Belly dance (Arabic:رقص شرقي,romanized: Raqs sharqi,lit. 'oriental dance') is aMiddle Eastern dance[1][2][3][4][5] that originated inEgypt,[6] which features movements of the hips and torso.[2] A Western-coinedexonym, it is also referred to asMiddle Eastern dance orArabic dance.[7][8][9] It has evolved to take many different forms depending on the country and region, both in costume and dance style; with the styles and costumes of Egypt being the most recognized worldwide due toEgyptian cinema.[10][11] Belly dancing in its various forms and styles is popular across the globe where it is taught by a multitude of schools of dance.[12]
The first known use of the term "belly dance" in English is found in Charles James Wills,In the land of the lion and sun: or, Modern Persia (1883).[15]
Raqs sharqi ('Eastern Dance' or 'Dance of the Orient') is a broad category of professional forms of the dance, including forms of belly dance popularly known today, such as Raqs Baladi, Sa'idi, Ghawazee, and Awalim. The informal, social form of the dance is known asRaqs Baladi ('Dance of the Country' or 'Folk Dance') in Egyptian Arabic and is considered an indigenous dance.[16]
Belly dancer Randa Kamel performing in Cairo, 2007
Belly dance is primarily a torso-driven dance, with an emphasis on articulations of the hips.[17] Unlike many Westerndance forms, the focus of the dance is on isolations of thetorso muscles, rather than on movements of the limbs through space. Although some of these isolations appear similar to the isolations used in jazz ballet, they are sometimes driven differently and have a different feeling or emphasis.
In common with most folk dances, there is no universal naming scheme for belly dance movements. Many dancers and dance schools have developed their own naming schemes, but none of these is universally recognized. The following attempt at categorization reflects the most common naming conventions:[18]
Percussive: Staccato movements, most commonly of the hips, used to punctuate the music or accent a beat. Lifts or drops of the hips, chest or rib cage, shoulder accents, hip rocks, hits, and twists.
Fluid: Flowing, sinuous movements in which the body is in continuous motion, used to interpret melodic lines and lyrical sections in the music, or modulated to express complex instrumental improvisations. These movements require a great deal of abdominal muscle control. Typical movements include horizontal and vertical figures of 8 or infinity loops with the hips, horizontal or tilting hip circles, and undulations of the hips and abdomen. These basic shapes may be varied, combined, and embellished to create an infinite variety of complex, textured movements.
Shimmies, shivers and vibrations: Small, fast, continuous movements of the hips or ribcage, which create an impression of texture and depth of movement. Shimmies are commonly layered over other movements, and are often used to interpret rolls on thetablah orriq or fast strumming of theoud orqanun. There are many types of shimmy, varying in size and method of generation. Some common shimmies include relaxed, up and down hip shimmies, straight-legged knee-driven shimmies, fast, tiny hip vibrations, twisting hip shimmies, bouncing 'earthquake' shimmies, and relaxed shoulder or rib cage shimmies.
In addition to these torso movements, dancers in many styles will use level changes, traveling steps, turns, and spins. The arms are used to frame and accentuate movements of the hips, for dramatic gestures, and to create beautiful lines and shapes with the body. Other movements may be used as occasional accents, such as low kicks and arabesques, backbends, and head tosses.
