The diocese has experienced a number of transfers among different metropolitans. In 1622, the diocese wassuffragan of theArchdiocese of Paris; previously the diocese had been a suffragan of theArchdiocese of Sens. From 1966 until 2001 it was under the jurisdiction of theArchdiocese of Bourges, but since the provisional reorganisation of French ecclesiastical provinces, it is now subject to theArchdiocese of Tours.
The current bishop isJacques André Blaquart, who was appointed in 2010. In 2021, in the Diocese of Orleans, there was one priest for every 4,306 Catholics.
To Gerbert,Abbot of St. Pierre le Vif at Sens (1046–79), is due a detailed narrative according to whichSaint Savinianus andSaint Potentianus were sent to Sens by St. Peter withSt. Altinus; the latter, it was said, came to Orléans as its first bishop.[1] Before the ninth century there is no historical trace in the Diocese of Sens of this Apostolic mission of St. Altinus, nor in the Diocese of Orléans before the end of the fifteenth. Christianity was an illegal cult in Roman law until theEdict of Milan.[2]
Diclopitus is the first authentic bishop; he figures among the bishops of Gaul who (about 344) ratified the absolution ofSt. Athanasius. Other bishops of the early period are:St. Euvertius (who features in the Calendar of the Book of Common Prayer), about 355 to 385, according to M. Cuissard;Anianus (385–453), who invoked the aid of the "patrician" Ætius against the invasion of Attila, and forced the Huns to raise the siege of Orléans [see Gregory of Tours,The History of the Franks II.6-7];St. Prosper (453–63);St. Monitor (about 472);St. Flou (Flosculus), died in 490;St. Eucherius (717-43), native of Orléans and a monk ofJumièges, who protested against the depredations of Waifre, a companion ofCharles Martel, and was first exiled by this prince toCologne, then toLiège, and died at the monastery ofSt. Trond.
The cathedral of Sainte Croix, perhaps built and consecrated by Bishop Euvertius in the fourth century, was destroyed by fire in 999, and rebuilt between 1278 and 1329; the Protestants pillaged and destroyed it during the Wars of Religion, from 1562 to 1567; theBourbon kings restored the cathedral in the 17th century.[3]
In 816, the EmperorLouis the Pious held a council atAix, at which it was ordered that Canons and Canonesses live together according to a set of rules (canons,regulae), expressed in great detail.[4] In the Roman synod ofPope Eugene II of November 826, it was ordered that Canons live together in a cloister next to the church.[5] In 876, the Council of Pavia decreed in Canon X that the bishops should enclose the Canons:uti episcopi in civitatibus suis proximum ecclesiae claustrum instituant, in quo ipsi cum clero secundum canonicam regulam Deo militent, et sacerdotes suos ad hoc constringant, ut ecclesiam non relinquant et alibi habitare praesumant.[6] The term "canon" (canonicatus) first appears at Orléans next to the signatures of eight persons in a charter of Bishop Isambard in 1038.[7]
The cathedral of Sainte-Croix was served and administered by the Chapter, which was composed of twelve dignities (including the Dean, the Subdean, the Cantor, the five Archdeacons,[8] the Scholasticus, the Subcantor, the Penitentiary, and the Archpriest) and forty six-canons (one of whom was the Theologus).[9] The earliest known dean, Humbert, in 974, bears the old title "abbot", but in 1027, Erfred signs himselfdecanus, and the title abbot disappears.[10]
It is recorded that in the early Middle Ages, there were plagues in 590. 874, and 906, and a plague of locusts in 1043. Leprosy was alreeady known in Orléans by 549, when the Fifth Council of Orléans ordered the bishops to take care of the sufferers.[11] Nothing is known about theBlack Death in Orléans in 1348–1349; the record of morbidity and mortality kept by the Hotel-Dieu is either missing or was never written.[12] Records do survive testifying to its bloody reappearance in 1414, 1430, 1458 and 1482–1483. In 1430, the plague carried off the hospital's chaplain, and the survivors were not able to find a replacement.[13] In the 16th century, there were twenty-two outbreaks of the plague; in 1529, 2383 burials were reported; in 1530, 2736; in 1531, 3080; in 1532, 2675; in 1533, 2752 burials.[14] In 1562, from August to November, according to a report ofTheodore de Béze, the Protestant leader, more than 10,000 persons died in Orléans.[15]
After his victory over theAlamanni, the Frankish kingClovis was bent on the sack ofVerdun, but the archpriest there obtained mercy for his fellow-citizens. ToSt. Euspicius and his nephewSt. Mesmin (Maximinus), Clovis also gave the domain ofMicy, near Orléans at the confluence of the Loire and the Loiret, for a monastery (508). When Euspicius died, the saidSt. Maximinus became abbot, and during his rule the religious life flourished there notably. The monks of Micy contributed much to the civilization of the Orléans region; they cleared and drained the lands and taught the semi-barbarous inhabitants the worth and dignity of agricultural work. Early in the eighth century, Theodulfus restored the Abbey of Micy and at his requestSt. Benedict of Aniane sent fourteen monks and visited the abbey himself.[16]
Charlemagne had the church of St. Aignan rebuilt, and reconstructed the monastery ofSt. Pierre le Puellier.
