| Black-banded woodcreeper | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Furnariidae |
| Genus: | Dendrocolaptes |
| Species: | D. picumnus |
| Binomial name | |
| Dendrocolaptes picumnus Lichtenstein, MHC, 1820 | |
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Theblack-banded woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes picumnus) is asub-oscinepasserinebird in subfamilyDendrocolaptinae of the ovenbirdfamilyFurnariidae.[2] It is found discontinuously fromChiapas, Mexico, to Panama and in every mainland South American country except Chile and Uruguay.[2][3][4]
The black-banded woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. TheInternational Ornithological Committee (IOC) and theClements taxonomy recognize these 10subspecies. Clements arranges them in three groups.[2][5]
"Spot-throated" group
"Black-banded" group
"Pale-billed" group
BirdLife International'sHandbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) does not recognizeD. p. casaresi, apparently including it withinD. p. pallescens.[6]
SubspeciesD. p. transfasciatus andD. p. pallescens were each treated as separate species by some early 20th century authors but have been included inD. picumnus since about the middle of that century.[7]D. p. transfasciatus is also sometimes proposed as a separate species. Further splits of the current 10 subspecies have been proposed but not accepted.[8]
The black-banded woodcreeper's closest relatives areHoffmanns's woodcreeper (D. hoffmannsi) and theplanalto woodcreeper (D. platyrostris). Several authors have suggested that the three areconspecific. Others have suggested thatD. p. pallescens is a species withD. hoffmannsi as a subspecies. Early 21st century publications posit that the black-banded woodcreeper should be split into at least two species that areparaphyletic with respect toD. hoffmannsi andD. platyrostris.[7][8]
This article follows the 10-subspecies model.
The black-banded woodcreeper is one of the larger members of its subfamily. It is slim, with a long tail and a medium-length straight bill. It is 24 to 30.5 cm (9.4 to 12 in) long. Males weigh 47 to 89 g (1.7 to 3.1 oz) and females 48 to 98 g (1.7 to 3.5 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of thenominate subspeciesD. p. picumnus have a dusky face and neck with buffy to tawny streaks and a faintsupercilium and eyering. Their forehead, crown, and nape are dark brown; the crown and nape have buff to tawny streaks. Their back,scapulars and wingcoverts are olive-brown; their back has fine pale streaks and faint dark bars and the coverts have pale streaks and dark bands near their ends. Their rump, wings, and tail are rufous-chestnut with dusky tips on theprimaries. Their throat is whitish to deep buff with faint streaks or mottling. Their breast is olive-brown with bold buff streaks and an underlayment of spots or bars. Their belly, flanks, and undertail coverts are buffy brown with strong black bars and their underwing coverts are brighter buffy brown with blackish bars. Their iris is dark brown, their bill black with lighter edges and base to themandible, and their legs and feet brown to greenish gray. Juveniles are similar to adults but fluffier, with bolder streaks and bars on the upperparts, weaker barring on the underparts, and a darker crown that is more spotted than streaked.[8]
The other subspecies differ from the nominate and each other thus:[8]
The subspecies of the black-banded woodcreeper are found thus:[2][8]
"Spot-throated" group
"Black-banded" group
"Pale-billed" group
The black-banded woodcreeper inhabits a very wide variety of forested landscapes. In the lowlands of the Amazon basin, it mostly occurs interra firme and floodplain forest, and less often in flooded forests and those on sandy soil and in savanna. The population in Mexico and northern Central America favors pine and pine-oak woodlands. Other populations are found in dry and humiddeciduous andsemi-deciduous forests, humidevergreen forest, andcloudforest. It mostly occurs in the interior of matureprimary forest but also on its edges and in maturesecondary forest. It rarely occurs in plantations. In elevation it ranges between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft) in Mexico, from 750 to 2,900 m (2,500 to 9,500 ft) in northern Central America, from 500 to 2,000 m (1,600 to 6,600 ft) in Costa Rica and Panama, up to 2,700 m (8,900 ft) in Colombia and Venezuela, mostly below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Ecuador, and up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Peru.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
The black-banded woodcreeper is a year-round resident in most of its range, though in the north it might move from higher to lower elevation after breeding.[8]
The black-banded woodcreeper's diet is mostlyarthropods including insects, spiders, scorpions, and centipedes, and also includes small vertebrates like lizards and sometimes frogs. Amazonian populations forage mostly by followingarmy ant swarms to feed on prey disturbed by the ants. They also regularly forage alone and sometimes as part of amixed-species feeding flock. Populations in mountainous areas follow ants much less than do the lowland birds. Ant followers tend to perch on a vertical trunk or branch fairly near the ground and sally from it to pick prey from the ground, trunks and branches, foliage, andepiphytes. Away from ants, birds forage at any forest level up to the sub-canopy.[8][9][10][11][12][13]
The black-banded woodcreeper's nesting season varies geographically, for instance in May and June in Venezuela, March to May in Guyana, and including September in northeastern Brazil. It nests in a tree cavity, either natural or excavated by a woodpecker. The clutch size is two eggs; the incubation period and time to fledging are not known. The species remains paired through the year and both parents incubate the clutch and care for nestlings.[8]
| Songs and calls |
The black-banded woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn and dusk, and only rarely during the day. Birds in Amazonia sing "a loud series...of 15–20 rapidly delivered liquid notes, usually on same pitch, sometimes falling away at end, 'kie-ie-ie--…ie-ee-eu-eu-er', 'glü glü glü glü glü' or 'whi-whi-whiwhiwhi'." Those in Mexico sing a "high-pitched, descending chatter". In northern Central America, the song is "a slow rolling laughter...'teu-teu-TEU-TEU-TEE-TEE-TEE-TEE-tee-tee-teu-teu-teu'." The species has a wide variety of calls: "short whinny, nasal 'wrenh' with upward inflection, simple 'oi' falling in pitch, squealing 'squeeh' during fights, snarling 'chauhhh-eesk' in alarm, grunting series of 'uk-uk-uk' at competitors, [and] various rattles."[8][9][10][11][13]
TheIUCN has assessed the black-banded woodcreeper as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range and an estimated population of between 50,000 and 500,000 mature individuals; the latter, however, is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common in Amazonia except at its fringes. It is rare to scarce in the mountainous parts of its range. "At least some populations believed to require nearly continuous forest, and thus highly sensitive to human disturbance. Disappears from small forest fragments, but numbers may be only slightly reduced in larger fragments and selectively logged forest."[8]