La danse de l'almée (The Dance of the Almeh) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1863
Belly dancing is believed to have had a long history in theMiddle East.[2] Several Greek and Roman sources includingJuvenal andMartial describe dancers from Asia Minor and Spain using undulating movements, playingcastanets, and sinking to the floor with "quivering thighs", descriptions that are certainly suggestive of the movements that are today associated with belly dance.[19] Later, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, European travellers in the Middle East such asEdward Lane andFlaubert wrote extensively of the dancers they saw there, including theAwalim andGhawazi of Egypt.[citation needed]
In his book, Andrew Hammond notes that practitioners of the art form agree that belly dance is lodged especially in Egyptian culture, he states: "the Greek historian Herodotus related the remarkable ability of Egyptians to create for themselves spontaneous fun, singing, clapping, and dancing in boats on the Nile during numerous religious festivals. It's from somewhere in this great, ancient tradition of gaiety that the belly dance emerged."[20]
The courtly pleasures of theUmayyad,Abbasid andFatimid caliphs included belly dancing, soirée and singing. Belly dancers and singers were sent from all parts of the vast empire to entertain.[21] During this era ofslavery in the Muslim world, these artists were often slaves. No free woman could perform in public due to the Islamicsex segregation, but female slaves were trained to entertain male guests in singing and other art forms, such as theqiyan slave artists, who became common during the era ofslavery in the Umayyad Caliphate.[22] During the era ofslavery in Egypt, female slaves were trained in singing and dancing and given as gifts between men.[23]
In theOttoman Empire, belly dance was performed by women and later, by boys, in the sultan's palace.Köçek (male) andÇengi (female) dancers were employed inHarem as part of the court entertainers. They were selected from mostly non-Turkish or non-Muslim backgrounds.[24]
Mata Hari mixed many element from different dances, including bellydancing.[25]
Despite belly dance commonly being known in the West as Arabic dance or Middle Eastern dance, much of the modern Arab world and Islamic Middle East considers it a highly disreputable art-form; in certain regions it is even outlawed.[26][27]
Belly dance remains common in Egypt, where it has two distinct social contexts: as a folk or social dance. As a social dance, belly dance (also calledRaqs Baladi or Raqs Shaabi in this context) is performed at celebrations and social gatherings by ordinary people (male and female, young and old), in their ordinary clothes.[28] In more conservative or traditional societies, these events may be gender segregated, with separate parties where men and women dance separately.[29]
Historically, professional dance performers were theAwalim (primarily musicians and poets),Ghawazi. The Maazin sisters may have been the last authentic performers of Ghawazi dance in Egypt, with Khayreyya Maazin still teaching and performing as of 2020.[30][31]Belly dancing is part ofEgyptian culture, and is part ofArabic culture as a whole.[32][33] Throughout theMiddle East and theArab diaspora, belly dancing is closely associated withArabic music that is modern classical (known as "al-jadid").[34]
The modern Egyptian belly dance style and the modern belly dance costumes of the 19th century were featured by theAwalim.[35] For example, many of the dancers in Badia's Casinos went on to appear inEgyptian films and had a great influence on the development of the Egyptian style and became famous, likeSamia Gamal andTaheyya Kariokka, both of whom helped attract eyes to the Egyptian style worldwide.[36]
Professional belly dance in Cairo has not been exclusive to native Egyptians, although the country prohibited foreign-born dancers from obtaining licenses for solo work for much of 2004 out of concern that potentially inauthentic performances would dilute its culture. (Other genres of performing arts were not affected.) The ban was lifted in September 2004, but a culture of exclusivity and selectivity remained. The few non-native Egyptians permitted to perform in an authentic way invigorated the dance circuit and helped spread global awareness of the art form.[37] American-bornLayla Taj is one example of a non-native Egyptian belly dancer who has performed extensively in Cairo and the Sinai resorts.[38]
Egyptian belly dance is noted for its controlled, precise movements.[39]
Although belly dance is traditionally seen as a feminine art, the number of male belly dancers has increased in recent years.[40]
In Turkey, belly dance is known asOryantal Dans (literally "Oriental Dance"). The Turkish style is heavily influenced by the country's Romani population, whose traditions of expressive dance and musicianship shaped its high-energy aesthetic. Oryantal dancers are known for exaggerated hip isolations, vibrant arm and hand movements, floor work, and use of 9/8 rhythms such asKarşılama andÇiftetelli. Costumes often include sequined bras, skirts with high slits, and the use of finger cymbals (zills).[41]
