| Black-and-white hawk-eagle | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Accipitriformes |
| Family: | Accipitridae |
| Genus: | Spizaetus |
| Species: | S. melanoleucus |
| Binomial name | |
| Spizaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) | |
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| Synonyms | |
Buteo melanoleucusVieillot, 1816 | |
Theblack-and-white hawk-eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus, formerlySpizastur melanoleucus) is abird of preyspecies in theeagle andhawkfamily (Accipitridae). It is found throughout a large part oftropicalAmerica, from southernMexico to northernArgentina.[2]
As its name suggests, this is a black and white eagle, resembling the small typical eagles sometimes separated in"Hieraaetus". It is some 20–24 in (51–61 cm) long overall and weighs about 30 oz (850 g). The head, neck and body are white; a smallcrest forms a black spot on top of the head, and the area around the eyes, particularly towards the bill, is also black. The wings are black with a noticeable white leading edge, and the bird has a brownish tail barred black-dark grey and with white tip. Theiris is orange in adults and greyish in juveniles, the feet pale to bright yellow with black talons. The bill is black with a yellowcere.[3]
The sexes are alike in color, but the female is larger. Immature birds have pale edges on the upper wing coverts and some brownish-grey feathers on the back.[3]
The black-and-white hawk-eagle is hard to confuse with any other bird in its range with the exception of juvenile Grey-headed Kites. These birds are known to mimic several species of hawk-eagles.[4] Theblack-faced hawk (Leucopternis melanops) is very similar in overall coloration, but it is much smaller and has a black tail with a single bold white bar in the middle. Theornate hawk-eagle (Spizaetus ornatus), presumably a very close relative ofS. melanoleucus, looks quite similar when young. However, the wings, back and tail are much lighter in youngS. ornatus, and they do not have the black eye-ring.[3]
This species occurs fromOaxaca toVeracruz in southernMexico southwards throughoutCentral America, with the exception of most ofEl Salvador and thePacific coast ofNicaragua. InSouth America, it occurs on the Pacific side of theAndes south toEcuador. The bulk of its range extends along theCaribbean coast from northernColombia andVenezuela to theGuianas, and south through easternBrazil,Paraguay andUruguay to NEArgentina, and from there westwards again toBeni andSanta Cruz in NEBolivia. A black-and-white hawk-eagle population is also found in theLoreto Region of NEPeru; it is not known in how far this is isolated from the rest of the bird's range. The species is absent from the westernAmazon basin, and even though it might not common in the lands to the east (e.g. inMinas Gerais),[3][5] there has been at least one nest described in the region.[6]
Its naturalhabitats are lowlandforests of any type, though very dense andhumid as well assavanna-likesemiarid habitat are not preferred.Habitat fragmentation is not very well tolerated; though the species prefers a diverse habitat of mixed forest and shrubland, it requires large stands of closed-canopy forest to thrive. Its range does not extend very far into the uplands, but one individual was sighted at an altitude of about 4,000 ft (1,200 m)ASL in theBuena Vista Nature Reserve in Colombia'sSierra Nevada de Santa Marta.[3][5][7]
The food of thiscarnivore consists ofmammals,toads,squamates and in particular a wide variety of birds. Among the latter, it is known to prefer tree-living species, such asoropendolas,aracaris,tanagers andcotingas. But ground- and waterbirds liketinamous,chachalacas,wood quails,cormorants and the highly threatenedBrazilian merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) have also been recorded as its prey.[8] The black-and-white hawk-eagle has been known to attack smallmonkeys, though it is not clear with which intent. For as it seems, it has not been recorded to actually kill and eat a monkey, but more significant mammal prey may beopossums.[3][8]
Its preferred hunting technique is to soar high until it has spotted suitable prey, and then dive down on it, usually right into theforest canopy, but it has also been observed to catch awhite woodpecker (Melanerpes candidus) that had beenmobbing it in mid-air, after launching itself from its perch.[9] It likes to hunt along ridges and forest edges where it can access the canopy-level from an oblique direction rather than just from directly above, and where ground-living prey is also more accessible.[3]
It nests in the forest canopy, building a stick nest high up in exposed trees on ridges and similar locations, from where good hunting grounds can be watched. Detailed observations on its nesting habits are scarce. In Brazil, researchers found and described a nest in 2006 in Southeast Brazil,[6] and in 2009 researchers found and studied two nests in Belize.[10] InPanama, birds started to construct a nest in September, during a dry spell in therainy season. But the main nesting season may start before the onset of the rainy season as the nesting attempt was abandoned when heavy rains recommenced. The scant other data agrees with this, and at least in Central America the nesting season seems to run from March to June or so.[3]
There is a general lack of information on the black-and-white hawk-eagle's movements and population status. Each bird seems to require a hunting territory of about 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) at least. While the variety of habitat types in which it is found suggests that it is not particularly susceptible to changes in land use, it is apparently still a rare and local species almost anywhere in its range. TheIUCN until 2000 classified it as aNear Threatened species due to the uncertainties surrounding its status, but as no evidence of a marked decline has been found and as the bird is found across a wide range, it was downlisted to a Species ofLeast Concern.[1][3][7][9]
This species is often placed in themonotypic genusSpizastur, but has recently been moved toSpizaetus e.g. by theAmerican Ornithologists' Union, as it appears that theornate hawk-eagle (S. ornatus) is itssister taxon.[11] This has created quite sometaxonomic confusion, which has largely gone unnoticed however:
Originally, the nameSpizaetus melanoleucus was given byLouis Pierre Vieillot to theblack-chested buzzard-eagle in 1819, while the black-and-white hawk-eagle had been described in 1816 by the very same scientist asButeo melanoleucus. The former species was placed inGeranoaetus – also a monotypic genus – in 1844, while the black-and-white hawk-eagle had been moved out ofButeo and intoSpizastur a few years earlier.[3][12]
Thus, the identicalspecific epithets never came into direct conflict until recently. But the black-chested eagle-buzzard's placement in a monotypic genus was always disputed, and several authors treated it inButeo.[13] However, they overlooked thatButeo melanoleucus was the original name of the black-and-white hawk-eagle and thus as asenior homonym could not be applied to the later-described species. The correct specific name for the black-chested eagle-buzzard when placed inButeo,Buteo fuscescens, was reestablished in the mid-20th century for a short time more by accident than anything else;[14] as most late-20th-century researchers argued for retainingGeranoaetus, this name was dismissed as erroneous and essentially forgotten.[15]
As the black-and-white hawk-eagle has not been placed inButeo since long, Article 59.3 of theICZN Code applies. According to this, a junior homonym replaced before 1961 isnot rendered permanently invalid (as junior homonyms usually are) if "the substitute name is not in use"[16] – which has been the case after Amadon's 1963 revision. Hence, in this case the scientific nameButeo melanoleucus can apply to the black-chested eagle-buzzard, even though the black-and-white hawk-eagle was described under exactly that name earlier, while the senior homonymmelanoleucus still applies to the latter species when placed inSpizaetus according to the usual ICZN rules. Consequently, the proper name to use for each bird has through a number of coincidences become thesenior synonym of the other species.