It is not known when BishopTheodulfus began to govern, but it is certain that he was already bishop in 798, whenCharlemagne sent him intoNarbonne andProvence asmissus dominicus. Under kingLouis le Débonnaire he was accused of aiding the rebellious King of Italy, was deposed and imprisoned four years in a monastery atAngers, but was released when Louis came to Angers in 821, reportedly after hearing Theodulfus sing "All Glory, Laud and Honour." The "Capitularies" which Theodulfus addressed to the clergy of Orléans are considered a most important monument of Catholic tradition on the duties of priests and the faithful. HisRitual, hisPenitential, his treatise onbaptism, confirmation and the Eucharist, his edition of the Bible, a work of fine penmanship preserved in the Puy cathedral, reveal him as one of the foremost men of his time.[19] His fame rests chiefly on his devotion to the spread of learning. The Abbey ofFerrières was then becoming underAlcuin a centre of learning. Theodulfus opened theAbbey of Fleury to the young noblemen sent thither byCharlemagne, invited the clergy to establish free schools in the country districts, and quoted for them, "These that are learned shall shine as the brightness of the firmament: and they that instruct many to justice, as stars to all eternity" (Dan., xii 3). One monument of his time still survives in the diocese, the apse of the church ofGermigny-des-Prés modelled after the imperial chapel, and yet retaining its unique mosaic decoration.
In October 856, the Northmen invaded and surrounded Orléans, which was able to avoid pillage and burning by the payment of a large sum of money. The Northmen turned their attention instead on the abbey of Saint-Micy, which was entirely destroyed. They burned Paris in 857, and returned to Orléans in 865, when they destroyed part of the fortifications, pillaged the city, and put it to the torch. The churches went up in flames, except for the cathedral. They then turned on the abbey of Saint-Benedict in Fleury, which they found entirely evacuated; nonetheless, they set fire to all the buildings.[20]
In the cathedral of Orléans on 31 December 987,Hugh Capet had his sonRobert (born at Orléans) crowned king.
Already by the 12th century, the School of Grammar and Rhetoric at Orléans was noted for its quality. In the medieval French poem, "The Battle of the Seven Arts," rhetoric is personified as the Lady of Orléans.[21] There were also teachers of law in the city. Orleans became an unexpected beneficiary of a decree issued byPope Honorius III on 16 November 1219, prohibiting the teaching and learning of civil law at the University of Paris, on pain of excommunication. Numbeers of students and professors migrated to Orleans.[22] Scholarship in Orléans received another unintended benefit when the Masters of the University of Paris, in opposition to the royal court, the papal legate, and the bishop and clergy of Paris, suspended teaching and closed the university in 1229. Some teachers withdrew to England, to Oxford or Cambridge; others, particularly those in the legal facuolty, to French schools, particularly Orléans and Angers.[23] On 17 January 1235,Pope Gregory IX, in response to an inquiry from the bishop of Orléans, ruled that Honorius III's prohibitions extended only to Paris, and that the bishop was free to exercise his powers and allow the law to be taught and studied in his jurisdiction.[24]
On 27 January 1306, in the bull "Dum Perspicaciter",Pope Clement V (Bertrand de Got, who had been a student at Orléans) raised thestudium of Orléans to the status of a university, with the same privileges as enjoyed by the University of Toulouse. The powers over the educational establishment which had once belonged to the Scholasticus of the cathedral Chapter were transferred to the bishop and the Masters.[25] The usual disorders between town and gown reached such an extent thatPhilip IV of France intervened in 1312, in favor of the magistrates of the city, and suppressed both the university and the "nations" of the students.[26] Abused by the domination of the magistrates, the university engaged in a secession of its own, and withdrew to Nevers in 1316.[27] In 1320, after negotiations with bothPope John XXII and KingPhilip V of France, the masters and students, with most of their privilege restored, returned to Orléans.[28] By 1337, the university had ten regent professors, presided over by a rector; the scholars were organized into ten "nations": France, Normandy, Champagne, Burgundy, Bourbon, Aquitaine, Picardy, Touraine, Scotland, and Germany.[29]
The people of Orléans were so impressed by the preaching of the BretonRobert of Arbrissel in 1113 that he was invited by Bishop Jean (II) to found the monastery ofLa Madeleine for women,[30] which he re-visited in 1117 in the company of AbbotBernard of Thiron.
The charitable deeds ofLouis IX of France atPuiseaux,Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, and Orléans, where he was present at the translation of the relics of St. Aignan (26 October 1259),[31] and where he frequently went to care for the poor of the Hôtel Dieu, are well known.Pierre de Beaufort, Archdeacon ofSully and canon of Orléans, was, asGregory XI (1371–8), the most recent French pope; he created Cardinal Jean de la Tour d'Auvergne, Abbot ofSt. Benoît-sur Loire.[32]
Bishop Milo de Chailli died at the papal court in Avignon on 15 March 1321.[33]Pope John XXII took advantage of the fact by exercising a special reservation on the episcopal see of Orléans, and, on 3 April 1321, appointed Roger de Fort, Dean of Bourges, as the new bishop.[34] He was the nephew of Guillaume de Laudun, lector in the Roman Curia, who became archbishop of Vienne on 27 February 1321, and then archbishop of Toulouse in 1327.[35] Bishop Roger de Fort was transferred to the diocese of Limoges by Pope John XXII on 23 December 1327. The pope took the opportunity to appoint a bishop of Orléans a second time, the Benedictine Abbot Jean of Saint-Médard in Soissons.[36]
In 1411, the archbishop of Sens Jean de Montaigu held a synod of the bishops of his province in Orléans to attempt to deal with the conflict betweenCharles, Duke of Orléans, andPhilip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, both of whom had previously been excommunicated. The sentence against the duke of Burgundy was confirmed.[37]
In 1440, the Chapter of Sainte-Croix was in such financial straits that they had to sell the crozier and mitre of Bishop Guy de Prunelé (1394–1425) to the Chapter of Saint-Martin of Tours.[38]
France was saved from English domination through the deliverance of Orléans byJoan of Arc (8 May 1429). She was executed as a relapsed heretic on 30 May 1431. On 21 July 1455, her rehabilitation was publicly proclaimed at Orléans in a solemn procession, and her mother, Isabel Romée, who died in November 1458, lived to see a monument erected in honour of her daughter, atTournelles, near the Orléans bridge. The monument, destroyed by the Huguenots in 1567, was set up again in 1569, when the Catholics were once more masters of the city. Until 1792, and again from 1802 to 1830, and again from 1842 to the present day, a religious festival in honour of Joan d'Arc is celebrated annually on 8 May at Orléans.