Historically, Ottoman-era entertainment included performances by both femaleÇengi and maleKöçek dancers, who entertained the palace elite. These traditions faded under 19th-century reformist pressures but left a legacy that influences modern Oryantal performance. From the 50s, state televisionTRT banned the display of belly dancing for many years during its monopoly, but belly dancing made a breakthrough on new year’s eve of 1980, with the live performance byNesrin Topkapı. Turkish dancers likeNejla Ateş,Sema Yildiz, andÖzel Türkbaş later popularized the style on international stages and in film. The boom ofarabesque music and themeyhane culture in the 90s paved the way for bellydancers to take the mainstream stage again with the figures likeAsena andOryantal Didem.[41]
Today, belly dance is featured in Turkish weddings, television, and nightclubs, with both in this more informal social version calledgöbek atmak (throwing of the belly) and performed by professional dancers in traditional and modern fusion styles. Many prominent Turkish belly dancers continue to come from Romani backgrounds, carrying on the lineage of improvisation, musicality, and theatricality. Novadays, the male version of the dancer is calledZenne.[41]
Belly dance today is a dance used by various artists among which areRihanna,Beyoncé,Fergie, however the greatest representative of this dance is the Colombian singerShakira,[42] who led this dance to position it as her trademark, with her songsWhenever Wherever andOjos Así. Thanks to the songHips Don't Lie, her hip dance skills became known worldwide. Also, thanks to Whenever Wherever in 2001, the belly dance fever began popularizing it in a large part of Latin America and later taking it to the United States.[citation needed]
Over time in her presentations Shakira added this dance mixing it with Latin dances, likeSalsa[43] and Afro-Colombian, and she also she expressed that she began to dance these movements since she was little thanks to her Lebanese grandmother. Nowadays the belly dance is a characteristic dance of this singer which presented a variant with a rope entangling it in her body and dancing to the rhythm of Whenever Wherever. Shakira is the only artist in the music industry who has used belly dance on several occasions in her artistic career.[44] She inspired Beyoncé to explore this type of dance in herBeautiful Liar collaboration where she also acted as choreographer. At theSuper Bowl LIV Halftime Show event she returned to the belly dance with rope during the transition fromOjos así thus toWhenever Wherever.[45]
Belly dance was popularized in the West during theRomantic movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, whenOrientalist artists depicted romanticized images ofharem life in theOttoman Empire.
Belly dancing has become popular outside theArab world, and American, European, and Japanese women who have become professional belly dancers dance all over Europe and the Middle East.[46]
Although there were dancers of this type at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia, it was not until the 1893 ChicagoWorld's Fair that it gained national attention. The term "belly dancing" is often credited toSol Bloom, the Fair's entertainment director, but he referred to the dance asdanse du ventre, the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, "when the public learned that the literal translation was "belly dance", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral ... I had a gold mine." Authentic dancers from several Middle Eastern and North African countries performed at the Fair, including Syria, Turkey and Algeria—but it was the dancers in the Egyptian Theater of The Street in the Cairo exhibit who gained the most notoriety. The fact that the dancers were uncorseted and gyrated their hips was shocking to Victorian sensibilities. There were no soloists, but it is claimed that a dancer nicknamedLittle Egypt stole the show. Some claim the dancer wasFarida Mazar Spyropoulos, but this fact is disputed.[47]
The popularity of these dancers subsequently spawned dozens of imitators, many of whom claimed to be from the original troupe. Victorian society continued to be affronted by the dance, and dancers were sometimes arrested and fined.[48] The dance was nicknamed the "hoochie coochie", or the shimmy and shake. A short film, "Fatima's Dance", was widely distributed in theNickelodeon theaters. It drew criticism for its "immodest" dancing, and was eventually censored. Belly dance drew men in droves to burlesque theaters, and to carnival and circus lots.[citation needed]
Thomas Edison made severalfilms of dancers in the 1890s. These included a Turkish dance, and Crissie Sheridan in 1897,[49] and Princess Rajah from 1904,[50] which features a dancer playingzills, doing "floor work", and balancing a chair in her teeth.
