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Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins | |
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| Born | (1807-02-08)8 February 1807 Bloomsbury, London, England |
| Died | 27 January 1894(1894-01-27) (aged 86) Putney, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | St. Aloysius College |
| Known for | sculptor andnatural history artist |
| Notable work | Crystal Palace Dinosaurs[1] |
| Awards | Member of theSociety of Arts Fellow of theLinnean Society Fellow of theGeological Society of London |
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807 – 27 January 1894) was an Englishsculptor andnatural history artist renowned for his work on the life-size models ofdinosaurs in the Crystal Palace Park in south London. The models, accurately made using the latest scientific knowledge, created a sensation at the time. Hawkins was also a noted lecturer onzoological topics.
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was born inBloomsbury, London on 8 February 1807, the son of Thomas Hawkins, an artist, and Louisa Anne Waterhouse, the daughter of a Jamaica plantation family of apparent Catholic sympathies. He studied at St. Aloysius College, and learned sculpture fromWilliam Behnes. At the age of 20, he began to study natural history and later geology. He contributed illustrations toThe Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle.
During the 1840s, he produced studies of living animals inKnowsley Park, nearLiverpool forEdward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby. The park was one of the largest private menageries in Victorian England and Hawkins' work was later published withJohn Edward Gray's text as"Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley" . Over the same period Hawkins exhibited four sculptures at theRoyal Academy between 1847 and 1849, and was elected a member of theSociety of Arts in 1846 and a fellow of theLinnean Society in 1847. Fellowship of theGeological Society of London followed in 1854.
Meanwhile, possibly due to Derby's connections, Hawkins was appointed assistant superintendent of theGreat Exhibition of 1851 in London. The following year, he was appointed by the Crystal Palace company to create 33life-size concrete models of extinct dinosaurs to be placed in the south London park to which the great glass exhibition hall was to be relocated. In this work, which took some three years, he collaborated with SirRichard Owen and other leading scientific figures of the time: Owen estimated the size and overall shape of the animals, leaving Hawkins to sculpt the models according to Owen's directions.[2][3]
A dinner was held inside the mould used to make theIguanodon. The dinner party, hosted by Owen on 31 December 1853, garnered attention in the press. Most of the sculptures are still on display inCrystal Palace Park.[4]
In 1868, he traveled to theUnited States to deliver a series of lectures. Working with the scientistJoseph Leidy, Hawkins designed and cast an almost completeskeleton ofHadrosaurus foulkii which was then displayed at theAcademy of Natural Sciences inPhiladelphia. Supported on an iron framework in a lifelike pose, this was the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton.
Hawkins was later commissioned to produce models forNew York City'sCentral Park museum similar to these he had created in Sydenham. He established a studio on the original site of theAmerican Museum of Natural History inManhattan, and planned to create aPaleozoic Museum. During his ten years in America (1868–1878), Hawkins designed exhibit halls for theSmithsonian Institution inWashington, D.C., and began to create an enormous paleontological museum for New York City. The museum was to have been in Central Park. His work was all destroyed in 1871 byHenry Hilton, the corrupt and bizarre-acting Treasurer and VP of Central Park, but was for many decades thought to have been the work of Hilton's employer, William "Boss" Tweed, a corrupt politician who wasn't adequately compensated for his patronage. However, Tweed himself was fighting scandals regarding his corrupt dealings at the time, and was later proved innocent of the destruction of Hawkins' models in 2023, when the real culprit was revealed through reexamination of historical records and annual reports and minutes. Hilton's motivations towards the vandalism are largely unknown, but may have been personal, with Hilton being purported to have told Hawkins that he "should not bother with "dead animals", as there was enough to do among the living", and that Hilton had little understanding or appreciation for art or nature, with several instances being recorded of him whitewashing priceless relics, statues and artifacts in bizarre acts of vandalism. Furthermore, Hilton had been placed in charge of establishing the American Museum of Natural History, and it is possible he wanted to eliminate the planned Paleozoic Museum, which he saw as competition.[6][7]
Following the tragic loss of his studio through destruction of all of his dinosaur models at the hands of Hilton's vandals, he returned to England in 1874, but almost immediately returned, doing dinosaur reconstructions atPrinceton University (then called the College of New Jersey) in Princeton, New Jersey (where he also created paintings of dinosaurs). These paintings remain in the collection of thePrinceton University Art Museum. Hawkins also worked at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia. He again returned to Britain in 1878.
Hawkins had married in 1826 to Mary Selina Green, and by her had several children. In 1835, he met and fell in love with artist Frances 'Louisa' Keenan, and the next year he left his family and bigamously married her. He kept in touch with Mary and her children, but lived with Louisa, having two additional daughters. On his 1874 return to England, he seems to have become estranged from Louisa. He was living with his son by Mary, amidst what he described a "climax of domestic troubles" thought to indicate that Louisa had finally learned that their 38-year marriage had been invalid, and this may have led to his precipitous return to America in 1875. After his second return to England, he moved toWest Brompton to be near his first wife, Mary, who was ill. Mary died in 1880.
In 1883, Hawkins again married Louisa, although since they were not cohabitants at the time this was probably done for legalistic reasons (to legitimize their children), and they apparently never reconciled before her death the next year. Hawkins suffered a debilitating stroke in 1889, leading to erroneous reports of his death.[citation needed] He died inPutney on 27 January 1894.[8] There is ablue plaque at 22 Belvedere Road ("Fossil Villa") inUpper Norwood, commemorating where he lived between 1856 and 1872.
Robert J. Sawyer's 1994 novelEnd of an Era mentions the famous New Year's Eve 1853 dinner party inside theIguanodon, citing both Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen by name.[9]
Paleontology has a long history of famous meals. On New Year's Eve, 1853, Sir Richard Owen hosted a dinner for twenty fossil experts inside a life-size reconstruction ofIguanodon made under his direction by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins.
