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TheBaumé scale is a pair ofhydrometer scales developed by French pharmacistAntoine Baumé in 1768 to measuredensity of various liquids. The unit of the Baumé scale has been notated variously asdegrees Baumé,B°,Bé° and simply Baumé (the accent is not always present). One scale measures the density of liquids heavier than water and the other, liquids lighter than water. The Baumé ofdistilled water is 0. TheAPI gravity scale is based on errors in early implementations of the Baumé scale.
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Baumé degrees (heavy) originally represented the percent by mass of sodium chloride in water at 60 °F (16 °C). Baumé degrees (light) was calibrated with 0 °Bé (light) being the density of 10% NaCl in water by mass and 10 °Bé (light) set to the density of water.
Consider, at near room temperature:
Thus, the system could be understood as representing a practical spectrum of the density of liquids between −100 and 100, with values near 0 being the approximate density of water.
The relationship between specific gravity (s.g.; i.e., water-specific gravity, thedensity relative to water) and degrees Baumé is a function of the temperature. Different versions of the scale may use different reference temperatures. Different conversions formulae can therefore be found in various handbooks.
As an example, a 2008 handbook[1] states the conversions between specific gravity and degrees Baumé at a temperature of 60 °F (16 °C):[a]
The numerator in the specific gravity calculation is commonly known as the "modulus".
An older handbook[4] gives the following formulae (no reference temperature being mentioned):[b]
Because of vague instructions or errors in translation a large margin of error was introduced when the scale was adopted. TheAPI gravity scale is a result of adapting to the subsequent errors from the Baumé scale. The Baumé scale is related to the Balling,Brix,Plato and 'specific gravity times 1000' scales.[remove or clarification needed]
Before standardization onspecific gravity around the time ofWorld War II the Baumé scale was generally used in industrial chemistry andpharmacology for the measurement of density of liquids. Today the Baumé scale is still used in various industries such assugar beet processing, ophthalmics,starch industry, winemaking, industrial water treatment, metal finishing, and printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication. It is also used for caustic in refining process.[citation needed]