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Black Sea Cossack Host (Russian:Черномо́рское каза́чье во́йско;Ukrainian:Чорномо́рське коза́цьке ві́йсько), also known asChernomoriya (Russian:Черномо́рия), was aCossack host of theRussian Empire created in 1787 in southernUkraine from formerZaporozhian Cossacks.[1] In the 1790s, the host was re-settled to theKuban River. It comprised the Caucasus Fortified Defence Line from the mouth of theKuban River to the mouth of theBolshaya Laba River.
The Black Sea host played a crucial role in theRusso-Turkish War of 1787–1797. As a result,Catherine II rewarded them with theKuban land in theNorth Caucasus (north of theKuban River, south of theYeya River and east of theSea of Azov) by her decree of June 30, 1792.[1] At that time the area was inhabited byNogain steppe nomads. When Russia annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783 it inherited the Crimean claim to this land. South of the Kuban wereCircassians.
Renamed the Black Sea Cossack Host in honor of the victories during the Russo-Turkish War,[1] a total of 25,000 people made the migration in 1792–1794 from Ukraine, settling in the regions north of the Kuban River. Initially, the Black Sea Cossacks adhered to Zaporozhian traditions, such as the democratic election of the host government, but in time they adopted many Russian ways.
Instead of a centralSich, they formed a defence line from the inlet of the Kuban River into theBlack Sea to the inlet of theBolshaya Laba River, and colonised the land north of this line withstanitsas.
The Cossacks founded the administrative centre ofYekaterinodar (literally "Catherine's gift") in 1794. At the same time, however, the Black Sea Cossacks also sent men to many major campaigns of the Russian Empire, such as the suppression of the PolishKościuszko Uprising in 1794 and the ill-fatedPersian Expedition of 1796 where nearly half of the Cossacks died from hunger and disease.
The Host sent the 9thplastun (infantry) and 1st joint cavalry regiments as well as the firstLeib Guards (elite)sotnia to aid the Russian Army during thePatriotic War of 1812. The new host also participated in theRusso-Persian War (1826–1828) where they stormed the last remaining Ottoman bastion of the northern Black Sea Coast, the fortress ofAnapa, which fell on June 12, 1828. In the course of theCrimean War, the Cossacks foiled attempts by allied forces to land on theTaman Peninsula, whilst the 2nd and 5th plastun battalions took part in theDefence of Sevastopol (1854–1855).
As the years went by, the Black Sea Cossacks continued their systematic penetration into the mountainous regions of theNorthern Caucasus. Taking an active part in the finale of theRussian conquest of the Northern Caucasus (1817–1864), they settled regions as these were conquered. To aid them, a total of 70,000 additional ex-Zaporozhians from theBug,Yekaterinoslav, and finally theAzov Cossack Host migrated there in the mid 19th century. All three hosts needed to be removed to vacate space for the colonisation ofNew Russia, and with the increasing weakness of the Ottoman Empire as well as the formation of independentbuffer states in the Balkans, the need for further Cossack defensive presence in New Russia had ended. They migrated to the Kuban in 1860 and merged with theCaucasus Line Cossack Host, which consisted of migratedDon Cossack elements. Finally, in 1864, the Black Sea Cossacks and the Azov Cossacks were united into theKuban Cossack Host, ninety years after the destruction of theZaporozhian Sich.
Upon creation, the territory of the host was governed by the military government.[1] Later, a dedicated military executive office was created, which was headed by the host'sataman.[1] In military matters, this office was subordinated toKherson's military governor and, since 1802, to theCrimean Inspectorate.[1] In civil matters, the office was subordinated to the Governor ofTaurida Governorate.[1]
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