After her separation fromLouis XII (1498),Joan of France, Duchess of Berry, Duchess of Orléans, established, early in the sixteenth century, the monastery of L'Annonciade at Châteauneuf-sur-Loire.Etienne Dolet (1509–46), a printer, philologian, and pamphleteer, executed at Paris as an atheist, and looked upon by some as a "martyr of the Renaissance", was a native of Orléans.[39]
CardinalOdet de Coligny, who joined the Reformation about 1560, was Abbot of St. Euvertius,[40] of Fontainejean, Ferrières, and St. Benoît.[41] The Protestant leader,Admiral Coligny (1519–72), the principal victim of theSt. Bartholomew's Day massacre, was born at Châtillon-sur-Loing in the present diocese.
At the beginning of the religious wars, Orléans was disputed between the followers of the Guise family and of the Protestant Condé.[42][citation needed]
Despite the fact that he was appointed bishop in April 1552, Bishop Jean de Morvillier (1552–1564) was not able to make his formal entry into Orléans until 26 November 1559. The Chapter had complained on 3 November 1552 that they would not receive him because he wore a beard. In 1556,King Henry II intervened, announcing that he was sending the bishop on a diplomatic mission to countries which required that he be bearded. The Chapter finally gave way. In 1560,King Francis II and Queen Mary Stuart came to Orléans to preside over a meeting of the Estates.[43] The king died there on 5 December 1460.
The CalvinistJacques Bongars, councillor and ambassador of KingHenry IV of France, who collected and edited the chronicles of the Crusades in his "Gesta Dei per Francos", was born at Orléans in 1554, and died in Paris in 1612.[45] The JesuitDenis Pétau (Dionysius Petavius), a renowned scholar and theologian, was born at Orléans in 1583.[46]Françoise de la Croix (1591–1657), a pupil ofVincent de Paul, who founded the congregation ofAugustinian Sisters of Charity of Notre Dame, was born atPetay in the diocese (at the time in the diocese of Chartres).[47]St. Jane de Chantal, superior of the Sisters of the Visitation, visited the Orléans convent of the Visitation late in 1627.Madame Jeanne Guyon, a noted advocate ofQuietism, was born at Montargis in 1648.[48]
On 2 November 1789, the National Assembly proclaimed that all ecclesiastical property was confiscated by the State.[49]
Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, theNational Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority.[50]
TheNational Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of theancien régime with subdivisions called"departments", to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790.[51] A new department was created, called "Loiret", and its administrative center was fixd at Orléans.[52]
The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draftCivil Constitution of the Clergy, which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department,[53] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses.[54] The former diocese of Orléans became the diocese of Loiret.[55] In place of the former ecclesiastical provinces, each headed by an archbishop, the National Assembly decreed ten new metropolitanates in France. The diocese of Loiret (formerly Orléans) was assigned to the metropolitanate of Paris.[56]
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also abolished Chapters, canonries, prebends, and other offices both in cathedrals and in collegiate churches. It also abolished chapters in abbeys and priories of either sex, whether regular or secular.[57]
Of the 129 bishops of French dioceses alive on 1 January 1791, only four took it upon themselves to swear the oath of allegiance to theCivil Constitution of the Clergy. One of them was Jarente de Senas d’Orgeval, Bishop of Orléans.[58]
TheFrench Directory fell in the coup engineered byTalleyrand andNapoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of theFrench Consulate, with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy.[59] In theconcordat of 1801 withPope Pius VII, and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Cher and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops.[60] The diocesan structure was then canonically re-established by the papal bull "Qui Christi Domini" of 29 November 1801, including the diocese of Orléans, which was named a suffragan (subordinate) of Paris.[61] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802.[62]
In 1850, the diocese of Orléans was divided for administrative purposes into four archdeaconries (Orléans, Montargis, Pithiviers, and Gien) and twenty-nine deaneries; in addition there were five city deaneries. There were 429 priests in a population of 331,633.[63] The cathedral of Saint-Croix was a parish church forc. 8,000 persons.[64]
The Cathedral chapter consisted of 3 dignities (the Dean, the Subdean, and the Archpriest) and nine canons. There were in addition three canons of honor, the bishops of Langres, Tours, and Metz, each of which had an earlier connection to the diocese.[65]
The Church of Orléans was the last in France to give up the Gallican liturgy (1874) and take up the Roman liturgy, as required by theFirst Vatican Council.[66]
BishopGuy Riobé (1963–1978), took a public stand in opposition to nuclear weapons, which led to an altercation with a member of Georges Pompidou's government. His successor,Jean-Marie Lustiger, who had been born of a Polish Jewish family and had converted to Catholicism, was appointed in 1979, and shortly afterwards was transferred to the archdiocese if Paris; he was named a cardinal byPope John Paul II on 2 February 1983, and elected a member of theAcadémie Française on 15 June 1995.
