 Bulgarians at a wine festival inBolhrad, November 2019 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 Ukraine: 204,600[1] Moldova: 88,400[1] | |
| Languages | |
| Bulgarian Ukrainian Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly†Eastern Orthodox Christianity (Bulgarian Orthodox Church) |
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TheBessarabian Bulgarians (Bulgarian:бесарабски българи,romanized: besarabski bǎlgari;Romanian:bulgari basarabeni;Ukrainian:бесарабські болгари,romanized: bessarabski bolháry) are aBulgarian minority group of the historical region ofBessarabia, inhabiting parts of present-dayUkraine (Budjak region of theOdesa Oblast) andMoldova.
InUkraine, the number of Bessarabian Bulgarians is estimated at over 129,000 inBudjak (in theOdesa Oblast in the southern part of the country), and 75,000 elsewhere (mostly in other parts of Southern Ukraine), according to the2001 Ukrainian Census, which counted a total of 204,600 Bulgarians in Ukraine.
Bulgarians are a majority inBolhrad District (45,600 of its 75,000 inhabitants), but they also inhabit other districts ofBudjak:Artsyz – 20,200 of the 51,700,Bessarabske – 17,000 of the 45,200,Izmail – 14,100 of the 54,700, andSarata – 10,000 of the 49,900. There are also 8,600 Bulgarians in the city ofIzmail (85,100 total population).
Outside Budjak,Odesa has many Bulgarians that have moved there in recent years. The city ofBilhorod-Dnistrovsky is about 4% Bulgarian, making them the third-largest ethnicity there.
According to the results of the census held in October 2004, there are 65,072 Bessarabian Bulgarians (1.95% of the population) inMoldova (excluding the region of Transnistria), concentrated mostly in the southern parts — chiefly inTaraclia district. In the census held in November 2004 in Transnistria, 3,164 (3.16%) Bulgarians have been counted inTighina and surroundings and further 10,515 (2.39%) on the Eastern bank of the river Dnestr.
29,447 Bulgarians live in the cities (and represent 2.26% of the urban dwellers), and 36,215 live in the countryside (1.74% of the rural inhabitants). 90.60% of ethnic Bulgarians were born in Moldova (the national average is 94.6%), 5,968 (9.09%) in other countries that were once in the Soviet Union (the national average is 5.16%), and 199 (0.30%) were born elsewhere.
In Moldova (and likely Ukraine too, although statistics are not available here), the Bulgarians tend to use their native Bulgarian in rural areas, and Russian (instead of the majority language Romanian) in cities and towns. 53,178 or 80.99% of ethnic Bulgarians declaredBulgarian language as native (69.23% in urban areas, and 90.55% in rural ones), 2,766 or 4.21% of them declaredRomanian language as native (4.91% in urban areas, and 3.64% in rural ones), 9,134 or 13.91% of them declaredRussian language as native (25.08% in urban areas, and 4.83% in rural ones), and 584 or 0.89% of them declared another language as native (0.78% in urban areas, and 0.98% in rural ones).
35,808 or 54.53% of ethnic Bulgarians declaredBulgarian language as first language in daily use (36.81% in urban areas, and 68.95% in rural ones), 5,698 or 8.68% of them declaredMoldovan language/Romanian language as first (7.93% in urban areas, and 9.29% in rural ones), 23,259 or 35.42% of them declaredRussian language as first (54.45% in urban areas, and 19.95% in rural ones), and 897 or 1.37% of them declared another first language (0.81% in urban areas, and 1.81% in rural ones).
Bessarabian Bulgarians represent 28,293, or 65.56% of the population of theTaraclia district. There are also Bulgarians inChişinău (8,868, or 1.2%),Găgăuzia (8,013, or 5.1%),Cahul district (5,816, or 4.9%),Leova district (3,804, or 7.4%), andCantemir district (3,736, or 6.2%). The share of ethnic Bulgarians inTransnistria is 10,515 (2.39%), of which 2,450 (1.55%) inTiraspol, and 7,323 (8.44%) inSlobozia sub-district (which contains the village of Parcani). There are also 3,001 (3.09%) Bulgarians in the city ofTighina, and 342 in 3 suburbs. In total, there are 79,520 (2.02%) Bulgarians in Moldova, including Transnistria.
