colosseum Bus & Coach Station, which was the main bus and coach station in South Shore. Located next to Blackpool Transport Headquarters, it was demolished to make way for aSomerfield supermarket. The site is now occupied by the link road from the M55 motorway and additional depot parking.
South Shore (renamed Lytham Road 1903, closed 1916)
Blackpool once had two railway terminals with a total of over 30 platforms, mainly used by excursion traffic in the summer.Blackpool Central, close toBlackpool Tower, was closed in 1964, whileBlackpool North was largely demolished and rebuilt as a smaller facility. The route of the former excursion line into Blackpool Central is now used as a link road from the M55 motorway to the town centre. The line into Blackpool viaLytham St Annes now has a station servingBlackpool Pleasure Beach but terminates atBlackpool South station. The line into North station is now the more important.
A map of the tram networkFlexity 2 tram, No 011 at Tower tram station in April 2012An unmodified double-deckerEnglish Electric Balloon tram on the Promenade at Bispham
TheBlackpool Tramway runs fromStarr Gate in Blackpool toFleetwood and is the only surviving first-generation tramway in the United Kingdom.[296] The tramway dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. It is run byBlackpool Transport, owned by Blackpool Council. The tramway runs for 11 miles (18 km) and carries 6,500,000 passengers each year.[297]
On 1 February 2008 it was announced that theGovernment had agreed to a joint Blackpool Transport and Blackpool Council bid for funding toward the total upgrade of the track. The government contributed £60.3m of the total £85.3m cost. Blackpool Council and Lancashire County Council each provided about £12.5m. The Government's decision meant that the entire length of the tramway from Starr Gate to Fleetwood was upgraded and also sixteen new trams joined the fleet.[298]
In April 2012, the tramway reopened after the major reconstruction. Day to day services are run by the 16Flexity 2 trams. Several double deckEnglish Electric Balloon trams from the older fleet have been widened to work alongside the new trams to provide additional capacity in the summer months. Several non-modified older trams also operate a heritage service from Pleasure Beach to Little Bispham on weekends and holidays with a slight upcharge.[299]
An extension of the new service toBlackpool North railway station was planned to open by April 2019, between the existing North Pier stop of the Blackpool Tramway, along Talbot Road, and terminating at Blackpool North railway station. This was delayed and in September 2021 was rescheduled to open in Summer 2022.[300]
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^"Blackpool North Shore GC".Bnsgc.com.Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved23 February 2018.construct a new course and clubhouse centred on the highest point in Blackpool on Knowle Hill
^abcdefgAppleby, Colin (2020).Blackpool's Live Music Rollercoaster: From Uncle Tom's Cabin to the Waterloo Music Bar. From Blackpool in Film and Popular Music, ed by Ewa Mazierska. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN978-3-030-49934-1.
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