St. Maurus, called to France by St. Innocent,Bishop of Le Mans, and sent thither by St. Benedict, resided at Orléans with four companions in 542.St. Radegonde, on her way from Noyon to Poitiers in 544, andSt. Columbanus, exiled fromLuxeuil at the close of the sixth century, both visited Orléans.
The principal pilgrimages of the diocese are: Our Lady of Bethlehem, atFerrières;Our Lady of Miracles in Orléans city, dating back to the seventh century (Joan of Arc visited the sanctuary on 8 May 1429);Our Lady of Cléry, dating from the thirteenth century, visited by kings Philip the Fair, Philip VI, and especially by Louis XI,[159] who wore in his hat a leaden image ofNotre Dame de Cléry and who wished to have his tomb in this sanctuary whereJean de Dunois,[160] one of the heroes of theHundred Years' War, was also interred.
^Foulques de Villaret,p. 6. Jacques Sirmond,Concilia Antiqua Galliae(in Latin) Volume 2 (Paris: S. Cramoisy 1629),p. 393, Canon CXXIII"...Ergo, sicut subditis necessaria corporis tribuunt, ita nihilominùs studere debet vt iidem religiosissimè ordinem canonicum feruent, & prælatis suis ac magistris honorem debitum humiliter impendant, ut horis canonicis diuinum officium deuotissimè expleant: intus, forísque non solum habitu & actu, sed etiam ipso incessu irreprehensibiles existant. Vt non otio vacent, non vaniloquiis inseruiant, non detractionibus, & ceteris vitiorum illecebris incumbant: sed potiùs aut orationi, aut lectioni, aut quibuslibet Ecclesiæ, aut certè propriis vtilitatibus vacent; aut etiam doctrinis sanis, & diuersarum artium erudiantur disciplinis: ita videlicet, vt nullus in congregatione inutilis, aut otiosus existens, stipendia Ecclefiæ inofficiosè accipiat. Vt quotidiè ad collationem veniant, vbi & hac institutionem, & aliarum Scripturarum sanctarum lectiones perlegant, & pro admissis veniam postulent, & sententiam pro qualitate admissi suscipiant: vbi etiam de communi profectu & vtilitate Ecclesiæ pertractent. Vt omnes in dormitorio, nisi quem infirmitas aut senectus id facere prohibuerit, dormiant. in refectorio quotidiè vnà reficiantur: nifi fortè quem necessitas abesse compulerit, & hoc non sine licentia magistri fiat....'
^J.D. Mansi (ed.),Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima(in Latin) Volume 14 (Venice: A. Zatta 1762), p. 1003, Canon VII: "Necessaria etenim res extitit, ut juxta ecclesiam claustra constituantur in quibus clerici disciplinis ecclesiasticais vacent. Itaque obnibus unum sit refectorium ac dormitorium seu ceterae officinae ad usus clericorum necesseriae. Ministriae vero post episcopum super eos tales eligantur, quorum vita et doctrina illos potius exornent quam dehonestent."
^Lupi, Mario (1784). Josephus Ronchetti (ed.).Codex diplomaticus civitatis, et ecclesiæ Bergomatis (in Latin). Vol. primum. Bergamo: Vincenzo Antoine. pp. 1064–1065. 'Bishops are to create a cloister next to their church, in which they serve God along with their clergy according to the rule of canons, and they should compel their priests not to leave the church and presume to live elsewhere.'
^These were the archdeacons of: Baugency, Beauce, Pithiviers, Sologne, and Sully. Cuissard, pp.pp. 253-255. The Archdeacon of Orléans was directly dependent and appointed by the bishop as his most important assistant.
^Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1409. Foulques de Villaret(p. 10) makes the number of canons forty-nine.
^Cuissard (1898),p. 109. Charles De Clercq,Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695,(in Latin), (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 156: "21. Et licet propitio Deo omnium Domini sacerdotum uel quorumcumque haec cura possit esse fidelium, ut aegentibusnecessaria debeant ministrare, specialiter tamen de leprosis id pietatis causa conuenit, ut unusquisque episcoporum, quos ingolas hanc infirmitatem incurrisse tam territorii sui quam ciuitatis agnouerit, de domo ecclesiae iuxta possibilitatem uictui et uestitui necessaria subministret, ut non his desit misericordiae cura.
^Cuissard (1898),p. 114: "...estans mors en peu de mois, du 5 aoust au 7 novembre,, plus de dix mille personnes, dont il y avoit une partie de ceux de la Religion, qui avoient esté chassés de Paris, Blois, Tours, Gyen et plusieurs autres lieux; comme aussi moururent trois ministres, à savoir le Plessis, Badius, avec toute sa famille, sans en excepter un seul, et Cosson."
^Hastings Rashdall,The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Volume II, part 1 (Oxford: Clarendon 1895),pp. 137-138. L.J. Paetow,The Battle of the Seven Arts: A French Poem, by Henri d'Andeli (Berkeley: University of California Press, 19140 [Memoirs of the University of California, Volume 4, Issues 1-2], pp. 17-24, 27-30, 37,40, 52.
^Rashdall,p. 139. Henri Denifle,Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis,(in Latin), Volume 1 (Paris: Delalain 1889),pp. 90-93, no. 32: "firmiter interdicimus et districtius inhibemus, ne Parisius vel in civitatibus seu aliis locis vicinis quisquam docere vel audire jus civile presumat, et qui contra fecerit, non solum a causarum patrociniis interim excludatur, verum etiam per episcopum loci appellatione postposita excommunicationis vinculo innodetur.".