Bessarabian Bulgarians represent a majority in one city of Moldova,Taraclia (10,732 Bulgarians, or 78%) and in 8 communes in the country:
The first Bulgarians settled in southern Bessarabia at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, at the time of feudal sedition in theOttoman Empire, and after theRusso-Turkish Wars of the period. Particularly strong waves of emigration emerged after theRusso-Turkish Wars of 1806–1812 and1828-1829. The settlers came primarily from what is now Thrace - Glavan village, Stara ZagoraBulgaria, but many were also descendants from the western areas of the Bulgarian homelands (as far west as modern-day Albania) but had moved east in and before the 18th century. Alongside the Bulgarians who immigrated to Bessarabia were also a handful ofAlbanians who also had settled in eastern Bulgaria some time before.
When Russian Armies were reaching and crossingDanube during the Russian-Ottoman Wars, some local Bulgarians supported them. These people were compromised in the eyes of the Ottomans and therefore had a better chance moving to the Russian Empire. Russian propaganda also worked to convince Bulgarians to settle in areas recently conquered by them, from which Tatars were removed. Bulgarians settled not only in Bessarabia, but also in the Kherson region.[3]
For the first time, Bulgarian andGagauzian refugees in Bessarabia are mentioned in 1769. The 1817 census found Bulgarians in 12 Bessarabian villages in the valleys of theIalpug andLunga Rivers (Creeks): 482 Bulgarian and Gagauzian families and 38 Romanian families in these 12 villages. The leader of the Bulgarians and Gagauzians was a man referred to as Copceac. Seven of the 12 villages were Gagauzian (Baurci,Beșalma,Ceadîr-Lunga, Chessău,Dezghingea,Gaidar, andTomai), and 5 were Bulgarian.[3]
After arriving in Bessarabia, Bulgarians and Gagauzians founded their own towns, such asBolhrad (1819) andComrat, and around 64 (according to some sources[citation needed]) or 43 (according to other sources[4]) villages. In 1856, after theTreaty of Paris, three counties of southern Bessarabia,Cahul,Bolgrad andIsmail, reverted to thePrincipality of Moldavia (theUnited Principalities after 1859). These included the cities ofBolgrad,Ismail andChilia.Gaguzian settlements centred onComrat, however, remained in theRussian Empire. A Bulgarian high school (gymnasium), theBolhrad High School, was founded in Bolgrad (Bolhrad) on June 28, 1858 by the Moldavian authorities ofAlexandru Ioan Cuza,[4] which had a positive effect on the development of Bulgarian education and culture, and is in fact the first modern Bulgarian gymnasium.
In 1861, 20,000 Bulgarians from the Romanian part of Bessarabia moved toRussia, where they were given land inTaurida Governorate to replace theNogais who had left what was formerly territory of theCrimean Khanate. Those settlers founded another Bulgarian community—theTauridan Bulgarians.
After the whole region of southern Bessarabia was incorporated again by the Russian Empire in 1878, the process ofRussification grew stronger, as many Bulgarian intellectuals returned to newly establishedPrincipality of Bulgaria to help set up the Bulgarian state. The Bulgarian minority was deprived of the rights earned during the Romanian control.
The whole of Bessarabiaunited with Romania in April 1918, after theRussian Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire. In contrast with the previous period of Romanian control, most cultural and educational rights of the Bulgarian minority were not returned, as many Bulgarians underwentRomanianization policies.
During theTatarbunary Uprising of 1924, when Soviets unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Romanian administration in southernBessarabia, many Bulgarians (alongside local Moldovans (Romanians), andBessarabian Germans) sided with Romanian authorities, as pointed out byGheorghe Tătărescu in the report given on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior to the Romanian Parliament in 1925.[5]
TheMolotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 led to a Soviet ultimatum in June 1940, theinvasion ofSoviet forces into Bessarabia, and its inclusion into the Soviet Union. Although being an officially accepted minority under Soviet rule, the Bessarabian Bulgarians lost some features of their cultural identity in the period.
A movement of national revival originated in the 1980s, with Bulgarian newspapers being published, cultural and educational associations being established, andBulgarian being introduced into the local schools especially after thedissolution of the Soviet Union: first only as an optional, but later as a compulsory subject. TheAssociation of Bulgarians in Ukraine was founded in 1993, andTaraclia State University, co-funded by the Bulgarian state, was established in the largely Bulgarian-populated Moldovan town ofTaraclia in 2004. The languages of education at the university are Bulgarian andRomanian.
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