American tribal fusion dancer Rachel Brice
Ruth St. Denis also used Middle Eastern-inspired dance in D. W. Griffith's silent filmIntolerance, her goal being to lift dance to a respectable art form at a time when dancers were considered to be women of loose morals. Hollywood began producing films such asThe Sheik,Cleopatra, andSalomé, to capitalize on Western fantasies of the orient.[citation needed]
When immigrants from Arab states began to arrive in New York in the 1930s, dancers started to perform in nightclubs and restaurants. In the late 1960s and early 1970s many dancers began teaching. Middle Eastern or Eastern bands took dancers with them on tour, which helped spark interest in the dance.[citation needed]
Although using Turkish and Egyptian movements and music, American Cabaret ("AmCab") belly dancing has developed its own distinctive style, using props and encouraging audience interaction.[citation needed]
In 1987, a distinctively American style of group improvisational dance,American Tribal Style Belly Dance (ATS), was created, representing a major departure from the dance's cultural origins. A unique and wholly modern style, it makes use of steps from existing cultural dance styles, including those from India, the Middle East, and Africa.[51] Many forms of"Tribal Fusion" belly dance have also developed, appropriating elements from many other dance and music styles includingflamenco, ballet,burlesque,hula hoop and evenhip hop."Gothic Belly Dance" is a style which incorporates elements fromGoth subculture.Continuing from this tradition is the emergence of touring theatrical belly dance productions such asBelly Dance Evolution produced byJillina Carlano,Invaders of the Heart produced byMyra Krien amongst others.[52]
InSpain and theIberian Peninsula, the idea of exotic dancing existed throughout theIslamic era and sometimes included slavery. When the ArabUmayyads conquered Spain, they sentBasque singers and dancers to Damascus and Egypt for training in the Middle Eastern style. These dancers came to be known as Al-Andalusian dancers. It is theorized that the fusion of the Al-Andalus style with the dances of theRomani people in Spain led to the creation offlamenco.
The first wave of interest in belly dancing in Australia was during the late 1970s to 1980s with the influx of migrants and refugees escaping troubles in the Middle East, including Lebanese Jamal Zraika. These immigrants created a social scene including numerous Lebanese and Turkish restaurants, providing employment for belly dancers. Rozeta Ahalyea is widely regarded as the "mother" of Australian belly dance,[53] training early dance pioneers such asAmera Eid andTerezka Drnzik. Belly dance has now spread across the country, with belly dance communities in every capital city and many regional centres.
Estelle Asmodelle was probably the first transgender belly dancer in Australia. She travelled extensively throughout Asia and Japan working as a Belly Dancer during the 1980s through to the late 1990s. She also starred in the Australian-produced and distributed film[54] The Enchanted Dance[55] which sold internationally as well.
Belly dance has been in evidence in the UK since the early 1960s. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a thriving Arabic club scene in London, with live Arabic music and belly dancing a regular feature,[56] but the last of these closed in the early 1990s.[57] Several prominent members of the British belly dance community began their dance careers working in these clubs.
Today, there are fewer traditional venues for Arabic dance in the UK; however, there is a large amateur belly dance community. Several international belly dance festivals are now held in Britain such as The International Bellydance Congress, The London Belly Dance Festival and Majma Dance Festival.[58][59][60] In addition, there are a growing number of competitions, which have increased in popularity in recent years.