^Marcel Fournier,Les statuttes et privilèges des universités françaises(in French and Latin), Volume I (Paris:Larose et Forcel 1890),p. 2 no. 2: "A nobis tua fraternitas postulavit, ut cum prohibitum sit, ne leges legantur Parisius, et in Aurelianensi civitate plures legum doctores et scolares etiam commorentur, utrum id tolerare valeas per nostras te litteras edocere benignius dignaremur. Nos igitur tuam super hoc prudentiam commendantes mandamus, quatinus scolares prefatos, archidiaconis, decanis, archipresbyteris et aliis personis ecclesiasticis curam animarum habentibus dumtaxat exceptis, libere leges ibidem audire ac docere permittas."
^Baunier,Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France,(in French), nouvelle édition, Volume 1 (Paris: Poussielgue 1905),p. 368.Gallia christiana VIII, "Instrumenta," pp. 500-501, no. XX.
^Em. de Torquat, "Le cloitre Sant-Aignan,(in French), in:Le Conteur Orleanais: Revue orléanaise: recueil historique, archéologique et littéraire (Orléans: A. Jacob 1845), pp. 261-272, atpp. 266-267.
^Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1538-1570, at p. 1565 no. LXII.
^J. C. Vital Chatellain ,Le père Denis Petau d'Orléans, jésuite: sa vie et ses oeuvres,(in French), (Paris: Librarie catholique internationale 1884),p. 3.
^Pin, (Père),Vie de la venerable mere Françoise de La Croix, institutrice des religieuses hospitalieres de la Charité de Notre-Dame, Ordre de S. Augustin,(in French) (Paris: Barrois 1745),p. 3.
^Patricia A. Ward, "Madame Guyon (1648–1717)," in: Carter Lindberg (ed.),The Pietist Theologians (Oxford: Blackwell 2005),pp. 161-174.
^J. B. Duvergier,Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état,(in French), Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834),p. 64-65: "L'Assemblée nationale décrète, 1º que tous les biens ecclésiastiques sont à la disposition de la nation, à la charge de pourvoir, d'une manière convenable, aux frais du culte, à l'entretien de ses ministres, et au soulagement des pauvres,sous la surveillance et d'après les instructions des provinces; 2º que dans les dispositions à faire pour subvenir à l'entretien des ministres de la religion, il ne pourra être assuré à la dotation d'aucune cure moins de douze cents livres par année, non compris le logement et les jardins en dépendant". Marais & Beaudoin,pp. 255-257.
^Duvergier,Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, Volume 1,p. 118: "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh,Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54.
^Duvergier,p. 107: "43. LOIRET. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra à Orléans. Il est divisé en sept districts, dont les chefs lieux sont Orléans, Beaugency, Neuville, Pithiviers, Montargis, Gien, Bois-Commun."
^"Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département."
^Ludovic Sciout,Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante,(in French and Latin), Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872),p. 182: Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés."
^Duvergier,p. 243, col. 1: "L'arrondissement de la métropole de Paris comprendra les évêchés des départemens de Paris, de Seine-et-Oise, d'Eure-et-Loir, du Loiret, de l'Yonne, de l'Aube, de Seine-et-Marne."
^Duvergier, Vol. 1,p. 285: Article I, "20. Tous titres et offices, autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables."
^Pisani,pp. 18, 72. The other juring bishops were Talleyrand of Autun, Savine of Viviers, and Cardinal Loménie de Brienne.
^Duvergier, Vol. 13,p.374: "L'église métropolitaine et archiepiscopale de Paris, et les nouveaux évêchés de Versailles, Meaux, Amiens, Arras, Cambrai, Soissons, Orléans et Troyes, que nous lui assignons pour suffragans."p. 383.
^Duvergier, Vol. 13,p.318. The law was published by anarrété of 18 April 1802.
^Victor Pelletier (ed.),Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851,(in French), (Orléans: A. Gatineau 1850),p. xxii, pp. 1, 8.
^Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851,p. 8.
^Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851,p. 5. There were also 66 honorary canons who resided in the diocese, and 16 who were non-residentiary, including the parish priest of Domremy.
^Duchateau,pp. 442-443. F. Legrange,Vie de Mgr. Dupanloup, Évêque d'Orléans,(in French) Volume 3, 7th edition (Paris: C. Poussielgue, 1894),p. 321. Prosper Guéranger,Institutions liturgiques,(in French), second edition, Volume 4 (Paris: Sociéte générale de librairie catholique 1885),pp. 241-583.
^Frank Maloy Anderson,The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1907, 2nd edition (Minneapolis: Wilson 1908),pp. 659-662. J.-B. Duvergier,Collection complète des lois, décrets d'intérêe général, traités internationaux, arrêtés, circulaires, instructions, etc,(in French), Volume 101 (Paris: 1901),pp. 260-285.
^Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851,p. 223.
^Annuaire général du Diocèse d'Orléans, pour l'an 1851,pp. 223-227.
^Émile Keller,Les congrégations religieuses en France, leurs oeuvres et leurs services,(in French), (Paris:Poussielgue 1880),pp. 338.
^A bishop named Eortius attended the council of Valence in 374. His diocese is not named, and thus it is not certain that he belongs to Orléans, due to the uncertainty of the dates of many of the early bishops of Orléans; the name Evurcius belongs to the fourth position in the catalogue, and his life is a fiction of the 9th century.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1410-1411. Duchesne,p. 460, no. 4.
^Prosper was the successor of Anianus, and the recipient of a letter from BishopSidonius Apollinaris of Clermont (469–after 481).Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1412. Duchateau,p. 15. Duchesne,p. 460, no. 10.
^Bishop Eusebius attended the first council of Orléans in 511. Duchateau,pp. 20-22. Duchesne,p. 461, no. 13.
^Bishop Leontius was present at the second council of Orléans in 533, presided over by Honorius of Bruges. Duchateau,p. 22. Duchesne,p. 461, no. 14.<
^Bishop Antoninus took part in the third council of Orléans in 538. Duchateau,pp. 22-24. Duchesne,p. 461, no. 15.
^Bishop Marcus took part in the fourth council of Orléans (541), and in the fifth council of Orleans (549).Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1414-1415. Duchateau,pp. 24-25. Duchesne,p. 461, no. 16.
^Bishop Namatius attended the council of Mâcon in 581, and again in 585. He was an ambassador of KingGuntram (561–592) to the Bretons in 587, and died during the return journey. Duchesne,p. 461, no. 20.
^Eucherius was said to have been the nephew of Bishop Suavaricus. Around 732, he was arrested by Charles Martel (c. 732), and exiled, first to Cologne and then to Saint-Trond. He died six years later.Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1417-1419. Duchesne,pp. 462-463, no. 31.
^Jonas wrote a treatise against theIconoclasts, also a treatise on the Christian life, and a book on the duties of kings. For these texts see: J.P. Migne (ed.),Patrologia Latina,(in Latin) Vol. CVI (Paris 1864), pp. 117-394; for the latter: Jonas d'Orléans,Le Métier de roi. ed. A. Dubreucq. Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1995 [Sources Chretiennes, No. 407].Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1423-1424. Duchesne,p. 463, no. 37.
^Arnulfus died in December 1003.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1429-1430.
^Sanctio was sent to Rome, and ordained a priest byPope Gregory VII in 1079. He was elected and deposed in 1096.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1441-1443.
^Jean, Archdeacon of Orléans was elected bishop on 28 December 1096, in proceedings which were denounced as simonical and intrusive. He was consecrated on 1 March 1098. He died on 4 May 1135.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1443-1448.
^(H)elias was consecrated a bishop byPope Innocent II on 15 April 1137. He was deposed byPope Eugenius III in 1146, for accepting money to consecrate a church.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1448-1450.
^Bishop Manassas died on 28 September (or 26 October) 1185.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1450-1455.
^Henri was the son of Count Robert of Dreux, the brother of KingLouis VII of France; he was also the brother of Bishop Philip of Beauvais. Henri died on 25 April 1198, during a trip to Rome, where he hope to receive aid in releasing his brother Bishop Philip who had been imprisoned by KingRichard I of England.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1455-1457.
^Philippe de Joue: Eubel,Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
^Philip was transferred to the diocese of Bourges on 10 March 1236. He died on 9 January 1261.Gallia christiana VII,pp. 1464-1465. Eubel,Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118, 138.
^Guillaume:Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1465-1467. Eubel,Hierarchia catholica I, p. 118.
^Pierre de Mornay was appointed Bishop of Auxerre on 4 February 1296, byPope Boniface VIII. He died on 29 May 1306. Eubel I, pp. 118, 120.
^Bishop Bertrand died on 1 August 1307.Gallia christiana VII,pp. 1470-1471. Eubel I, pp. 118.
^Raoul de Grosparmi had been a royal cleric and law expert. He had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter when elected bishop of Orléans in mid-January 1308. He died on 18 September 1311. Duchateau,pp. 175-178. Eubel I, p. 118.
^Bishop Roger was transferred to the diocese of Limoges on 17 January 1328. In 1343, he was transferred to the archdiocese of Bourges.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1472-1473. Duchateau,pp. 179-180. Eubel I, pp. 118, 301.
^Jean was the son of Hugues, Lord of Conflans and Gizencourt. He had been abbot of the monastery of S. Medard in Soissons. As bishop-elect, he made his engagements with the papal treasury on 26 January 1328. He ceased his episcopate on 15 April 1349, resigning in favor of Philippe de Conflans.Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1474. Duchateau,pp. 181-182. Eubel I, p. 118.
^Philippe made his arrangements with the papal treasury on 8 June 1349, but died while still bishop-elect, on 7 August 1349.Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1474. Eubel I, p. 118.
^Jean de Montemorantiaco: Duchateau,pp. 183-184. Eubel I, p. 118.
^Hugues de Fay had been Dean of the cathedral Chapter of Saint-Croix and professor of Civil and Canon Law at the University of Orléans. Bishop Hugues was transferred to the diocese of Arras on 16 June 1371. Duchateau,pp. 184-186.
^Jean Nicot de tramilguer had been a canon of the collegiate church of Saint-Aignan. He died on 10 March 1383. Duchateau,pp. 186-188. Eubel I, p. 118.
^Fulco was the brother of Cardinal Raymond de Chanac (1350–1373) and Bertrand de Chanac, former archbishop of Bourges (1374–1382) and Patriarch of Jerusalem (1382–1385), who became a cardinal of the Avignon Obedience on 12 July 1385. Bishop Fulco died on 1 March 1394. Duchateau,pp. 187-188. Eubel I, pp. 19 no. 16; 28 no. 20; 118, 139.
^De Pruinis was appointed bishop of Orléans byPope Clement VII on 13 June 1394. He died in 1425, either on 2 May or on 15 September.Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1477. Duchateau,pp. 188-191. Eubel I, p. 118.