Greek belly dancing is calledTsifteteli, which is Turkish for "double stringed".[61] While the ancient Greek danceCordax is viewed by some to be the origins of belly dancing in Greece and perhaps the world as a whole, a connection between it and modern Greek belly dancing has yet to be established.[62] Rather, it is generally agreed upon that belly dancing was brought to Greece via Asia Minor refugees during theGreek-Turkish population exchange of 1923.[63] Tsifteteli soon spread across the entirety of Greece and established itself as the most popular Greek dance alongsideZeibekiko.[64]It is characterized by a free form of movement according to the rhythm, without specific rules. It is performed almost exclusively by couples and women.[65]
When danced by a woman "solo", it is usually done on a table full of dishes (so that she cannot take steps, but only shake her chest, waist and buttocks), while the spectators accompany her dancing with rhythmic clapping. The characteristic rhythm is in 8/4 time, arranged as either 3/3/2 eighth-notes followed by 2/2/2/xx (the last beat being silent), or sometimes the first measure is played as 2/2/x1/1x.[66]
Although there is no official dress code associated with the dance itself, professional Greek belly dancers will usually don a complete belly dancing attire in order to emphasize their movements and draw attention to their gyrating body.[67]
In spite of its popularity in the country, there exist a contingent of Greeks that take offense to the existence of the Tsifteteli and call for an end to its performance in Greece. Believing it to not represent Greek ideals and to be a relic of Turkish oppression, they argue it affiliates Greece with the broader Middle East rather than the west which the country supposedly belongs to. These claims, while controversial, are not entirely unfounded considering that the dance is often accompanied by Arabic-sounding music. Regardless of this opposition, the dancing style continues to thrive in Greece, being performed often in every major city.
The costume most commonly associated with belly dance is the 'bedlah' (Arabic:بدلة; literally "suit") style, which typically includes a fitted top or bra, a fitted hip belt, and a full-length skirt or harem pants. The bra and belt may be richly decorated with beads, sequins, crystals, coins, beaded fringe and embroidery. The belt may be a separate piece, or sewn into a skirt.[68]
The costume or bedlah (referring to the bra, belt and skirt), of Egyptian Oriental dancers has also had the distinction as being the most popular style. However, fashions have changed over the years with the help of some outside influences.[69]
Earlier costumes were made up of a full skirt, light chemise and tight cropped vest with heavy embellishments and jewelry.[citation needed]
As well as the two-piece bedlah costume, full-length dresses are sometimes worn, especially when dancing more earthy baladi styles. Dresses range from closely fitting, highly decorated gowns, which often feature heavy embellishments and mesh-covered cutouts, to simpler designs which are often based on traditional clothing.[68]
In Egypt dancers wear the bedlah. Alternatively, some wear folkloric costume inspired by traditional dress. Modest, ethnically-inspired styles with stripes are common, but theatrical variants with mesh-filled cutouts and ornamented with sequins and bead work are also popular. Most dancers complete their costume ensemble with a sparkling hip-scarf. Egypt has laws in place, that require respecting religious and worship places, and disallowing any nudity near sacred places.[70][circular reference]
Regarding what dancers can and cannot wear, according to Act No. 430 of the law on the censorship of literary works, dancers must cover their upper bodies (mainly the breasts area),[71] and typically a sheer skin-colored mesh fabric covering the stomach is recommended. Many dancers ignore these rules, as they are rarely enforced, and performing in revealing outfits is common in Cairo and locales popular with tourists. Celebrity dancers can earn enough in a single performance to pay fines if/when they are imposed.
Belly dance is a low-impact, weight-bearing exercise and is thus suitable for all ages and levels of fitness.[72][73] Many of the moves involve isolations, which improves flexibility of the torso. Belly dance moves are beneficial to the spine, as the full-body undulation moves lengthen (decompress) and strengthen the entire column of spinal andabdominal muscles in a gentle way.
Dancing with a veil can help build strength in the upper body, arm and shoulders. Playing the finger cymbals (sagat/zills) trains fingers to work independently and builds strength. The legs and long muscles of the back are strengthened by hip movements.[74]
Belly dancing is quite popular in various parts of the globe including India. Belly dancing has been shown in manyBollywood films, and is often accompanied with Bollywood songs and dance sequences instead of the traditional Arabic style.[78]
Hollywood films regularly include sexualized belly dancers as part ofOrientalized and exotic depictions of the Middle East.[79]
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