^John Carmichael of Douglasdale (Jean de St Michel), a Scot by birth, was aDoctor in utroque iure and a canon of the cathedral of Orléans. He was a supporter of Jeanne d'Arc, and participated in the coronation of KingCharles VII of France at Reims on 17 July 1429. He participated in theCouncil of Basel in 1433. David Hume,The history of the house of Douglas and Angus, Volume I (Edinburgh: E. L. Hunter, 1743),p. 244. J.H. Baxter, "A Scottish Bishop of Orleans," in:The Scots Magazine Vol. 11 (Dundee: John Lang 1929),pp. 241-250.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1477-1478. Eubel I, p. 118; II, p. 99.
^Guillaume was appointed byPope Eugenius IV on 21 July 1438. He was trasnferred to the diocese of Agde on 9 January 1439.Gallia christiana VIIi,pp. 1477-1478. Eubel,Hierarchia catholica II, p. 111.
^Reginald was Archbishop of Reims and Chancellor of the King of France. He was appointed to administer the diocese of Orléans by Pope Eugenius IV on 9 Jan 1439. He was named a cardinal on 18 December 1439. He died on 4 Apr 1444.Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1478. Honoré Fisque,La France pontificale. Metropole de Reims (Paris: E. Repos 1864),pp. 139-143. Eubel,Hierarchia catholica II, pp. 7, no. 4; 111.
^Jean de Gué had been Cantor in the cathedral Chapter of Orléans. He was named by Eugenius IV on 20 April 1444. He died on 7 October 1447.Gallia christiana VIII,pp. 1478-1479. Eubel,Hierarchia catholica II, p. 111.
^Pierre Bureau: (20 Nov 1447 Appointed – 10 Dec 1451 Appointed, Bishop of Béziers).Gallia christiana VIII,p. 1479. Eubel II, p. 111.
^Jean was Patriarch of Alexandria and Archbishop of Narbonne, and was assigned the diocese of Orléansin commendam. He died shortly thereafter, never having visited the diocese.Gallia christiana VII,p. 1479. Eubel II, pp. 96, 111, 220.
^Thibault had been archdeacon of Orleans.Gallia christiana VII,pp. 1479-1480. Eubel II, p. 111.
^Brilhac: (3 Nov 1473 Appointed – 22 Dec 1504 Appointed, Archbishop of Aix) Eubel II, p. 111.
^Christophe had been Bishop of Aix (1500–1504). On 19 January 1504, he was appointed bishop of Orléans. On 3 July (or 4 February) 1514, he was appointed Archbishop of Tours byPope Leo X. He died on 31 July 1520. Eubel III, pp. 102, 124, 321.
^Germain had been a canon of Bourges, and then Bishop of Cahors (1509–1514). He was appointed bishop of Orléans on 3 July 1514. He died on 8 March 1520. Eubel III, pp. 124, 160.
^Jean d'Orléans had already been archbishop of Toulouse (1503–1533). He was granted a second diocese, that of Orléans, on 26 June 1521, byPope Leo X. He died on 24 September 1533. Eubel III, p. 124.
^Antoine de Meudon: (6 Nov 1533 Appointed – 20 Oct 1550 Resigned). Eubel III, p. 124 with note 7.
^Faucon: (20 Oct 1550 Appointed – 12 Oct 1551 Appointed, Bishop of Mâcon). Eubel III, p. 124 with notes 8 and 9.
^Pierre had been Grand Aumonier to KingFrancis I of France. He was Bishop of Tulle, (1539–1544) and then Bishop of Maçon (1544–1550). He was transferred to the diocese of Orléans on 12 October 1551, byPope Julius III. He died on 3 February 1552. Eubel III, pp. 124 with note 10; 238 with note 8; 322.
^Morvillier was a royal councilor. (27 Apr 1552 Appointed – 1564 Resigned). He died on 28 October 1577. Eubel III, pp. 124 with note 11 and note 12.
^Mathurinus had been Archdeacon of Orléans, and held adoctorate in Civil and Canon Law. He was approved as bishop of Orléans in the papal consistory of 6 September 1564, byPopw Pius IV. In old age, he was appointed a coadjutor, Denis Hurault, on 26 January 1582. Methurin died on 9 February 1584. Eubel III, pp. 124 with notes 13 and 14.
^Pierre was a priest of Chartres. He was appointed bishop of Hippo Regius (Africa) and coadjutor bishop of Orléans on on 26 January 1582. He succeeded to the episcopal throne on 9 February 1584. He resigned in 1586. Eubel III, p. 124.
^Vaillant: (27 Oct 1586 Appointed – He died on 15 September 1587. Eubel III, p. 124.
^Jean d'Aubespine was a priest of Paris and nephew of the bishop of Limoges, He succeeded his uncle as bishop of Limoges on 22 August 1583. He was transferred to Orléans on 16 March 1588. and died on 23 February 1596. Eubel III, p. 124 with note 17; 222.
^L'Aubespine: (15 Mar 1604 Appointed – 15 Aug 1630 Died) Gauchat,Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 2.
^Netz: (27 Jan 1631 Appointed – 20 Jan 1646 Died) Gauchat,Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 3.
^Elbène: (21 Jan 1647 Appointed – 20 May 1665 Died). Gauchat,Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 4.
^Coislin: (29 Mar 1666 Confirmed – 5 Feb 1706 Died). Jean,p. 290. Gauchat,Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 102 with note 5.
^Fleuriau: (15 Nov 1706 Confirmed – 9 Jun 1733 Died). Jean,p. 291. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica V, p. 106 with note 3.
^Nicolas de Paris was the nephew, coadjutor, and successor of Bishop Louis-Gaston Fleuriau. (9 Jun 1733 Succeeded – 10 Jan 1754 Resigned). Jean,p. 291, no. 106. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica V, p. 106 with note 4.
^Montmorency: (14 Jan 1754 Confirmed – 28 Feb 1758 Resigned). Jean,p. 291, no. 107. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 2.
^Jarente de La Bruyère (13 Mar 1758 Confirmed – 28 May 1788 Died). Jean,pp. 291-292. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 3.
^Jarente de Senas d’Orgeval was a cousin of his predecessor. (28 May 1788 Succeeded – 22 Nov 1793 Resigned). Pisani,pp. 72-74. Jean,p. 292, no. 109. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 107 with note 4.
^Jarente resigned, apostasized, married, moved to Paris and became a librarian. Pisani,p. 73.
^Bernier was born at Daon-sur-Mayenne (Anjou), and held a doctorate in theology. In 1790, he was named curé of the parish of Saint-Germain-en-Laud, but the hostility of the Jacobins forced him to leave. He returned at the outbreak of the revolt in the Vendée in 1793, and became one of its leaders, successfully negotiating a peace with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. He helped Napoleon to negotiate theConcordat of 1801 with the Papacy, and was one of its signatories. He was named bishop of Orléans by Napoleon on 9 April 1802, canonically instituted on 10 April, and consecrated a bishop by CardinalGiovanni Battista Caprara, the papal legate, on 11 April. In 1803, he reinstituted the Feast of Saint Jeanne d'Arc. In 1804, he helped negotiate the terms for the crowning of the Emperor Napoleon I. He died on 1 October 1806, of a cancerous stomach tumor. Cochard,pp. 426-427. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 96.
^Rousseau had been bishop of Coutance from 1802 until his appointment to the diocese of Orléans on 22 March 1807. He died on 7 October 1810. Cochard,p. 428. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96, 160.
^Sede vacante; During most of this time,Pope Pius VII was a prisoner of Napoleon, living under guard either at Fontainbleau or at Navona; he refused to carry out any papal functions under such conditions. Cochard,p. 428.
^Varicourt was nominated by KingLouis XVIII on 8 August 1817, but was not preconised (approved) byPope Pius VII until 24 August 1819. He died on 9 December 1822, at the age of 67. Cochard,p. 429.Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
^Beauregard had been Vicar-General of Luçcon. He was nominated bishop of Orléans on 23 January 1823, by KingLouis XVIII, and approved byPope Pius VII on 10 March 1823. On 22 January 1839, at the age of 89, he submitted his resignation, though he retained administration of the diocese until the arrival of his successor. He died in Poitiers on 27 November 1841.Memoires de J. Brumauld de Beauregard précédés de sa vie, écrite sur des notes et des documents authentiques,(in French) (Poitiers: Saurin),Volume 1 (1842).Volume 2 (1842). Cochard,pp. 429-431. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
^Morlat: 10 March 1839 Appointed. NamedArchbishop of Tours on 28 Jun 1842. Named a cardinal on 7 March 1853, byPope Pius IX. Named archbishop of Paris on 26 January 1857, and confirmed by Pius IX on 19 March 1857. He died on 29 December 1862. Cochard,p. 431. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96, 381; VIII, pp. 51, 441.
^Fayet was nominated by KingLouis Philippe on 10 October 1842, and approved byPope Gregory XVI on 27 January 1843. He was consecrated on 26 February by the Archbishop of Paris, Archbishop Denis-Auguste Affre. He died on 4 April 1849. Cochard,pp. 431-433. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 96.
^Dupanloup: (16 Apr 1849 Appointed – 11 Oct 1878 Died). Cochard,pp. 433-439. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VIII, p. 132.
^Coullié (Couillié) was named titular Bishop of Sidon and coadjutor bishop of Orléans (nominated by the French government on 12 October 1878) byPope Pius IX on 29 September 1876. He was consecrated bishop of Sidon on 19 November 1876. He succeeded to the episcopal throne on the death of Bishop Dupanloup on 11 October 1878. On 14 June 1893, he was appointedArchbishop of Lyon, and was named a cardinal in 1897 byPope Leo XIII. He died on 12 September 1912. Cochard,pp. 439-440. Ritzler & Sefrin,Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 53, 133, 354, 518. Harris M. Lentz III,Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century. A Biographical Dictionary ( 2015),p. 51.
^(29 Jan 1894 Appointed – 23 Sep 1926 Died. Cochard,pp. 440-442.
^Lustiger: (10 Nov 1979 Appointed – 31 Jan 1981 Appointed,Archbishop of Paris). Lustiger became a Cardinal in 1983 andMember of theAcadémie française, Fauteuil no. 4 (1995–2007). Martin Bräuer,Handbuch der Kardinäle, 1846-2012,(in German) (Berlin: De Gruyter 2014), pp. 16, 496, 663. Henri Tincq,Aron Jean-Marie Lustiger. Le cardinal prophète. Paris : Éditions Grasset, 2012.
^Daucourt had been coadjutor bishop and then bishop of Troyes (1991–1998). He was appointed bishop of Orléans on 2 July 1998. On 18 June 2002 Bishop Daucourt was appointedBishop of Nanterre. He resigned the bishopric of Nanterre on 14 November 2013, at the age of 72.
^Murielle Gaude-Ferragu,D' Or et de cendres: La mort et les funérailles des princes dans le royaume de France au bas Moyen Âge,(in French), (Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses Univ. Septentrion, 2005),p. 142, 118-119, 250.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Diocese of Orléans".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
